8 research outputs found
Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo, by way of Lisbon, Athens, Constantinople, and Jerusalem: Performed in the steamers of the peninsular and Oriental Company. By Mr. M.A. Titmarsh, Author of "the Irish sketch-book, " e.t.c London Chapman and
No full textPreface: by ThackerayDedication: by Thackeray, W. to Captain Samuel LewisContent description: Detailed contentsIllustration: 1 (Views ,)Pagination: PP12+301P+1PPVolumes: 1Edition:1stText Genre:ProseIllustration: 1 (τοπία ,
Art vs Design: Saving Power vs Enframing, or A Thing of the Past vs World-Making
No full texta debate with the co-author Cameron Tonkinwise of Carnegie Mellon University, USA, as to the ontological acumen of art versus design
Microfluidic devices for developing tissue scaffolds
No full textThis chapter begins by outlining the key hurdles that currently exist in terms of achieving directed tissue genesis, in vitro and in vivo, from available mature, progenitor and stem cell sources. The chapter then Sugiura et al., 2005 proceeds to describe how microfluidic device platforms can provide the required insights to overcome these hurdles to clinical translation, including the optimization of soluble factor provision to enhance cell expansion and differentiation outcomes, the impacts of pore architecture and surface engineering on scaffold colonization, and the biophysical needs of cells when creating three dimensional artificial vascular pedicles for improved scaffold vascularization post-implantation
Microfluidic screening reveals heparan sulfate enhances human mesenchymal stem cell growth by modulating fibroblast growth factor-2 transport
No full textCost-effective expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) remains a key challenge for their widespread clinical deployment. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is a key hMSC mitogen often supplemented to increase hMSC growth rates. However, hMSCs also produce endogenous FGF-2, which critically interacts with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS). We assessed the interplay of FGF-2 with a heparan sulfate variant (HS8) engineered to bind FGF-2 and potenti-ate its activity. Bone marrow-derived hMSCs were screened in perfused microbioreactor arrays (MBAs), showing that HS8 (50 lg/ml) increased hMSC proliferation and cell number after 3 days, with an effect equivalent to FGF-2 (50 ng/ml). In combination, the effects of HS8 and FGF-2 were additive. Differential cell responses, from upstream to downstream culture chambers under constant flow of media in the MBA, provided insights into modulation of FGF-2 transport by HS8. HS8 treatment induced proliferation mainly in the downstream chambers, suggesting a requirement for endogenous FGF-2 accumulation, whereas responses to FGF-2 occurred primarily in the upstream chambers. Adding HS8 along with FGF-2, however, maximized the range of FGF-2 effectiveness. Measurements of FGF-2 in static cultures then revealed that this was because HS8 caused increased endogenous FGF-2 production and liberated FGF-2 from the cell surface into the super-natant. HS8 also sustained levels of supplemented FGF-2 available over 3 days. These results suggest HS8 enhances hMSC proliferation and expansion by leveraging endogenous FGF-2 production and maximizing the effect of supplemented FGF-2. This is an exciting strategy for cost-effective expansion of hMSCs
The Christmas books of Mr. M. A. Titmarsh Mrs. Perkins's ball, Our street, Dr. Birch, The Kickleburys on the Rhine, The rose and the ring. With ill. by the author
No full textObjects, after Gertrude Stein’s "Tender Buttons"
No full text"The Re-Mix it Competition was held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2019, celebrating the expansion of the public domain by encouraging students to create new, innovative works with items in the public domain. Submissions were judged on originality, sensory impact, and connection between the work and the public domain.
Author: Rachel Lindsay-Snow
Title: Objects, after Gertrude Stein’s ""Tender Buttons""
Place: 3rd
Description of how the work connects to the public domain, provided by the author:
Process Steps:
* Read aloud Gertrude Stein’s Tender Buttons: Objects & audio record
* Find twenty sections that took about twenty-seconds to read and make a list of Stein’s titles for these sections (see note no. 1)
* Using each of these titles as a starting point, speak a twenty-second-stream-of-consciousness-poem, audio record & transcribe
* Do a Library of Congress image search using the same twenty Stein titles. (see note no. 2)
* Using a cubist style, cut up and collage these images to create twenty figures to accompany the poems (see note no. 3, no. 4)
Additional Notes:
* This structure is modeled after the Pecha Kucha presentation style, which takes twenty slides, plays each for twenty seconds, while the speaker talks. Poetry, also, adapted this form—creating poems responding to images.
