5,374 research outputs found
D. Scott Bennett et Allan Stam. The Behavioral Origins of War
No full textRynning. D. Scott Bennett et Allan Stam. The Behavioral Origins of War. In: Politique étrangère, n°3 - 2004 - 69ᵉannée. pp. 673-674
Governments, Civilians, and the Evolution of Insurgency: Modeling the Early Dynamics of Insurgencies
No full textThis paper models the early dynamics of insurgency using an agent-based computer simulation of civilians, insurgents, and soldiers. In the simulation, insurgents choose to attack government forces, which then strike back. Such government counterattacks may result in the capture or killing of insurgents, may make nearby civilians afraid to become insurgents, but may also increase the anger of surrounding civilians if there is significant collateral damage. If civilians become angry enough, they become new insurgents. I simulate the dynamics of these interactions, focusing on the effectiveness of government forces at capturing insurgents vs. their accuracy in avoiding collateral damage. The simulations suggest that accuracy (avoidance of collateral damage) is more important for the long-term defeat of insurgency than is effectiveness at capturing insurgents in any given counterattack. There also may be a critical 'tipping point' for accuracy below which the length of insurgencies increases dramatically. The dynamics of how insurgencies grow or decline in response to various combinations of government accuracy and effectiveness illustrate the tradeoffs faced by governments in dealing with the early stages of an insurgency.Agent Based Models, Insurgency, Dynamics, Civil War
Citizen participation in news
No full textThe process of producing news has changed significantly due to the advent of the Web, which has enabled the increasing involvement of citizens in news production. This trend has been given many names, including participatory journalism, produsage, and crowd-sourced journalism, but these terms are ambiguous and have been applied inconsistently, making comparison of news systems difficult. In particular, it is problematic to distinguish the levels of citizen involvement, and therefore the extent to which news production has genuinely been opened up. In this paper we perform an analysis of 32 online news systems, comparing them in terms of how much power they give to citizens at each stage of the news production process. Our analysis reveals a diverse landscape of news systems and shows that they defy simplistic categorisation, but it also provides the means to compare different approaches in a systematic and meaningful way. We combine this with four case studies of individual stories to explore the ways that news stories can move and evolve across this landscape. Our conclusions are that online news systems are complex and interdependent, and that most do not involve citizens to the extent that the terms used to describe them imply
Making Music Work: Sustainable portfolio careers for Australian musicians
No full textThe Australian study Making Music Work: Sustainable Portfolio Careers for Australian Musicians (2016-2019) explored the conditions and strategies needed for musicians to sustain successful portfolio careers. The vast majority of Australian musicians undertake a portfolio career which encompasses a variety of concurrent and often impermanent roles. While this is not a new phenomenon, major shifts in how music is made, paid for and consumed, as well as a changing commercial, funding, educational and policy landscape, all impact how musicians currently develop and sustain their careers. Making Music Work sought to provide a more nuanced and granular understanding of these key sector dynamics and how musicians navigate them. The study included a national survey of 592 musicians and 11 in-depth interviews with a diverse group of musicians. Making Music Work was funded by an Australian Research Council Linkage grant and led by Queensland Conservatorium Research Centre (QCRC), Griffith University, with industry partners, Australia Council for the Arts, Create NSW, Creative Victoria, Western Australian Government – Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries (DLGSC), and institutional partner Curtin University. The research team included Professor Brydie-Leigh Bartleet, Professor Dawn Bennett, Professor Ruth Bridgstock, Professor Scott Harrison, Professor Paul Draper, Professor Vanessa Tomlinson and Research Fellow Dr Christina Ballico.Full Tex
Senators on the Senate Appropriations Board
No full textPrint; 8x10; B&WLooking from audience towards Senators Hickenlooper (R-IA), Tower (R-TX), Bennett (R-UT), Robertson (D-VA) and Sparkman (D-AL) behind desk, with name placardsThis collection was reprocessed in 2010-2011 using funds from a National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) Detailed Processing Grant (http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/)
Cowpox virus infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestispopulations: significant negative impacts on survival
