3,616 research outputs found
Shear stress stimulated apical endocytosis in renal proximal tubule epithelia
No full textThe proximal tubule (PT) plays a critical role in the reabsorption of ions, solutes and low molecular weight proteins from the glomerular filtrate. Although the PT has been known to acutely modulate ion reabsorption in response to changes in flow rates of the glomerular filtrate, whether apical endocytosis was regulated in response to changes in flow was unknown. I hypothesized that the fluid shear stress (FSS) caused by the flow of glomerular filtrate on the apical surface of the tubules would stimulate apical endocytosis in PT epithelia. I used a cell culture based parallel plate flow chamber system to test my hypothesis, and used PT cells from opossum, mice and humans in this study. I determined that FSS stimulated a rapidly reversible increase in apical endocytosis of both albumin (Megalin ligand) and dextran (fluid phase marker) in OK cells, which starts within 30 min of exposure to a FSS of 1 dyne/cm2 and the response increases linearly for at least three hours so long as FSS is maintained. This FSS-stimulated increase in endocytosis is clathrin and dynamin mediated. Primary cilia act as the principal mechanosensor in this process, and cause an increase in [Ca2+]i through the release of the ryanodine sensitive pool of calcium from the ER. In addition, purinergic signaling, triggered by the bending of cilia, is also important for both the FSS stimulated Ca2+ and endocytic responses.
Lowe syndrome is a rare X linked genetic disease that affects young boys. It is characterized by the loss of OCRL a lipid phosphatase, and causes proteinuria. The FSS stimulated increase in endocytosis is ablated in OCRL depleted human PT cells, and the length of cilia in OCRL depleted cells is also higher. However, the lengthening of cilia is not responsible for the loss of FSS stimulated responses in these cells. This dissertation synthesizes our current understanding of mechanosensitive regulation of endocytic capacity in proximal tubule epithelia, suggests a mechanism that may define the reason for proteinuria in Lowe syndrome patients, and highlights areas of opportunity for future investigations
Eurindicus Grave & Arjun & Raghavan 2018, gen. nov.
No full text<i>Eurindicus</i> gen. nov. <p> <b>Type species.</b> <i>Eurindicus bhugarbha</i> <b>sp. nov</b>., by present designation and monotypy.</p> <p> <b>Differential diagnosis.</b> RoStrum Smooth, non-dentate on both dorSal and Ventral marginS; diSto-meSial region of ocular peduncleS not anteriorly produced. Fourth thoracic Sternite (maleS) without tranSVerSal ridge or tooth; fifth thoracic Sternite with well-deVeloped tranSVerSal ridge. Upper antennular flagellum biramouS; fuSed portion compriSed of three diViSionS; acceSSory ramuS with four diViSionS; aeSthetaScS on Sub-diStal and diStal diViSion. Third maxilliped with two arthrobranchS. CarpuS of third and fourth pereiopod without cuSpidate Setae on diStoVentral margin; carpuS of third to fifth pereiopod without cuSpidate Setae on dorSal margin. Male Second pleopod with endopod Spatulate, not modified into gonopod, appendix maSculina preSent. Uropodal exopodS with Single cuSpidate Seta on diareSiS, protopod with weakly deVeloped lateral extenSion.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> <i>Eurindicus</i> iS an arbitrary combination of ‘ <i>Eur-</i> ’ the firSt three letterS of the family Euryrhynchidae, and ‘- <i>indicus</i> ’, from India, baSed on the geographic diStribution of the genuS, thiS being the firSt record of the family in India; gender maSculine.</p> <p> <b>Systematic remarks.