* Image search results were refined to Paris where Stein spent the second half of her life. This was also where the term ‘cubism’ got traction.
* Stein’s prose are referred to as works of literary cubism and Stein was acquainted with cubist Pablo Picasso.
* Cubism is known for breaking/disembodying figures/objects, analyzing and reassembling them into new, and abstracted, forms. This form allows the viewer to interact with the subject from multiple perspectives.
Citations of public domain works used:
Stein, Gertrude. Tender Buttons: Objects, Food, Rooms. New York : C. Marie, 1914. Print.
A carafe, that is a blind glass:
No. 795: A class of blind soldiers held by the Comite' Franco-Americain pour les Aveugles de la Guerre, Hotel de Crillon, Paris: From left to right, seated: French architect, Mechanic, and Inventor, Farmer, an Arab, a Commercial traveler. Standing: French Farmer, Polish Farmer, looking over his shoulder a blind professor, refugee from Arras, then a Lieutenant; next the sister of the blind man on the right of the ""Gardienne du Phare."" He is a member of the bar, and has volunteered his services to help the men blinded in Battle; on left of the Gardienne is an Adjutant Chef. With the exception of the lawyer and refugee from Arras, all the men in the picture have been blinded in battle. No. 796: Teaching the blind how to play checkers on an American checker board adapted for the blind. France Paris Paris, 1917. [December Date Received] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017676795/.
A box:
United States Army Signal Corps, photographer. Miss Louise Tennis of Chicago at work at the American Fund for French wounded, Paris, packing a box for the front. France Paris Paris, 1918. September. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017683329/.
Dirt and not copper:
Zola, Émile, and Mary Neal Sherwood. The flower and market girls of Paris. [Philadelphia, T. B. Peterson & brothers, 1888] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/09001327/.
Nothing Elegant:
Morice, Charles, and John N Raphael. The re-appearing Il est ressuscité!; a vision of Christ in Paris. [New York, Hodder & Stoughton, George H. Doran company, 1911] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/11014549/.
Mildred’s Umbrella:
Zola, Émile, and Mary Neal Sherwood. La belle Lisa; or, The Paris market girls. [Philadelphia, T. B. Peterson & brothers, 1882] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/09001337/.
*Public Domain
A method of a cloak:
Souvestre, Emile. An attic philosopher in Paris; or, A peep at the world from a garret, being the journal of a happy man. New York, D. Appleton and company, 1901. Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/04021342/.
A red stamp:
Martial, A. P., Etcher. Mabille et le Chateau des fleurs. France Paris, 1874. [Place not identified: Publisher not identified, ?] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2018646806/.
A red hat:
Gribble, Francis Henry. The Red Spell. [New York, London, F.A. Stokes, 1895] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/06045415/.
A blue coat:
Hall, A. D, and Octave Feuillet. A Parisian romance. [New York, Street & Smith, 1890] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/07000529/.
A frightful release:
Hugo, Victor, and Isabel Florence Hapgood. Notre-Dame de Paris. [New York, T. Y. Crowell & co, 1891] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/18017313/.
A purse:
Bradford, William. Yesterdays in Paris. A sketch from real life. [New York, The Authors' publishing company, 1880] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/06015197/.
A cloth:
Hine, Lewis Wickes, photographer. Surgical dressings, 118 Rue de la Faisanderie, Paris. American Red Cross. Putting eyelets in rubber cloth supporting slings at the AMERICAN RED CROSS workrooms for surgical dressings, Rue de la Faisanderie, Paris. These slings are supported by cords attached to a wooden extension and serve to prevent jarring of the wounded arm. France Paris Paris, 1918. July. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017682006/.