No full text1. Cowpox virus is an endemic virus circulating in populations of wild rodents. It has been implicated as a potential cause of population cycles in field voles Microtus agrestis L., in Britain, owing to a delayed density-dependent pattern in prevalence, but its impact on field vole demographic parameters is unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that wild field voles infected with cowpox virus have a lower probability of survival than uninfected individuals. 2. The effect of cowpox virus infection on the probability of an individual surviving to the next month was investigated using longitudinal data collected over 2 years from four grassland sites in Kielder Forest, UK. This effect was also investigated at the population level, by examining whether infection prevalence explained temporal variation in survival rates, once other factors influencing survival had been controlled for. 3. Individuals with a probability of infection, P(I), of 1 at a time when base survival rate was at median levels had a 22.4% lower estimated probability of survival than uninfected individuals, whereas those with a P(I) of 0.5 had a 10.4% lower survival. 4. At the population level, survival rates also decreased with increasing cowpox prevalence, with lower survival rates in months of higher cowpox prevalence. 5. Simple matrix projection models with 28 day time steps and two stages, with 71% of voles experiencing cowpox infection in their second month of life (the average observed seroprevalence at the end of the breeding season) predict a reduction in 28-day population growth rate during the breeding season from λ = 1.62 to 1.53 for populations with no cowpox infection compared with infected populations. 6. This negative correlation between cowpox virus infection and field vole survival, with its potentially significant effect on population growth rate, is the first for an endemic pathogen in a cyclic population of wild rodents
Lipid-soluble Vitamins A, D, and E in HIV-Infected Pregnant women in Tanzania.
No full textThere is limited published research examining lipid-soluble vitamins in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women, particularly in resource-limited settings. This is an observational analysis of 1078 HIV-infected pregnant women enrolled in a trial of vitamin supplementation in Tanzania. Baseline data on sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, clinical signs and symptoms, and laboratory parameters were used to identify correlates of low plasma vitamin A (<0.7 micromol/l), vitamin D (<80 nmol/l) and vitamin E (<9.7 micromol/l) status. Binomial regression was used to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Approximately 35, 39 and 51% of the women had low levels of vitamins A, D and E, respectively. Severe anemia (hemoglobin <85 g/l; P<0.01), plasma vitamin E (P=0.02), selenium (P=0.01) and vitamin D (P=0.02) concentrations were significant correlates of low vitamin A status in multivariate models. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was independently related to low vitamin A status in a nonlinear manner (P=0.01). The correlates of low vitamin D status were CD8 cell count (P=0.01), high ESR (ESR >81 mm/h; P<0.01), gestational age at enrollment (nonlinear; P=0.03) and plasma vitamins A (P=0.02) and E (P=0.01). For low vitamin E status, the correlates were money spent on food per household per day (P<0.01), plasma vitamin A concentration (nonlinear; P<0.01) and a gestational age <16 weeks at enrollment (P<0.01). Low concentrations of lipid-soluble vitamins are widely prevalent among HIV-infected women in Tanzania and are correlated with other nutritional insufficiencies. Identifying HIV-infected persons at greater risk of poor nutritional status and infections may help inform design and implementation of appropriate interventions
Graduate recital, percussion. Dietrich, R., 2000
No full textRecorded during a live performance at Dalton Center Recital Hall, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, April 2, 2000, 8:00 p.m., the 461st concert of the School of Music's 1999-2000 season.Richard Dietrich, percussion ; various instrumentalists.In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Music degree in performance, Western Michigan University, 2000.Information from performance program.Hard times / Len "Boogsie" Sharpe ; trans. Shelly Irvine (Richard Dietrich, drumset ; Greg Secor, Chad Wanstreet, lead tenor ; Scott Maranda, double tenor ; Ryan Hansen, double seconds ; Chad Waterman, cello ; Mark Ziegler, bass ; Sarah Wagar, auxiliary percussion) -- Brownian motion / Dennis DeSantis (Richard Dietrich, marimba and vibraphone ; Laura Sommer, horn ; Adam Liebert, violin) -- Bags' groove / Milt Jackson ; arranged by Arthur Lipner (Richard Dietrich, vibraphone ; Mark Ziegler, acoustic bass ; Kevin Garcia, newspaper) -- Timpani concerto no. 1, The olympian / James Oliverio (Richard Dietrich, timpani) -- Prelude and fugue in B-flat major / Johann Sebastian Bach (Richard Dietrich, marimba) -- Triplets / George Hamilton Green ; arranged by Bob Becker (Richard Dietrich, xylophone ; Andrew Boesenecker, marimba 1 ; Landon Ewers, marimba 2 ; Sarah Wagar, marimba 3 ; Mark Lopez, bass marimba) -- Concerto for marimba and orchestra / Richard Rodney Bennett (Richard Dietrich, marimba ; David Bassin, piano) -- Father's day / Phil Hawkins (GVSU Steel Drum Ensemble: Richard Dietrich, drumset ; Greg Secor, Chad Wanstreet, lead tenor ; Scott Maranda, double tenor ; Ryana Hansen, double seconds ; Chad Waterman, cello ; Mark Ziegler, bass ; Sarah Wagar, auxiliary percussion
Pinnotheres atrinicola Roderic D. M. Page 1983, n.sp.