</b> A number of morphological featureS eaSily allow the new genuS to be placed within Euryrhynchidae. Notably, theSe are the Shape and form of the frontal region of the carapace, including the roStrum; the Shape of the eyeS; the form of the acceSSory ramuS of the upper antennular flagellum; the Shape and ornamentation of the telSon; the characteriStic tranSVerSe ridge on the fifth thoracic Sternite and the lower Surface of the palm and fixed finger of the firSt pereiopod with a well-deVeloped tuft of Serrate Setae. DeSpite the preSence of theSe putatiVe SynapomorphieS, <i>Eurindicus</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> occupieS an iSolated poSition within the family on account of the upper antennular flagellum and itS acceSSory ramuS being joined oVer three diViSionS (VS. one in all other genera), the preSence of a carpo-propodal bruSh, albeit reduced (VS. abSent in all other genera) and the welldeVeloped branchioStegal grooVe (VS. abSent or poorly deVeloped in all other genera). A further difference with all known genera iS the poorly deVeloped poStero-lateral expanSion on the protopod of the uropod (VS. well-deVeloped in all other genera). The new genuS alSo diSplayS a primitiVe gill formula with pleurobranchS on all ambulatory pereiopodS aS well aS two arthrobranchS on the third maxilliped, only Shared with the WeSt African Surface dwelling <i>Euryrhynchoides</i> (VS. fewer gillS in the other genera, See Pachelle & TaVareS 2018).</p> <p> Due to the abSence of comprehenSiVe phylogenetic coVerage encompaSSing all genera, the exact SyStematic poSition of <i>Eurindicus</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> within Euryrhynchidae cannot herein be reSolVed. HoweVer, the morphological differenceS highlighted aboVe would indicate the genuS to be more likely to be baSal and perhapS moSt cloSely related to the WeSt African genuS <i>Euryrhynchina</i> with which it ShareS a number of potential SynapomorphieS (endopod of Second male pleopod Spatulate, low number of SpineS on uropodal diareSiS, abSence of Spiniform Setae on the dorSal margin of the dactyli of the third to fifth pereiopodS), although it differS SubStantially from that genuS in the branchial formula, the number of fuSed articleS, aS well aS the number and diSpoSition of the aeSthetaScS on the acceSSory ramuS of the antennular flagellum and the preSence of an appendix interna on the male firSt pleopod.</p> <p> A number of preViouS StudieS haVe poStulated that the WeSt African freShwater family DeSmocarididae could be the SiSter-taxon to Euryrhynchidae, baSed on morphology (De GraVe 2007) aS well aS phylogeneticS (Bracken <i>et al</i>. 2009; Kou <i>et al</i>. 2013; De GraVe <i>et al</i>. 2015a). The preSence of a well-deVeloped branchioStegal grooVe in <i>Eurindicus</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> iS howeVer reminiScent of the poSt-antennular Suture in Typhlocarididae, with a clear potential for homology. Although the acceSSory ramuS of the upper antennular flagellum in <i>Eurindicus</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> iS clearly homologouS with that obSerVed in the other euryrhynchid genera, the fact that it iS joined oVer three diViSionS with the flagellum may further Support a cloSe relationShip to Typhlocarididae.</p> <p> Sankolli and Shenoy (1979) deScribed a new genuS and SpecieS of Subterranean Shrimp, <i>Troglindicus phreaticus</i> from a coaStal well in Ratnagiri, MaharaShtra State, which they aSSumed waS allied to the Cuban, Subterranean genuS <i>Troglocubanus</i> HolthuiS, 1949 and thuS placed in Palaemonidae. Pereira (1997) included thiS genuS in hiS cladiStic Study of Palaemonidae <i>sensu lato</i> and reSolVed the taxon to be cloSely related to Euryrhynchidae, albeit in a baSally unreSolVed clade which alSo contained <i>Troglocubanus</i>, <i>Typhlocaris</i> Calman, 1909 and <i>Creaseria</i> HolthuiS, 1950. No further StudieS haVe examined the SyStematic poSition of thiS genuS, which waS herein undertaken giVen the