More:
Paris, France. Interior of one of the tents, at the American Red Cross Hotel #13, Paris. There are 1,400 beds, a fully equipped canteen and recreation hut, where the men may buy good meals at very small cost. At the time this picture was taken the tents were not yet ready for occupancy. The work was started on February 18th , and finished in just nine days. Situated in the heart of Paris in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower, at Champs de Mars, this has proven to be one more of the great successed which the Red Cross has achieved abroad. France Paris Paris, 1919. February. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017680406/.
Objects:
Tissandier, Albert, Artist. Voyages aèriens de M.M. Albert et Gaston Tissandier. Tentative de retour dans Paris assiégé. Le ballon, ""Le Jean Bart"" descend au milieu de la Seine en vue de Jumièges, 8 novembre/ Albert Tissandier. France Paris, None. [Between 1870 and 1880] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002735693/.
A drawing:
Baltard, Louis-Pierre, Architect. Projet de marché aux charbons. Pavillon de l'administration. Elevation, plan, and section / Baltard. France Paris, 1817. 29 August. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2009632429/.
A time to eat:
Ruffini, Giovanni. The Paragreens on a visit to the Paris universal exhibition. [New York, Dix, Edwards & co.; etc., et, 1857] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/01026991/.
A little bit of tumbler:
Thackeray, William Makepeace. Sketch books; The Paris sketch book of Mr. M. A. Titmarsh; The Irish sketch book; Notes of a journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo. New York, London, Harper & brothers, 1898. Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/12031088/.
In between:
American Red Cross Metropolitan Canteens. ""Poilus"" being fed at Gare Montparnasse between trains. Book B. France Paris. france paris, None. [Between 1917 and 1919] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017667604/.
A feather:
Barron, Elwyn Alfred. Manders; a tale of Paris. Boston, L. C. Page & co, 1899. Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/99003731/.
A table:
Sample of American Red Cross kitchen wagon on exhibition at the Grand Palais. Presented by employees of the Forrestry Service of the Department of Agriculture, U.S.A. Picture shows portable tables and pans. France Paris Paris, None. [Between 1914 and 1920] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017680887/."Open Restriction set for Item 110779 on 2019-05-06T15:22:01Z with date null by [email protected] by Kaylen Dwyer ([email protected]) on 2019-05-06T15:52:23Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Lindsay-Snow.mov: 55943683 bytes, checksum: 17f37cba3e22254f53acbf1c124c5362 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-05-06T15:52:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2019-03-15Ope
Baeus maryae Stevens, sp. nov.
No full text8. Baeus maryae, Stevens, sp. nov. (Figs 10 A–D, 15 D) Holotype, Ψ, Queensland, ' 40 km W Ingham QLD. nr Wallaman Falls, 22.vi– 7.viii. 1982, S. & J. Peck coll. S 8 P 45, 600 m', 'Flight intercept trap, rainforest', (ANIC). Paratypes: Queensland: 1 Ψ, Mt Glorious, 26.xi– 10.xii. 1979 (QDPC); 4 Ψ, O'Reillys Guest House, 2.ii– 22.iii. 1980 (QDPC); 2 Ψ, Mt Webb N.P., 28–30.ix. 1980, T. Weir (ANIC); 3 Ψ, Mt Webb N.P., 27–30.iv. 1981, I.D. Naumann (ANIC); 1 Ψ, Davies Creek Rd, 16 km up via Mareeba, 4–13.iii. 1983, Storey & Titmarsh (QDPC); 2 Ψ, Windsor Tableland via Mt Carbine, 10.xi.