No full textPinnotheres atrinicola n.sp. (Fig. 21,J, 3) Pinnotheres novaezelandiae Filhol. -*Chilton, 1911: 295 296. - Scott, 1961: 307 (part). -Bennett, 1964: 76-79 (part; not figs). - Takeda & Miyake, 1969: 18D-181. Pinnotheres schauinslandi Lenz. -Bennett, 1964: 79-80 (part; not fig. 87 and 89-91). *The original synonym is misspelt in this reference Pinnotheres. Waite, 1909: 52. Pinnotheres "undescribed species". Gordon, 1936: 165. Pinnotheres sp. ("probably P. schauinslandi"). Wear, 1965: 16, 18. Diagnosis. Hard-stage: chelae with a continuous dorsal row of setae on propodus; terminal segment of abdomen quadrate; male 1st pleopod slender, strongly curved in distal third, less setose than in P. novaezelandiae. Mature female: legs noticeably asymmetric; 2nd leg with dactylus subequal to carpus or longer, propodus longer than carpus. First 3 legs with long setae on carpus, propodus, and dactylus. First-stage zoe a larger than in P. novaezelandiae, and with a different chromatophore pattern. Description. Similar to P. novaezelandiae, against which characters are compared. HARD-STAGE (Fig. 3 A-G). Carapace (Fig. 3A) less dorsally inflated, less shouldered, 4.1--8.0 rom wide; front more protruding and convex. Third maxilliped (Fig. 3B) slightly narrower. Chelae (Fig. 3C,D) stouter, less inflated in male than female; row of setae on inner dorsal face of propodus extending from articulation with carpus to articulation with moving finger. Legs with all setae usually more strongly developed and less reduced in large males. Male abdomen (Fig. 3E) with segments 1-3 broader, terminal segment quadrate. Female abdomen (Fig. 3F) broad, convex ventrally, tapering strongly to quadrate terminal segment. Male 1st pleopod (Fig. 3G) less setose, slender, strongly curved laterally in distal third. Colour pattern typically with a large, orange marking along midline of posterior half of carapace. MATURE FEMALE (Fig. 3 H-J). Carapace (Fig. 3H) more laterally inflated and more rounded, less arched longitudinally, less convex dorsally, 10.0 19.9 rom wide. Third maxilliped (Fig. 31) slightly narrower than in hard-stage, Cheliped merus with dorsal setae reduced or absent, ventral row absent; chelae stout, inflated. Legs slender, subcylindrical, the 2nd longest, the 3rd subequal in length to it, the 4th shortest. Second leg (Fig. 3J) with propodus longer than carpus (ratio 1:1.48 ± 0.12 SD; n = 24), dactylus subequal to carpus or longer. Legs noticeably asymmetric (ratio of sum of lengths of last 3 segments of 2nd leg, shortest to longest, 1:1.7 ± 0.07 SD; n = 22); legs on 'shorter' side less robust and setose than those on 'longer' side. Merus with dorsal row of setae extending only halfway along margin. First 3 legs with scattered setae on lower half of merus and carpus, long setae on carpus, propodus, and dactylus. Last leg with scattered setae on dactylus and distal ventral margin of propodus. Abdomen as in P. novaezelandiae. Usually unpigmented. FIRST-STAGE ZOEA (Fig. 21) larger - mean carapace length 0.56 mm (range 0.53-0.63 mm), mean width 0.39 mm (range 0.37-0.43 mm). Rostrum usually shorter. Mandible with incisor process