geographic proximity and Similar habitat to the type locality of <i>Eurindicus</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> BaSed on a direct examination of four paratypeS (RMNH D 35320) it iS eVident that <i>T. phreaticus</i> ShareS a number of putatiVe SynapomorphieS with Euryrhynchidae, notably the preSence of a well-deVeloped tranSVerSe ridge on the fifth thoracic Sternite, the well-deVeloped bruSh on the palm and fixed finger of the firSt pereiopod, a well-deVeloped poStero-lateral expanSion on the protopod of the uropod (leSS deVeloped in <i>Eurindicus</i> <b>gen. nov.</b>) and the Shape and ornamentation of the telSon, with itS typical euryrhynchid diStal margin. HoweVer, it iS noticeably different in the form of the acceSSory ramuS of the upper antennular flagellum, which conSiStS of 15 free, non-conical diViSionS with 2-3 pairS of aeSthetaScS on all diViSionS. Two further SimilaritieS Shared with <i>Eurindicus</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> are that the joined portion of the upper antennular flagellum conSiStS of three diViSionS and the preSence of a well-defined branchioStegal grooVe. It iS thuS SeemS eVident that <i>Troglindicus</i> iS phylogenetically cloSely allied to Euryrhynchidae. HoweVer, the genuS iS herein not formally tranSferred to that family, aS that would negate a further defining Synapomorphy of Euryrhynchidae, notably the unique Shape of the acceSSory ramuS of the upper antennular flagellum. NeVertheleSS, aS a preViouSly SuggeSted Synapomorphy, the Single jointed diViSion in the upper antennular flagellum, waS negated by the diScoVery of <i>Eurindicus</i> <b>gen. nov.</b>, it iS unclear where the true circumScription of the family now lieS. GiVen the high leVel of morphological homoplaSieS at higher SyStematic leVelS within Caridea, thiS can only be fully reSolVed by a targeted molecular phylogenetic approach.</p>Published as part of <i>Grave, Sammy De, Arjun, Charambilly Purushothaman & Raghavan, Rajeev, 2018, The discovery of Euryrhynchidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) in India, with the description of a new genus and species, pp. 367-378 in Zootaxa 4462 (3)</i> on page 369, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.3.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1441701">http://zenodo.org/record/1441701</a>
Integrating low-cost RTK positioning services with a web based track log management system
No full textLocation-based collaborative platforms are proving
to be an effective and widely adopted solution for geo-spatial
data collection, update, and sharing. Popular collaborative
projects like OpenStreetMap, Wikimapia, and other services
that collect and publish user-generated geographic contents
have been fostered by the increasing availability of locationaware
devices. These instruments include global positioning
system (GPS)-enabled phones and low-cost GPS receivers,
which are employed for quick field surveys at both professional
and nonprofessional levels. Nevertheless, the data collected
with such devices are often inaccurate. To alleviate this
drawback, an integration of modern web technologies and
online services with an advanced positioning technique is
implemented. A web-based prototype for quality-based data
selection of GPS tracks, managing track logs and point of
interests is integrated with the goGPS software. This combined
system applies the principle of real-time kinematic
(RTK) positioning to low-cost single-frequency receivers.
The workflow consists of acquiring the raw GPS measurements
from the user’s receiver and from a network of GPS
stations, processing data by RTK positioning through the goGPS Kalman filter algorithm, sending the accurate positioning
data to the web-based system, performing further
quality enhancements, and logging and displaying the data.
