37 research outputs found
The Term of the “Tatar-Mongols/Mongol-Tatars”: The Ethnic or Political Concept? An Experience of the Source Study and Conceptual Analysis »
No full textIn recent years, researchers have begun to pay greater attention to the ethnic aspects of the Great Mongolian State’s formation at the turn of the 12th–13th centuries. However, a key problem of this period still remains controversial. This problem is related to the definition of ethnicity of the Tatar and other kindred clans. This article analyzes the problem in order to achieve a clear understanding of the ethnic situation in Central Asia during the formation of Eke Mongol Ulus. As a result of consideration of historiographical approaches to ethnic nomenclature, which the Mongolian and Chinese sources used with respect to the Turkic and Mongolian groups that settled in this area, the author is inclined to the view of Turkish ethnicity of the Tatars and some other (Naimans, Merkits) clans known by source, whom Chinggis Khan faced in the process of formation of the “people of the Mongols”. At the same time, the author establishes a historical connection between the pre-Mongol Tartars and Kimak and Uyghur khaganates. In particular, he reveals their affiliation to the elite, “royal” layers of these Turkic states. In turn, this allows us to reveal the presence of a Tatar component among the eastern Kipchak-Kimaks (Yemeks) with close ties with the last dynasty of Khwarezm shahs. On the basis of a detailed and comprehensive review of material, the author points to the need for a new understanding of the term “Mongol-Tatars”. This term was not imposed by the Chinese officials, but it was a meaningful politonym marking a two-part (Turkic (Tatar) – Mongol) nature of the “people” who established the Great Mongol Empire. The author informs in his article about his plans to consider in detail this issue in relation to the ulus of Jochi
The Golden Horde Ethnology of Tatars: 1. The Epic and Historical “Golden Throne” (“Altyn Tәkhet”)
No full textThe author of this article seeks to identify the historical origins of particular patronal place characteristic for the ulus of Jochi and later Turko-Tatar States established on its territory in the 15th–16th centuries. This patronal place was known as the “golden throne” and has been recorded by the Turko-Tatar (epics, chronicles, historical works) and some Russian sources. An overview of historical sources reveals that according to the Turko-Tatar traditions of the 16th–18th centuries, the “golden throne” was a place, where the ruler (Khan, king) was sitting in the Golden Horde and at the post-Horde political space. The author of this article emphasizes the important fact: in historical sources the “golden throne” was always associated with the place of enthronement of the Tatar ruler. As a result of detailed analysis of the available historical material, the author found that the often mentioned “golden throne” existed not only in the ulus of Jochi, but throughout the Mongol Empire. Moreover, further analysis of the available historical material (including a comparison with information contained in the parallel Persian, Chinese, and Latin sources) showed that the “golden throne” was connected to another symbol of power, common in all Chinggisid States and recorded by a number of historical sources, that is, with special tent (yurt) known as the “Great Golden horde”. This tent together with the throne seat symbolized the focus of the khan authority in the Mongol Empire and the subsequent Chinggisid States
The Problem of Genesis of Seyyids’ Institutes in the Post-Golden Horde Turkо-Tatar States »
No full textThe article analyzes an insufficiently investigated problem of the formation of seyyids’ institute within the Turkic-Tatar States of the 15th–16th centuries, which were the historical heirs of the ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde). The author found that this institution was characteristic for all, without exception, Turkic-Tatar state formations that emerged after the collapse of the Golden Horde. A number of features of this institution (existence of family relationship between the seyyids’ “houses” of different Tatar yurts, seyyids’ participation not only in the diplomatic and administrative affairs but also in military actions) indicates that it appeared in the period of the ulus of Jochi, more precisely, during the reign of khan Uzbek who had completed Islamization of this State. As a result of the study of the complex issues related to the seyyids who lived in the Turko-Tatar khanates and hordes, the author concluded that there was a link between them and the lineages of the Golden Horde seyyids affiliated with the Yasaviyya tariqa. Overall, the author both emphasizes the apparent Golden Horde origin of this very important social institution functioned in all the Turkic-Tatar state formations and indicates the presence of real contacts (including gentilitial ones) between the seyyids’ branches located in different States
The Role of the Turkic-Tatar Constituent People in the Formation of the State-Forming “People” of the Jochid Ulus in the 13th–14th centuries
No full textResearch objectves: Study of ethnic processes that took place in the Jochid ulus (Golden Horde) in the 13th–14th centuries, which remain out of the sight of historians.
Research materials: A complex of written historical sources, materials of historical, ethnological, linguistic and archaeological research.
