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Report of a Continuator of Ötemish Hajji’s “Chingiz-name” as a Source on the History of the Siberian Shibanids »
No full textIn 2014, I.M. Mirgaleev published a part of the work of Ötemish Hajji’s Continuator. This part is devoted to the history of the Siberian Shibanid dynasty whose activity is known only by very few written sources. So, the introduction of a new work requires a source analysis undertaken in this article.
A significant part of this work is devoted to the genealogy of the Shibanids, where special attention is paid to descendants of Bek Konda oglan. All rulers of Tyumen and Siberian Yurts originated exactly from these descendants.
The author often confuses the degree of relationship, and also distorts the names of some representatives of the dynasty. Despite this, the majority of these names correspond to other sources on this issue. At the same time, Continuator leads a genealogical list not only up to the children of Tyumen khan Ibrahim but also includes his grandchildren and great grandchildren. A detailed listing of the recent descendants indicates that Continuator got information from one of the representatives of the dynasty. His informants could be the descendants of khan Kuchum, who proved to be on the territory of the Moscow State in the beginning of the 17th century. Continuator’s narrative is also similar to the content of Siberian chronicles in relation to such details as the reign in Kazan of khan Ibrahim and the degree of relationship between Kuchum and Muhammad Kul.
At the same time, the author does not always adequately describe the specific borders of Shibanid uluses. He attributes the power in the territory of Volga-Oka interfluve to both khan Haji Muhammad (ruled in 1420s) and his distant descendant Kuchum. In general, Continuator was not familiar with the history of Siberian possessions of this dynasty and the events of the 15th century paying special attention to the affairs of the Volga region and Central Asian. Simultaneously, the author reports such unknown historical events as the Hajji Muhammad’s capture of the city of Tura, future center of Tyumen khanate. However, for the middle of the 16th century, a series of reports by this author are of unique nature. This concerns information both on submission by khan Murtaza of Maverannahr territory and about the wars of Kuchum on the Syr Darya in the region of Otrar. This information highlights the Central Asian policy of Siberian Shibanids and points to the considerable extent of their possessions during the 15th–16th centuries. Unlike other Tatar authors, Continuator relates the collapse of the Siberian Shibanids state and seizure of its territory by the Russians not to Kuchum but to his son Ali
Maslyuzhenko D.N. Turko-Mongol Traditions in the “State of Nomadic Uzbeks” of Abu al-Khair Khan
No full textThe author of this article identifies the daily and political traditions in the Khanate of Abu al-Khair, which researchers traditionally call the “State of nomadic Uzbeks”. This State was created in the south of Western Siberia in the 1430’s and annexed by military means to the land of Shiban’s (the younger brother of Batu) descendants. The overwhelming majority of researchers consider it as a Muslim State since its very foundation, substantiating their allegations by indication both on the reading of khutba in honor of Khan after he took the “throne of Sain Khan” and on the presence of the sheikhs and Sufis in his entourage.
At the same time, the authority of Abu al-Khair had the strong support of nomadic elite of more than twenty tribes. Precisely this elite, its inquiries and interests, which were advocated on the nobility councils, formed the existing political and daily traditions. These traditions reflect the preservation of Turko-Mongol customs among nomadic populations. We can find analogies of these practices in the earlier customs among the precursors of post-Golden Horde State, i.e., in the Mongol Empire and the ulus of Jochi. Traditions of the Abu al-Khair’s Khanate represented a phenomenon of cultural inertia, which were restored in the conditions of Islamization and could become the adats. This effect is particularly significant in view of the specific attitude of Sufi tariqats to the phenomena of social life.
In political terms, of particular importance among these was the restoration of the Toy and the related kurultay that could take place in accordance with the existing steppe (animals) calendar. The khans restored the ritual of robes and belts’ distribution as the main mechanism for redeployment of posts and responsibilities among the steppe aristocracy. Military tradition was also focused on samples of the previous time, which was particularly manifested in the selection of wings and avant-garde. In the course of military operations, there was the prevalent practice of magical rites known since the early Middle Ages and aimed at influencing the weather by means of the magic stone “yada” and Yadachi-sorcerers
Symbols of Power in the Sources on the History of Tyumen Khanat »
No full textLeaders of all medieval States of the Great Steppes had a specific set of state power symbols. The possession of those symbols was inseparable from the actual possession of the authority. An extensive list of such potestaric symbols was revealed for the ulus of Jochi (the Golden Horde). However, identification of these symbols for state formations of the post-Horde world is rather difficult due to the nature of the sources, especially if we are talking about the Northern (Siberian) periphery of the territory.