Tests were performed in open areas and various dense urban
environments, comparing the results obtained by standard
GPS devices and by goGPS RTK positioning. Results were
promising and suggest that the integration of web technologies
with advanced geodetic techniques applied to low-cost
instruments can be an effective solution to collect, update, and
share accurate location data on collaborative platforms
Implementation of dynamic routing as a web service for emergency routing decision planning
No full textThe main objective of this study is to implement a system for Emergency Routing Decision Planning (ERDP) based on service oriented architecture. A Web-based application is developed to facilitate ubiquitous dynamic routing services on up-to-date road network data. The system pays special attention to enhancing the ERDP system in order to facilitate timely and smooth data transfer between client and the server. The ERDP is built based on an integration of the pgRouting Dijkstra's algorithm and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The system allows the clients to query the shortest path and travel time on the road network that is kept updated using data inputs from mobile client devices. Combined with AHP, this affords the calculation of minimum travel-time to the destination while considering many dynamic factors such as road condition and situations at destination. Static and dynamic road network data are maintained as separate tables in the ERDP system for anticipated improvements in processing speed. The routing algorithm is deployed as Web Processing Service (WPS) is using the ZOO kernel. Another highlight of the work is a jQuery-based mobile application which is used to update the ERDP database from field sites. This study demonstrates two scenarios for application of the ERDP Web services. In the first scenario of medical emergency, the ERDP calculates the route with minimum travel time and proximity of hospital to treat the patient. In the second case of routing service for rescue and evacuation, the ERDP provides dynamic route based on updates received from disaster forecast models. The system is developed entirely based on Open Source Software and its open architecture makes to easily amenable to customization and integration in a variety of application scenario
Enhanced satellite positioning as a web service with goGPS open source software
No full textProviding enhanced satellite positioning as a web service can be an effective way to enable low-level GPS receivers to perform surveys with a good accuracy and to reduce hardware cost, by removing computation capability and embedded proprietary software. goGPS is an open source application for achieving sub-meter accuracy with low-cost GPS receivers by exploiting real-time kinematic positioning, Kalman filtering, aid from a digital terrain model, and in general by integrating GPS data with other sources of information. Since goGPS directly processes raw GPS observations, it provides a means to substitute black-box processing components (e.g., GPS chipsets) with open source positioning software. goGPS can work either in real-time or post-processing, by acquiring raw GPS data in input and providing positioning (i.e., coordinates) in output. Though originally developed in MATLAB, goGPS was recently ported to Java in order to have the possibility to provide it as a web service, thus allowing a wider user base to develop and use it. Since real-time GPS positioning heavily relies on fast matrix computation, a careful selection of Java matrix libraries was carried out in order to obtain optimal performances. An Open Geospatial Consortium standard Web Processing Service (WPS) implementation of goGPS by means of ZOO WPS framework was developed and tested in order to let lightweight clients just acquire raw GPS data, send them to a server for processing, and receive back the accurate positioning
Badis britzi Dahanukar, Kumkar, Katwate & Raghavan, 2015, new species