– 26.xii.1983, 12.xi– 26.xii. 1983, Storey & Walford- Huggins (QDPC); 2 Ψ, Mossman Gorge, 23.ii. 1984, L. Masner (CNC); 13 Ψ, Wongabel State Forest, 6 km S Atherton, 10.xi. 1983 – 9.i.1984, 13.iii– 1.v.1984, 26.vii– 3.ix.1984, 3.ix.– 1.xii. 1984, Storey & Brown (QDPC); 1 Ψ, Mt Glorious N.P., 28.ii– 9.iii. 1984, L. Masner (CNC); 13 Ψ, Kuranda, 6 km NW, 2.x.– 6.xi. 1984, Storey & Halfpapp (QDPC); 1 Ψ, Mareeba, 22 km WSW, 7.i– 12.ii. 1985, Storey & Halfpapp (QDPC); 13 Ψ, Kuranda, 6 km SW, 10.xii. 1984 – 15.i. 1985, Storey & Halfpapp (QDPC); 4 Ψ, Kuranda, 4 km NNW, 10.xii. 1984 – 15.i. 1985, Storey & Halfpapp (QDPC); 6 Ψ, Mt Tozer, 3 km ENE, 12.44 S 143.14 E, 1–4.vii. 1986, T. Weir, 28.vi– 4.vii. 1986, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 2 Ψ, Mt Tozer, 9 km ENE, 12.43 S 143.17 E, 5–10.vii. 1986, J.C. Cardale (ANIC); 3 Ψ, Mt Lewis, 8 km NW of Julatten, 8.i– 2.ii. 1987, A. Walford-Huggins (ANIC); 3 Ψ, Julatten, 18.viii– 5.ix.1987, 29.ix– 5.x. 1987, A. Walford-Huggins (ANIC); 8 Ψ, Lake Eacham, 17.17 S 145.39 E, 15.ii– 2.iii.1988, 16– 19.ii. 1988, D.C.F. Rentz (ANIC); 7 Ψ, Lake Eacham, 17.17 S 145.39 E, 15.ii– 2.iii.1988, 2– 16.iii.1988, 29.iii– 31.v. 1988, D.C.F. Rentz (ANIC); 6 Ψ, Bald Hill, McIlwraith Range, 11 km WbyN, 13.44 S 143.20 E, 26.vi– 13.vii. 1989, I.D. Naumann (ANIC); 4 Ψ, Bald Hill, McIlwraith Range, 15 km WNW, 13.43 S 143.19 E, 27.vi– 12.vii. 1989, I.D. Naumann (ANIC); 6 Ψ, Mt Cleveland summit, 19.16 S 147.03 E, 23.iii– 13.v. 1991, D. Cook, (QM); 2 Ψ, Heathlands, 12 km SSE, 11.51 S 142.38 E, 22.iii– 25.iv. 1992, T. Mcleod, 21.viii– 17.ix. 1992, P. Zboroskii & L. Miller (ANIC); 1 Ψ, Guanaba Shelf, Tamborine Mountains, xii. 1992 – i. 1993, K.J. Lambkin (ANIC); 1 Ψ, Mt Glorious, 27.19.54S 152.45.29E, 21–27.iii. 1997, N. Power, canopy malaise trap (CNC); Northern Territory: 4 Ψ, 53 km SSW Darwin, 12.52.11S 130.35.04E, 17–23.vi. 1998, M. Hoskins, malaise trap (CNC); 1 Ψ, 53 km SSW Darwin, 12.52.10S 130.35.04E, 1–9.vi. 1998, mango patch, M. Hoskins, malaise trap (CNC); Norfolk Island: 4 Ψ, 29.03 S 167.55 E, Rocky Point Reserve, 14.xi.– 2.xii. 1984, T.A.Weir. 2 nd Flight intercept window/trough trap (ANIC); 2 Ψ as above but 15–22.xi. 1984. 2nd litter under Araucaria heterophylla (ANIC); 2 Ψ 29.01 S 167.56 E NP nr Mt Pitt 8.iv. 1984, St. 4, J.E. Feehan 2 nd Flight intercept window/trough trap (ANIC); 3 Ψ 29.01 S 167.57 E, Filmy Fern Walk, NINP, 14.xi– 2.xii. 1984, T.A. Weir. 2 nd Flight intercept window/trough trap (ANIC); 1 Ψ Anson Bay Reserve, 9.iv. 1984, St. 6, J.E. Feelan. 2 nd Flight intercept window/trough trap. (ANIC); 1 Ψ 29.01 S 167.57 E, Red Rd, Tr. NINP, 14.xi– 2.xii. 1984, T.A. Weir. 2 nd Flight intercept window/trough trap. (ANIC); 2 Ψ Palm Glen 1.xii. 1979, G.B. Monteith, pyrethum knockdown. (QDPI); New Caledonia: 2 Ψ Noumea, Mt. Koghis, edge of rainforest, 27.iii– 4.iv. 1985, yellow pan traps, A.D. Austin (WINC); 1 Ψ Noumea, Anse Vata, 1–4.iv. 1985, disturbed low scrub, yellow pan traps, A.D. Austin (WINC) Description. Female. Mean length 0.82 mm (0.70–1.01; n = 10); body and head vary from dark brown, almost black, to brown, anterior vertex, frons and gena may be lighter than body and posterior vertex, legs and antennae generally yellow with darker markings on dorsal surfaces. Head. 2.5 (2.1–2.6) x as wide as inter-ocular distance, and 2.1 (1.9–2.4) x as wide as long; medial ocellus 15 μm in diameter, 101 (80–110) μm from posterior head margin; lateral ocelli contacting eye margin, 21 (20– 30) μm from posterior head margin; posterior ocellar line 1.3 (1.2–1.3) x inter-ocular