variable, usually bearing 1 major tooth and 4 smaller accessory teeth (Fig. 2J). Chromatophore pattern (Fig. 21; Table 1): lateral carapacial chromatophore with 2, sometimes 3 centres; abdomen with paired black and yellow chromatophores; black subintestinal chromatophores of telson immediately ventral to yellow lateral intestinal chromatophores. Type data. Holotype'; (hard-stage): NEW ZEALAND, Whangarei Harbour between High Island and mainland, 0-1 m, from Atrina zelandica, 13 May 1982, B. Dobson, G. Miles, C. Turbott, and C. Worthington (National Museum of New Zealand, Cr. 3021). Paratypes (National Museum of New Zealand). Bay of Plenty, B. L. Godfriaux, 3 S?, 7'; (sample no. 39A; Cr. 2529). B.S. 488, 40 009.5'S, 174°36'E, c. 18 miles S of Waitotara R. mouth, in 82 m, 2 Mar 1976, LV. Acheron, 1 S? (Cr. 2521). Evans Bay powerhouse intake, 13 Oct 1954, R. K. Dell, 1 S? (Pinnotheres novaezelandiae det. M. Scott, 1959; CL 952). Lyall Bay, Wellington, from A. zelandica, Sep 1949, R. K. Dell, 1 S? (P. novaezelandiae det. M. Scott, 1959; Cr. 955). B.S. 528, 40 036.5'S, 173°oo.5'E, off shelf flats inside Farewell Spit (Tasman Bank), in 24-26 m, 9 Mar 1976, r.v. Acheron, 2 <;? (CL 2519, 2520). B.S. 527, 40 037'S, 172°48'E, c. 5 miles off Pakawau Beach, Golden Bay, in 24 m, 9 Mar 1976, r.v, Acheron, 19<;? (P. novaezelandiae det. G. R. F. Hicks, in A. zelandica; Cr. 2524). 40OJ3'S, 173OZ7'E, in 73 m, from Modiolus areolatus, 10 Apr 1964, r.v. Constantia, 1 <;? (pres. N.Z. Marine Department; Cr. 2528). B.S. 431, Orchard Bay, Marlborough Sounds, from head to entrance, 16 fm, 30 Aug 1975, LV. Acheron, 1 <;? (Cr. 2522). B.S. 515 (41OOO.5'S, 174°oo'E), W side of Forsyth Bay, Marlborough Sounds, in 9-18 m, 5 Mar 1976, r.v, Acheron, 1 <;?, 3gS? (Cr. 2518). Off Cape Campbell, 40 fm, 5 Dec 1956, F. Abernethy, 1 <;? (P. novaezelandiae det. M. Scott, 1959; Cr. 956). Off Cape Campbell, 40 fm, from A. zelandica, Mar 1957, F. Abernethy, 1 <;? (P. novaezelandiae det. M. Scott, 1959; Z. Cr. 687). Off Otago Harbour, from A. zelandica, 9 Mar 1952, vessel Taiaroa, J. C. Yaldwyn, IgS? (Cr. 941). Other material examined. AUTHOR'S PERSONAL COLLEC TION. Whangarei Harbour: same data as holotype, from 86 A. zelandica, 48 2, 28g 2, 50; MacDonald Bank, from A. zelandica, 10 May 1982, 52. Ngataringa Bay, Waitemata Harbour, from A. zelandica, 12 Dec 1981, 42, 2g2, 14 Dec 1981, 112, 4g2, 20, 13 Jan 1982, 92, 2g2, 27 Feb 1982,12,lg2. UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY. Okahu Bay, Waitemata Harbour, from Chione stutchburyi, 15 Aug 1981, A. Grimm, 10. AUCKLAND INSTITUTE AND MUSEUM. Ruakaka, Marsden Pt, 2 Jan 1969, W. Farley, 12 (AIM. 3929). J. B. JONES PERSONAL COLLECTION. Seatoun beach, from A. zelandica, 1 2. CANTERBURY MUSEUM. Takapuna Beach, from A. zelandica, 29 Sep 1914, 22 (P. novaezelandiae del. E. W. Bennett, 18 Nov 1930; AQ 2369). Cheltenham Beach, from A. zelandica (ex Chilton Coli., no. 489), 22 (P. schauinslandi det. E. W. Bennett, 18 Nov 1930), 10 (P. novaezelandiae det. E. W. Bennett, 18 Nov 1930; AQ 2383). Auckland (dredged), Capt. Bollons, 22 (P. novaezelandiae det. E. W. Bennett, 18 Nov 1930; AQ 2396). OffLyttelton