The authors identified the State seals of different shapes and the so-called “Siberian Crown” (khan Kuchum’s battle helmet of Oriental production) as such items belonging to the Siberian Khanate during the reign of khans Murtaza and his sons, Ahmad and Giray Kuchum. Perhaps, a drum was used in court rituals. Besides, there was the Khan’s lineage Tamga, which could be used as an analogue of seals, especially in the reign of Kuchum descendants.
Identification of such symbols was not carried out earlier for the Shibanids of earlier times, who ruled in the Tyumen Khanate. Written sources indicate that the first Tyumen khan Abu-l-Khair possessed the throne, the Royal yurt and caftan as the symbols of his power. The last two items are clearly linked to the Mongolian or Horde traditions of power, characteristic for many steppe regions. In contrast, the Tyumen throne was relatively new attribute of the local rulers. For this reason, particular importance for Tyumen dynasts had the throne of the rulers of the ulus of Jochi, which is referred to in the sources as “the high seat (throne, chair) of Sain Khan” – that is, the throne of Batu khan. Apparently, we are talking about a lightweight handheld seat that really could be associated with the Horde rulers. At various times, it was captured together with nomadic camp (Orda-Bazar) of the Great Ahmad Horde by khans Abu-l-Khair and Ibrahim (Ibak). A possession of this subject played a significant role in the political games and the claims of the Shibanids in the 15th century
Review of the Book: Trepavlov V.V., Belyakov A.V. Sibirskie tsarevichi v istorii Rossii [The Siberian Princes in the History of Russia]
Full text linkThis article analyzes the new book by Russian historians V.V. Trepavlov and A.V. Belyakov dedicated to the Siberian princes and their role in national history. The first part of the book is dedicated to the struggle of Kuchum Khan and his descendants for revenge in Siberia and the restoration of the Siberian Khanate, and the second one – to the conditions of the Kuchumovichi’s appearances in the Moscow state, their inhabitancy, the role in political processes and the further disappearance of the dynasty. The book is written on the basis of a large number of archival documents, mainly from the Russian State Archives of Ancient Acts (RGADA). It allowed reconstructing the rich tapestry of the Kuchumovichi’s life in Siberia and the Moscow state based on the methods and traditions of political history, studies of everyday life, prosopography, microhistory and genealogy. On the one hand, the book will be important for studies of Siberia, because the Siberian kings and princes in the Moscow state tried, if possible, to keep their familiar surroundings for a long time that preserved some distinctive features of their prior life’s period, which cannot be directly reconstructed with local materials. On the other hand, many nuances of the everyday life of these dynasts and their entourage can characterize not only the Siberian aristocracy but also the relevant layers of Moscow society as a whole, for which the Eastern traditions were also not immune to. Therein, we get an interesting slice of the Moscow society of the 16th–17th centuries: notably, the gradual forfeiture of the princes directly coincided with the exhaustion of the post-Horde and Eastern traditions in Russia as a whole. Despite some minor shortcomings, the materials of the monograph are so manifold so each reader will find in it some of his or her own interesting aspects, and will get an idea of an interesting slice of the Russian history of the 16th–17th centuries
The Second National Research Conference “History, Economics and Culture of the Medieval Turko-Tatar States of Western Siberia” (Kurgan, 17–18 April 2014)
No full textThe article summarizes the results of the Second National Research Conference “History, Economics and Culture of the Medieval Turko-Tatar States of Western Siberia”, which was held in Kurgan on 17th–18th April 2014. 38 researchers from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine participated at the Conference.
The Conference was focused on several topics. On the first day, the Conference started with the issues of the Shiban’s ulus history and a role of the Shibanids in the history of the Golden Horde, including the issue of the borders of these lands, the ulus of Jochi’s place in its administrative structure, the participation of representatives of the dynasty in the events of the Great Zamyatnya (i.e, the Great Distemper) and strives of the 1420’s. There were also discussed the ethnic and political processes in the Tyumen and Siberian Yurt. Considerable attention was paid to the Turkization of the Western Siberian population and formation of various groups of the Siberian Tatars. Researchers have noted the limitations of the source base of the late-medieval history of the region and the need for a comprehensive approach to the research involving experts in the fields of history, archaeology, ethnography, anthropology, linguistics. A separate debate was held on the role of the Nogai and Bukhara factor in the history of the Kuchum Siberian khanate.