distance; vertex coriarious, pilosity mostly sparse and of medium length, but can be of moderate density and short in length; eyes large and ovoid, eye height 0.56 (0.51–0.59) x head height, eye width 0.58 (0.45–0.75) x eye length, pilosity short; frontal carina prominent, reaching 0.53 (0.50–0.57) distance to medial ocellus; cristulations of malar region extending to within 10 μm of eye margin, may be very faint in instances; in postero-lateral view, anterior and posterior genal margins convergent medially; anterior genal margin in contact with 0.64 (0.57–0.68) of ventral eye margin length; posterior eye margin touching hyperoccipital carina. Mesosoma. Length 0.50 (0.42–0.59) x width; sculpturing mesoscutum coriarious, mesoscutellum varies from smooth to faintly coriarious, to distinctly coriarious, pilosity of both sclerites mostly sparse but can be moderately dense in parts, and is generally of medium length, though can be short and occassionally long in parts; propodeum glabrous medio-dorsally; mesoscutum length 0.37 (0.31–0.43) x width, 0.61 (0.56–0.65) x mesosoma length and 2.67 (2.20 –3.00) x mesoscutellum length; mesoscutellum length 1.54 (1.00– 2.50) x propodeum length; sculpturing dorsal mesopleuron distinctly scrobiculate, may or may not extend ventral of dorsal margin of metapleuron; sculpturing of propodeum anterior to spiracle scrobiculate, region posterior to spiracle generally smooth, but may be faintly carinulate; propodeal spiracle small and tear-drop shaped; dorsal and lateral propodeum clearly delineated by a broad laterally projecting carina (Fig. 10 C); posterior margin of metapleuron parallel to anterior margin medially, curving gently dorsally, ending ventral to level of antero-lateral margin of T 2, ventro-posterior margin elevated above ventro-anterior margin of lateral propodeum; hind femoral spine absent. Metasoma. T 2 length 0.85 (0.80–0.89), sculpturing varies from smooth to faintly coriarious, to distinctly coriarious, pilosity is sparse throughout and mostly short in length but can be of medium length in parts; T 3 often glabrous but can be smooth with a very sparsely spaced row (> 100 μm between setae) of short setae; T 4 glabrous. Comments. The degree of dorsal sculpturing varies for this species, however, the size and shape of several characters remain relatively consistent. Baeus maryae is most commonly collected from north-eastern Queensland (Fig. 15 D), but is also found in the Pacific on New Caledonia and Norfolk Island. This species isnamed after the mother of the senior author, Mrs Mary Stevens.Published as part of Stevens, Nicholas B. & Austin, Andrew D., 2007, Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 1499 on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17708
Diseases of Asian seabass (or barramundi), Lates calcarifer Bloch
No full textOther than the study by Griffiths (2009) on gill diseases, there has been no comprehensive study and report on the major diseases of Asian seabass (or barramundi) Lates calcarifer Bloch. It is a food fish species of growing importance in Asia and Australia. This study investigates some of the major diseases encountered in the various stages of the culture of L. calcarifer, at the histopathological, ultrastructural and molecular levels. Culture practices can have significant impacts on fish health. Disease outbreaks are influenced by factors involving the host, environment and pathogen. Current knowledge on diseases of L. calcarifer, and these factors which may influence disease outbreaks are discussed in Chapter 1.
