4,568 research outputs found
Dryopteris tavelii in het Belgische gedeelte van het Kempense en Vlaamse district
No full textIn the northern part of Belgium, Dryopteris tavelii is mostly found in young plantations of Pinus in the Campine and Flemish districts. As some of these localities are situated near the Dutch border, the author expects that the species may also occur in similar habitats in the Netherlands parts of these districts
The Erosion of Contractual Freedom in Commercial Contracts.:A Belgian Case-Study
No full textThis paper examines how fundamental principles of law in commercial law such as party autonomy, freedom of contract and pacta sunt servanda come under distress. After substantiating between a formal and substantive freedom of contract, as well as between a formal and a substantive contractual fairness or balance and explaining the concept of socialization of contract law; the author compares in this text a couple of legislative developments aimed at installing a substantive contractual balance in Business-to-Business (B2B) commercial contracts with the open norm of good faith. It will be shown that both share some similarities, but also have important differences. Next, the paper provides the reader with some examples where the legal practitioner can witness a trend in Belgian commercial (contract) law towards a far-reaching socialization of commercial contract law. Although commercial contract law governs the relationship between businesses entering contracts with other businesses, the mind of our legislator is more and more set to impose rules to protect the weaker business party, such as, for instance, small and medium-sized businesses
D-Egg: A dual PMT optical module for IceCube
No full textThe D-Egg, an acronym for "Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,"is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 m. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 ns. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the design of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module
Author Correction: A portrait of the Higgs boson by the CMS experiment ten years after the discovery
No full textIn the version of this article initially published, CMS Collaboration author names, affiliations and acknowledgements were omitted and have now been included in the HTML and PDF versions of the articl
Measurements of the W boson rapidity, helicity, double-differential cross sections, and charge asymmetry in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV
No full textThe differential cross section and charge asymmetry for inclusive W boson production at root s = 13 TeV is measured for the two transverse polarization states as a function of the W boson absolute rapidity. The measurement uses events in which a W boson decays to a neutrino and either a muon or an electron. The data sample of proton-proton collisions recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016 corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The differential cross section and its value normalized to the total inclusive W boson production cross section are measured over the rapidity range vertical bar y(w)vertical bar < 2.5. In addition to the total fiducial cross section, the W boson double-differential cross section, d(2)sigma/dp(T)(l)d vertical bar eta(l)vertical bar, and the charge asymmetry are measured as functions of the charged lepton transverse momentum and pseudorapidity. The precision of these measurements is used to constrain the parton distribution functions of the proton using the next-to-leading order NNPDF3.0 set
Nuclear modification factor of D-0 mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV
No full textThe transverse momentum (p(T)) spectrum of prompt D-0 mesons and their antiparticles has been measured via the hadronic decay channels D-0 -> K- pi(+) and (D) over bar (0) -> K+ pi(-) in pp and PbPb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair with the CMS detector at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the D-0 meson p(T) range of 2-100GeV/c and in the rapidity range of vertical bar y vertical bar < 1. The pp (PbPb) dataset used for this analysis corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb(-1) (530 mu b(-1)). The measured D-0 meson p(T) spectrum in pp collisions is well described by perturbative QCD calculations. The nuclear modification factor, comparing D-0 meson yields in PbPb and pp collisions, was extracted for both minimum-bias and the 10% most central PbPb interactions. For central events, the D-0 meson yield in the PbPb collisions is suppressed by a factor of 5-6 compared to the pp reference in the p(T) range of 6-10GeV/c. For D-0 mesons in the high-p(T) range of 60-100GeV/c, a significantly smaller suppression is observed. The results are also compared to theoretical calculations. (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V
Nuclear modification factor of <tex>D^{0}</tex>=5.02 TeV
No full textAbstract: The transverse momentum (p(T)) spectrum of prompt D-0 mesons and their antiparticles has been measured via the hadronic decay channels D-0 -> K- pi(+) and (D) over bar (0) -> K+ pi(-) in pp and PbPb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair with the CMS detector at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the D-0 meson p(T) range of 2-100GeV/c and in the rapidity range of vertical bar y vertical bar < 1. The pp (PbPb) dataset used for this analysis corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb(-1) (530 mu b(-1)). The measured D-0 meson p(T) spectrum in pp collisions is well described by perturbative QCD calculations. The nuclear modification factor, comparing D-0 meson yields in PbPb and pp collisions, was extracted for both minimum-bias and the 10% most central PbPb interactions. For central events, the D-0 meson yield in the PbPb collisions is suppressed by a factor of 5-6 compared to the pp reference in the p(T) range of 6-10GeV/c. For D-0 mesons in the high-p(T) range of 60-100GeV/c, a significantly smaller suppression is observed. The results are also compared to theoretical calculations. (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V
Performance of the D-Egg Optical Sensor for the IceCube Upgrade
No full textNew optical sensors called the “D-Egg” have been developed for cost-effective instrumentation for the IceCube Upgrade. With two 8-inch high quantum efficient photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), they offer increased effective photocathode area while retaining as much of the successful IceCube Digital Optical Module design as possible. Mass production of D-Eggs has started in 2020. By the end of 2021, there will be 310 D-Eggs produced with 288 deployed in the IceCube Upgrade. The D-Egg readout system uses advanced technologies in electronics and computing power. Each of the two PMT signals is digitised using ultra-low-power 14-bit ADCs with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling seamless and lossless event recording from single-photon signals to signals exceeding 200 PE within 10 ns, as well as flexible event triggering. In this paper, we report the single photon detection performance as well as the multiple photon recording capability of D-Eggs from the mass production line which have been evaluated with the built-in data acquisition system
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