On the second day, there were discussed various aspects of the Turkic-Tatar peoples’ occurrence from the Ural-Irtysh interfluve to the Russian State. There were presented reports both on the policy and destiny of the Kuchum descendants and legal and military aspects of the Tatar yurtes’ subordination. There was held a discussion about two versions of the Ichkinski Tatar ethnogenesis as a special group of the Tatar population of the region. Thereupon, the conference participants called for a cautious stance on the use of ethnic reconstructions in Turkic history and their use in the construction of modern inter-ethnic relations in Russia. There were also presentations on issues of spiritual and material culture of the Tatar peoples of Western Siberia. Considerable attention was paid to the Islamization of the Turkish-Tatar groups in Western Siberia and the existence of Islamic institutions in the region by under Russian power
The Third All-Russian Research Conference (with International Participation) “History, Economics and Culture of the Medieval Turkic-Tatar States of the Western Siberia”, Kurgan, 21–22 April, 2017
No full textThe article summarises the work of the Third all-Russian research conference (with international participation) “History, Economics and Culture of the Medieval Turkic-Tatar States of the Western Siberia”, which was held in the city of Kurgan on April 21–22, 2014. In total, 32 researchers from Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan took part in the conference.
The first roundtable was dedicated to the topic “Western Siberia and the Shibanids during the period of the Golden Horde (13th–14th centuries)”. Special attention was given to the problems of source studies of the history of this dynasty, the localisation of the territory and borders of the Shibanids’ possessions, the possibility of other Chingisid dynasties’ claims to the territory of southwestern Siberia, and the Shibanids’ engagement in the events of Great Zamyatnya and the steppe feuds of the 1420s.
The second roundtable was linked to the history of “The Tyumen and Siberian Khanates and Their Neighbours (15th–16th centuries)”. The greater part of the talks was dedicated to international relations in the post-Horde era and in its former territories, including Russian-Siberian and Siberian-Bukharian interactions. The possibility of the investigation of Kuchum Khan’s imagology and its relationship with historical realities, the issues of interaction between the central government and regional elites during Kuchum Khan’s reign, and some problems of historiography were considered at the conference. The researchers again noted the need for an interdisciplinary approach combining the involvement of specialists in history, archaeology, ethnography, anthropology, and linguistics. Special attention was drawn to the phase-down of archaeological research of the late medieval sites of western Siberia.
In the framework of the third roundtable, the issues of the history of “Turkic Population of the southwestern Siberia in the end of the 16th–17th centuries” were considered. A significant number of talks once again raised the question of the role of Kuchum Khan’s descendants as a factor in the local population’s resistance to the Russian government. Especially promising are studies of the history of Ajalynskie and Ichkinskie Tatars on the basis of a comprehensive archival and ethnographic research, as well as the usage of Russian sources to the study of the resettlement of the Turkic populations of western Siberia. Discussions were held on the matters of Siberian Islam in the 17th–18th centuries, as well as on the progressive stages of the Islamization within the Siberian population
Turkic Communities in South Trans-Urals in the 15th–17th centuries: National, Administrative, Territorial, Ethnosocial Transformations.
No full textResearch objectives: The article reads on the settlement on and the economic use of the south Trans-Urals territories by Turkic communities.
Research materials: Published and unpublished sources: books of official orders in the Russian state, chronicles, acts, diplomatic documents, archaeological data, etc.