This is the first report of an intestinal Eimeria infection in L. calcarifer. The Eimeria infection was associated with severe pathology and significant mortality in the absence of other pathogens. It was detected in diseased L. calcarifer in all five nurseries in Ca Mau, Vietnam. Although these were small scale nurseries which stocked an average of 3000 to 5000 fish at any one time, a mortality rate of up to 30% was reported and is the cause of significant economic losses for these nurseries. Moderate to heavy Eimeria infestation were observed in greater than 80% of diseased fish examined. This high rate of Eimeria infestation is suspected to be linked to the low daily water exchange rates practised in these nurseries. However, the examination of only diseased fish does not allow the determination of prevalence. A systemic iridovirus infection was concurrently observed in some of the fishes but was not consistently present when compared to the Eimeria infection. Molecular analysis showed that the Eimeria of L. calcarifer from Vietnam formed clades with the Eimeria detected in L. calcarifer cultured in Australia, but clustered separately from other known Eimeria species. Although Cryptosporidium was detected in these L. calcarifer tissues, it could not be demonstrated histologically or ultrastructurally, suggesting a low grade infestation or perhaps an environmental contaminant in fish tissues tested. In situ hybridization using labeled PCR products showed that labeled DNA probes generated from 18S PCR products could not be used to distinguish between closely related genera such as Cryptosporidium and Eimeria. Future investigation to determine the origin, transmission and risk factors associated with this Eimeria infestation in L. calcarifer are needed.
‘Scale drop syndrome’ is a novel disease first reported in L. calcarifer in Penang, Malaysia in 1992. Cases with similar gross and clinical presentations were observed in Singapore in 2002, 2006 and 2009. Affected fish have loose scales, which dropped off easily when handled. The disease was initially observed in 100-300g fish, and later in larger fish up to 5kg bodyweight. Cumulative mortalities of 40 to 50% were reported by farms, posing significant economic losses of larger more valuable fish. This investigation forms the first pathological description of ‘scale drop syndrome’ (SDS) in L. calcarifer. To aid recognition of new cases for study, a case definition was developed for ‘scale drop syndrome’ in L. calcarifer as a systemic vasculitis associated with tissue necrosis in all major organs including the skin, with apparent targeting of cells of epithelial origin. Attempts to isolate or detect the causative agent(s) by cell culture, PCR and immunohistochemistry have proven unsuccessful. Further studies to elucidate the definitive aetiology, isolate the causal agent(s) and reproduce the disease will help better understanding and control of SDS.
Although systemic iridoviral disease has been previously reported in many freshwater and marine fish species, this study forms the first report of this disease in L. calcarifer. Systemic iridoviral disease was observed in 5 to 20g L. calcarifer usually 2 to 3 weeks post-transfer into sea cages at two farms. Inclusion bodies suggestive of a systemic iridovirus infection were observed in clinically healthy L. calcarifer from the land-based nursery of one of these two farm; the presence of an iridovirus infection was supported by positive PCR results using Red Sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) primer 1. The presence of inclusions was not accompanied by any tissue necrosis in these clinically healthy fish. This finding suggested that the systemic iridovirus infection occurred before stocking at sea, and did not originate from wild fish or older fish in adjacent sea cages as initially suspected by this farm. Immunohistochemistry on tissues of clinical cases of systemic iridovirus gave positive results using the Red Sea bream iridovirus monoclonal antibody (RSIV M10), although intensity varied between tissues, possibly related to varying exposure of different tissues to fixation chemicals. Inclusion bodies in clinically healthy fish from the same farm did not show positive reaction with RSIV M10. This may be due to a lack of antigenic expression by the viral infected cells at this early stage of infection.