heads, trawled sand-mud, 25-28 fm, 7 Mar 1967, vessel Golden Light, Mr Smith, 12 (AQ 2066). Nora Niven Expdn 1907, Stations 20 and 44, 52 (AQ 2242). Distribution. North and South islands. Intertidal to 200 m. Endemic. Hosts. The principal host is Atrina zelandica. There are single records of hard-stages from Modiolus areolatus (Gould) and Chione stutchburyi. Waite (1909, p. 52) found that "almost every adult Pinna [= Atrina] taken had its crustacean commensual, Pinnotheres ", as did Stead (1971): in a sample of 87 A. zelandica taken from Whangarei Harbour on 13 May 1982, 83 (95.4%) contained a specimen of P. atrinicola. Remarks. Differences between P. novaezelandiae and Pinnotheres from Atrina zelandica were first noted by Bennett (1964, p. 76), who observed that mature females of "P. novaezelandiae" from A. zelandica were usually larger and had relatively longer legs. Wear (1965) reported zoea larvae of 2 species of Pinnotheres in Wellington Harbour plankton: one he could not distinguish from P. novaezelandiae as described by Bennett (1964, p. 78-79, fig. 92 and 93); the other, he suggested, was probably P. schauinslandi, "as this is the only other adult of the genus Pinnotheres recorded from New Zealand (Bennett, 1964)". Apart from figuring the telson of P. novaezelandiae, Wear did not describe his specimens. Jones (1977) has confirmed that they belong to different species. Using scanning electron microscopy, Jones (1975) compared first-stage zoeae of P. novaezelandiae and Pinnotheres from A. zelandica, noting small differences in the morphology of the rostrum, labrum, and mandibles which led him to suggest that the latter was a different species (Jones 1975, 1978). P. atrinicola is obviously very similar morphologically to P. novaezelandiae. The latter is more common in mytilids, especially Perna canaliculus, while with 2 exceptions P. atrinicola is known only from A. zelandica. Chione stutchburyi is the only host the 2 species have in common. This relative lack of overlap in hosts raises the possibility that the crabs I have recognised here as distinct species are in reality morphs of a single, polymorphic species in which post-planktonic morphology is determined by the identity of the host occupied. However, the morphology of both species is relatively constant, and both P. novaezelandiae and P. atrinicola show no patent morphological changes when found in bivalves other than their respective principal hosts, Perna canaliculus and Atrina zelandica. Further work, such as an electrophoretic study of allele frequencies in pea crabs from these 2 hosts, would help remove any remaining doubt about the status of P. atrinicola. The specific epithet is constructed from Atrina, genus of the type host, and -cola (L.), a suffix denoting one who inhabits.Published as part of Roderic D. M. Page, 1983, Description of a new species of Pinnotheres, and redescription of P. novaezelandiae fBrachyura: Pinnotheridae), pp. 151-162 in New Zealand Journal of Zoology 10 on pages 158-161, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1983.10423904, http://zenodo.org/record/120876
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