Results and novelty of the research: These processes are treated in extremely simplified forms, the essence of which is reduced to the “assimilation” of the Mongols with numerically predominant Polovtsians (Kypchaks). In addition to these shortcomings, domestic research suffers from other shortcomings under the influence of historians from Tatarstan who seek to eliminate the tradition of negative labeling of the ruling “people” of the Golden Horde, which was called the “Tatar-Mongols” in the old literature. In reality, one must well conceive the ethnic components of the given “people” for a reliable description of ethnic processes that took place in the 13th–14th centuries within the framework of the Golden Horde society, which ended with the formation of ethnic medieval Tatars. Meanwhile, this issue has not yet been fully developed. The role of the eastern Kypchaks-Kimaks in the formation of medieval Tatars is particularly poorly understood: their elite had a Tatar identity. In addition, we should pay attention to the participation of the Altai Turks in the ethnopolitical processes in the Jochid ulus, as well as of the Uighurs from the former Kimak Kaghanate closely associated with the Tatars. The study of these aspects of the extensive problem of the formation of a new “people” of medieval (Golden Horde) Tatars makes it possible to construct a different model of ethnic processes in the Jochid ulus, different from the previous one
On the question of the presence of traces of pre-Mongol Kipchaks in Western Siberia (based on the analysis of the dastan “Ak Kubek”)
No full textResearch objectives: To consider the problem of the Eastern Kipchak presence in the pre-Mongol period in Southern Siberia, Altai, and adjacent territories, including the identification of traces of specific Kipchak clan formations in this area.
Research materials: Data from the Tatar dastan “Ak Kubek”, Arabic chronicles, and Russian chronicles containing information of an epic and historical nature were used. Previously published works, which in one way or another affect this issue but need a critical approach and addition, were also employed.
Results and novelty of the research: This study of the content of the dastan “Ak Kubek” and the Arab chronicles of an-Nuwayri and Ibn Khaldun, in which epic information has been transmitted through the Mamluks from the Kipchaks, allows us to conclude that the Siberian-Tatar dastan recorded by V.V. Radlov contains important historical content dating back to the pre-Mongol period and related to the Durut (tert, durt) and Toksoba clans which had different ethnic origins and occupied different territories. It was possible to connect some epic heroes (Khan Kotyan / Kidana) with the leaders of specific Western Polovtsian groups, such as the Terterovichi Khan Kotyan who sought refuge in Hungary during the Mongol conquest. The second group, Toksoba (Toksobichi), which in the analyzed dastan is personified by its main character, the princely son Ak Kubek biy, belonged to the Eastern Kipchak clan formations that participated in the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, and Altaians. The time and reasons for the connection of the dastan “Ak Kubek” to the Altaians cannot be unambiguously resolved due to the migrations of Siberian Tatars to the region of the Northern Altai during the fall of the Siberian Khanate. However, the hypothesis of the pre-Mongol presence of eastern Kipchaks in Southern Siberia and Altai seems probable
On the Shibanid «Trace» in the Bulgar Vilayet of the Ulus of Jochi
No full textThe authors discuss the problem related to the Shibanids’ presence on the territory of the Bulgar Vilayet of the Ulus of Jochi in the 13th–14th centuries. Analysis of the various sources of Turko-Tatar, Mongolian and Russian origin (chronicles, dastans, genealogies, etc.) allowed the authors to conclude that the transition of the territory of the Volga Bulgar (from the city of Bilyar to the east) under the Shibanid authority occurred at the time of the Mongol conquest in 13th century. It is therefore in the future (up to the end of the 15th century) the Shibanids and related clans could claim authority not only in the Bulgar Vilayet, but also in the Kazan Khanate, which arose on its ground
Structural dynamic model of retirement with latent health indicator
No full textThis paper provides an empirical analysis of substitution between early retirement and disability as two major exit routes from the labour market in Norway. Analysis is based on a dynamic structural model that addresses the interplay between health, institutional constraints and economic incentives of men and women in the later part of their working lives. Unlike most previous research, which has typically used self-reported and indirect measures of disability conditions, in this paper health is modelled as a direct latent indicator of the eligibility to retire through the disability system. The model specifically accounts for the fact that employment may coincide with bad health when employees do not opt for disability in favour of more desirable retirement opportunities in the future. Norwegian register data are used for estimation. The substitution between disability and early retirement exits is investigated by simulating a complete elimination of the latter. The simulation suggests a moderate inflow of the displaced early pensioners into disability combined with partial employment and negligible inflow into the full-time disability. Copyright (C) 2010 The Author(s). The Econometrics Journal (C) 2010 Royal Economic Society
Transcript of the Roundtable “The Horde-Bazar: Nomadic Horde or Nomadic City”. Differentiated understanding of history. Roundtable of the series “Phenomenon of the Golden Horde” (13th May, 2014. Kazan, Institute of History of AS RT) »
No full text13th May 2014, a round table “The Horde-Bazar: Nomadic Horde or Nomadic City?” has been held as part of the series “The Phenomenon of the Golden Horde”. The round table was attended by I.M. Mirgaleev, D.M. Iskhakov, I.L. Izmaylov, R.M. Valeev, E.G. Sayfetdinova, A.I. Bugarchev, as well as graduate students and applicants of the Usmanov Center for Research of the Golden Horde History.