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is a serious disease of hatchery reared L. calcarifer fry in this study. Mortalities of 50 to 100% were reported in 3wo fry. VNN can be difficult to diagnose in older fry, where it can be associated with few vacuolations or an absence of viral inclusions
‘Pot belly disease’ (PBD) was previously reported in L. calcarifer fry less than 1g, in association with an intracellular coccobacillus infection and mortalities of 80 to 100%. In this study, PBD was observed in 120g L. calcarifer at two sea cage farms, in association with significant granulomatous enteritis. The extent of the granulomatous enteritis is likely to have an effect on affected fish. It was observed concurrently with systemic iridoviral disease at one farm and nocardiosis at another farm. Diagnosis by histopathology and the lack of other confirmatory tests for PBD may result in underdiagnosis of this disease. The epidemiology of PBD needs further study to establish origin and modes of transmission, to facilitate better disease control.
Diseases associated with infections by ubiquitous bacteria such as Vibrio, Tenacibaculum were commonly observed in L. calcarifer post-handling. Tenacibaculosis and vibriosis often occurred concurrently with other diseases such as streptococcosis, systemic iridviral disease or PBD. Streptococcosis can affect fish up to 3kg bodyweight, resulting in significant mortalities greater than 40 to 50%. Like SDS, because streptococcosis can affect up to market size fish, they can cause considerable economic losses. Although vaccines against Streptococcosis are available, conflicting views are held on the efficacy of Streptococcus vaccines by various research groups. Overall, the South-east Asian L. calcarifer farms which practiced vaccination against Streptococcus iniae reported a reduction of mortality, especially in fish greater than 1 to 1.5kg bodyweight.
Nocardiosis has been reported as an emerging disease in marine food fish species caused by acid fast filamentous branching bacterium. Although nocardiosis was observed histopathologically in L. calcarifer at two sea cage farms, the numbers of samples examined were small and no other tests were attempted due to lack of suitable samples. More intensive and extensive study is needed to determine the significance of nocardiosis in L. calcarifer. Chronic granulomatous enteritis was not uncommon in the cases submitted to the Fish Health Laboratory in Perth. Although the peritonitis was associated with heavy bacteria infection, it is unclear if these are secondary invaders. Schipps, Bosmans & Humphreys (2009) reported that Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damsela damsela vaccinations appeared to be not efficacious, suggesting that these bacteria were not the primary cause of the disease.
It is well recognized that disease outbreaks in farmed fish are influenced by the interaction between host, the environment and pathogens. While serious diseases are often reported in association with specific aquatic pathogens, not much is known about the risk factors which trigger fish disease outbreaks. Disease outbreaks often occur after stressful events such as net transfers, recent handling or poor water quality. In fact, diseases are often caused by ubiquitous pathogens that are commonly present in the culture environment. Although further research is necessary to gather more information to improve diagnosis and management of specific diseases, general health management strategies can be applied at the various stages in the culture of L. calcarifer to minimize disease outbreaks. This is discussed for L. calcarifer in Chapter 6.
Observations of types of disease agents may be influenced by site conditions or the types of tests or materials examined. For example, some parasites may be more prevalent in certain sites where intermediate hosts abound, or loosely attached ectoparasites may be lost unless wet mount microscopic examinations of fresh tissues were carried out. The study of emerging diseases such as scale drop syndrome (SDS) or pot belly disease (PBD) in L. calcarifer has been hampered by lack of confirmatory diagnostic tools and inadequate knowledge on critical epidemiological factors such as mode of transmission or potential reservoirs. While ideally identification and isolation of the causal agent will help fulfil Koch’s postulates, it may be possible to improve the understanding of disease via cohabitation or infectivity trials using tissue homogenates from diseased fish when pure isolates are not available. There is a need to conduct research to not only establish a definitive aetiology, but also to identify risk factors to facilitate successful disease control. The successful management of disease in aquaculture does not lie in any one strategy but an integrated management of all risks encountered during the culture cycle against disease occurrence or incursions