Results and novelty of the research: Traditionally, administrative divisions of Ural and Trans-Urals are considered to be a sort of a naturally emerged structure. Having analyzed the sources, we may conclude: the system of counties’ (uyezd) division, as introduced by the Russian state, did not consider the allocation of the communities and their economic management mode. Cattle breeding practices of the local Turks determined the specifity of their economic activities. Many Turks’ volosts (ancestral territories) were compound and consisted of two parts: the winter part and the summer one. These two parts could be quite long-distance, divided by the Urals and upon being included into the Russian state they were designated to different uyezds. For instance, one part of Tersyak volost was assigned to Verkhoturskiy uyezd and the second – to Tyumensky uyezd; the western part of the Myakotinskaya (Bakatin) volost was located in Ufimsky uyezd and the eastern – in Tyumensky uyezd, which was in the lower reach of the Iset and Pyshma rivers. Consequently, by the moment of being merged into the Russian state, the territories indicated below were economically managed by the local Turks: South Trans-Urals and a part of Cis-Urals, including the territories in the upperstreams of the Ufa and Chusovaya rivers, along the Pyshma and Iset rivers, partially the Tura river, and Tobol between the outflows of the Miass and Tura. The given practice arose in the late Middle Ages and was intimately connected with Shibanids’ claims who ruled in Tyumen and Siberian Khanates. They claimed not only to the territories in the south of West Siberia, Aral Sea region and Syrdarya region, but also to the Cisuralian area. This was reflected as in their ambition to take the Kazan throne or to collect yasak from the Cisuralian area including Bulgar, so in introduction of their direct rule on the Bashkir Cis-Urals. The political space unity and nomadism similar to common local Turkic groups’ living could become a significant factor for that, as well as the territories united by trading routes. The same factors facilitated the migration of sizable groups from Trans-Urals and the south of West Siberia to Cis-Urals, as it happened to Tabyn tribe
Review of the Monograph: Zykov A.P., Kosintsev P.A., Trepavlov V.V. Gorod Sibir – gorodische Isker (istoriko-arheologicheskoe issledovanie) [The Town of Sibir – The Ancient Settlement of Isker (Historical-Archaeological Research)]
No full textThe publication of the results of the archaeological research of the Isker ancient settlement in 1988 and 1993 undoubtedly represents one of the most anticipated events for all specialists in the history and archaeology of the Siberian Tatars of the late Middle Ages. This monument represents the archaeological remains of the capital’s center of the Siberian Khanate – the town of Isker – also known as Sibir and Kashlyk. It has been studied for more than a hundred years and the publication of the results is scattered across numerous papers in dozens of collections of articles, while archaeological materials are kept in several museums, including some outside the Russian Federation. All this significantly complicates the real study of this archaeological site and its role in the history of the Siberian Turkic-Tatar statehood.
The book under review is divided into three conditional and very uneven parts. The first part, analyzing written sources, was written by V.V. Trepavlov, who managed to both inscribe this town in the context of Siberian history of the 13th–16th centuries and demonstrate its continuity with the previous political center – Chimgi-Tura. The second part, based on archaeological materials, was written by A.P. Zykov, who correlated archaeological research materials of 1988 and 1993 with the results of previous works. In the opinion of reviewers, the main weakness of authors’ concepts lies precisely in this part, since it does not fit with the first part of the book. Finally, the third part of the book, written by P.A. Kosintsev, examines the controversial issues of the economic reconstruction of the Siberian Tatars of the late Middle Ages.
The reviewers recognize the relevance of this publication, but they believe that some of the shortcomings of the archaeological methodology will complicate its actual use and many of the conclusions drawn will be further contested
Isker as a Mythologeme in the Study of Siberian Khanate History »
No full textResearch literature on the history of Siberian Khanate consider Isker not only as a metropolitan center but also as a large and well-fortified town. The analysis of written and archaeological sources shows that such an assumption in many respects developed under the influence of the authors, who described it later, a long time after the abandonment of Isker. They were influenced to a large extent by ideas about how Tatar city might have looked as an ideal model, the embodiment of which they searched on the ruins of the Siberian cities of the 15th–16th centuries.
Authors of this work consider that conditions of a fortress location, as well as artifacts, found there, do not confirm this traditional version. Isker came under the authority of Siberian Shibanids (with a throne place situated in Chimgi-Tura (Tyumen)) not earlier than in 1563, after the Siberian people had invited Kuchum ibn Murtaza to become their khan. At the same time, representatives of a dynasty controlled not only the lands in the south of Western Siberia, but also across the Syr Darya. Being natives of a nomadic environment, their center of power was situatetd in nomadic khan’s encampment, from which they moved from summering in the north to wintering grounds in the south. Exactly in this encampment, but not in geopolitically and ecologically uncomfortably located Isker, it is supposed to be the khan’s treasury and the place for his family as well as seyyids and other Muslim preachers. Isker was only a place of collecting the yasak from Ugrian groups of local population during the autumn and spring periods. For these reasons, its protection during Yermak’s attack was not the khan’s priority task. The town was abandoned easily.
Isker is not so important for the history of Siberia as for Russian history during the period of incorporation of Siberia into the Muscovy. For the Russian tsars, Isker became a symbol of the legitimacy of power of Ivan the Terrible in Siberia
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