Head of the Center, I.M. Mirgaleev, opened the event by proposing to discuss such questions as: whether the Horde-Bazar was a city? Or a nomadic horde of khan? How researchers should treat information of the sources? M.S. Gatin noted the need to more clearly define the concept of “nomadic city” and “nomadic horde”. Maybe, it was the mere Horde’s mention in Russian chronicles? In turn, I.L. Izmaylov suggested that Russian sources do not necessarily understand Sarai under the term of “Horde”. The Horde might be the common name of the travel scope of Russian rulers. D.M. Iskhakov noted with regards to the concepts and definitions, that the terms “Horde-Bazar” and “Horde” did not necessarily mean the same concept. Moreover, we see in the sources that there was a post of “the prince of bazar” who ran this institution (bazar) within the Horde. E.G. Sayfetdinova noted that Ötemish Hajji mentions in his “Chingiz-name” the term of the Horde-bazar. He says on the election of Timur Malik as new khan that when he came to the throne, there was delivered a sermon in the Horde-bazar. R.M. Valeev stressed that it is important to pay attention to the minting of coins for the determination of the Horde-bazar. If in the 13th century the name of the “Horde-bazar” is absent, then in the 14th century it is mentioned as a center of coinage. A.I. Bugarchev added that in the 13th century there was one concept of “Horde” and in the 14th century the “Horde” appears on coins. We still do not know whether it was one or more mints. So, when we talk about the Horde-bazar, it is necessary to clarify what period we mean.
In the final part of the event there was defined range of problems that can be offered to debate aimed at holding such meetings regularly. Thus, the roundtable participants noted the need for close mutual cooperation of scholars to solve the problematic issues concerning the history of the Golden Horde
“Newton’s apple” of regional studies: oral stories as a source of written history
No full textРассматриваются устные истории как источник для изучения истории населенных мест в краеведческих исследованиях и истории уральской журналистики.The author observes oral stories as a source for studying the history of localities in regional studies and in history of Ural journalism
Round table “The Horde-Bazar: Nomadic Horde or Nomadic City?” (Kazan, 13th May, 2014)
No full text13th May 2014, a round table “The Horde-Bazar: Nomadic Horde or Nomadic City?” has been held as part of the series “The Phenomenon of the Golden Horde”. The round table was attended by I.M. Mirgaleev, D.M. Iskhakov, I.L. Izmaylov, R.M. Valeev, E.G. Sayfetdinova, A.I. Bugarchev, as well as graduate students and applicants of the Usmanov Center for Research of the Golden Horde History.
Head of the Center, I.M. Mirgaleev, opened the event by proposing to discuss such questions as: whether the Horde-Bazar was a city? Or a nomadic horde of khan? How researchers should treat information of the sources? M.S. Gatin noted the need to more clearly define the concept of “nomadic city” and “nomadic horde”. Maybe, it was the mere Horde’s mention in Russian chronicles? In turn, I.L. Izmaylov suggested that Russian sources do not necessarily understand Sarai under the term of “Horde”. The Horde might be the common name of the travel scope of Russian rulers. D.M. Iskhakov noted with regards to the concepts and definitions, that the terms “Horde-Bazaar” and “Horde””did not necessarily mean the same concept. Moreover, we see in the sources that there was a post of “the prince of bazar” who ran this institution (bazar) within the Horde. E.G. Sayfetdinova noted that Ötemish Hajji mentions in his “Chingiz-name” the term of the Horde-bazar. He says on the election of Timur Malik as new khan that when he came to the throne, there was delivered a sermon in the Horde-bazar. R.M. Valeev stressed that it is important to pay attention to the minting of coins for the determination of the Horde-bazar. If in the 13th century the name of the “Horde-bazar” is absent, then in the 14th century it is mentioned as a center of coinage. A.I. Bugarchev added that in the 13th century there was one concept of “Horde” and in the 14th century the “Horde” appears on coins. We still do not know whether it was one or more mints. So, when we talk about the Horde-bazar, it is necessary to clarify what period we mean.
In the final part of the event there was defined range of problems that can be offered to debate aimed at holding such meetings regularly. Thus, the roundtable participants noted the need for close mutual cooperation of scholars to solve the problematic issues concerning the history of the Golden Horde