No full textBadis britzi, new species (Figs. 1–3) Holotype. BNHS FWF 125, 32.7 mm SL, male; India: Karnataka: Nagodi tributary of the west-flowing Sharavati River, near the town of Nittur (13 º 54 ’ 58 ” N, 74 º 53 ’ 21 ”E, 594 m ASL); P. Kumkar, U. Katwate, R. Raghavan and N. Dahanukar, 30 June 2014. Paratypes. WILD- 15 -PIS- 140, 24.7mm SL, same data as holotype; BNHS FWF 126, 29.8 mm SL, same data as holotype (cleared and stained); ZSI-WRC P/ 4243, 32.2 mm SL, same data as holotype; WILD- 15 -PIS- 141, 22.1 mm SL, same data as holotype (used for genetic analysis). Diagnosis. Badis britzi shows a colour pattern that differs from all other species in the genus. It can be distinguished from all members of the B. ruber group (Kullander & Britz 2002, that includes B. ruber, B. khwae and B. siamensis) by absence of cleithral and caudal-peduncular blotches, from all members of the B. assamensis group (that includes B. assamensis and B. blosyrus) by absence of an opercular blotch and of two parallel rows of dark blotches and alternating dark and light stripes along the body, from all members of the B. corycaeus group (that includes B. corycaeus, B pyema and B. kyar) by the absence of an ocellus on the caudal-fin base, from all members of the extended B. badis group (that includes B. badis, B. chittagongis, B. ferrarisi, B. dibruensis, B. tuivaiei and B. kanabos) by the absence of a cleithral blotch, and from B. singenensis by the absence of a conspicuous black blotch posterodorsally on the opercle, three distinct dark blotches on dorsal fin base and another distinct black blotch on the base of anal fin. Further, the new species also has a slender body (body depth less than 30 % SL), which distinguishes it from all other congeners except B. pyema and B. kyar. Its colour pattern, which consists of 11 dark, clearly-defined bars, most closely resembles that of B. kyar and B. juergenschmidti, from which it is distinguished by a greater head length (32.3 –35.0% SL vs. 26.8–31.4 % in B. kyar and 28.8–29.6 % in B. juergenschmidti), a longer snout (6.8–8.3 % SL vs. 5.0– 6.4 % in B. kyar) and shorter dorsal-fin base (54.6–56.6 %SL vs. 62.3–63.7 % in B. juergenschmidti). Description. General appearance as in Figs. 1 and 2, morphometric data are provided in Table 1. Body elongate, its depth less than 30 % SL, laterally compressed. Predorsal profile convex, sharply increasing from tip of snout to anterior border of dorsal fin, then gradually decreasing from first ray of dorsal fin to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile descending steeply until below posterior border of eye, then almost flat to origin of anal fin, ascending thereafter to base of caudal fin. Caudal peduncle only slightly attenuated posteriorly, its length slightly more than its depth (length to depth ratio 1.1–1.2). Head slightly pointed with angle of snout slightly less than 90 ° in lateral view, snout length less than eye diameter. Eyes large, situated in anterior upper half of head. Interorbital distance less than eye diameter. Mouth terminal, lower jaw projecting beyond anterior margin of upper jaw. Angle of jaws situated at vertical through anterior third of eye. Opercular spine broadly triangular, with a single tip. Vomer, palatine and pharyngeal process of parasphenoid toothed. Basihyal teeth absent. Teeth on hypobranchial 3. Gill rakers simple. First gill arch with 7 outer and 8 inner rakers on ceratobranchial and 1 outer and 1 inner raker on epibranchial region; second gill arch with 7 outer and 6 inner rakers on ceratobranchial and 1 outer and 1 inner raker on epibranchial region; third gill arch with 7 outer and 4 inner gill rakers on ceratobranchial and 1 outer and no inner gill rakers on epibranchial region; fourth gill arch with 4 outer and 2 inner gill rakers on ceratobranchial and no rakers on the epibranchial region. Ceratobranchial 5 with numerous small teeth. Scales ctenoid on sides, cycloid on dorsal surface of head. Predorsal scales 4 anterior to coronalis pore, 9 posteriorly, excluding the pored scale. Four rows of scales on cheek. Cephalic sensory-canal pores comprise dentary pores 4 (d 1 -d 4), anguloarticular pores 2 (aa 1 -aa 2), preopercular pores 6 (p 1, p 3 -p 7), nasal pores 2 (n 1 -n 4), frontal pores 3 (f 2 -f 4), coronalis opening (cor), infraorbital pores 4 (io 1 -io 4), lachrymal pores 3 (l 1 -l 3), posttemporal openings 2 (pt 1 -pt 2), extrascapular openings 3 (ex 1 -ex 3) and pterotic opening 1 (pt 2-3). Lateral line distinct, incomplete, broken into upper anterior line and posterior lower lateral line. Upper, anterior line gradually sloping until below vertical from dorsal-fin origin, then parallel to dorsal profile almost up to end of dorsal-fin base, encompassing 21 (2) or 22 (3) scales. Posterior, lower lateral line with 0 (1), 1 (2) and 2 (2) pored scales, posterior lateral-line pores, wherever present, separated from anterior pores by four rows of scales. Total lateralline scale counts 22 / 2 in holotype and 21 /1, 22/1, 21/ 2 and 22 /0 in paratypes. Scales in longitudinal series, including those on base of caudal fin, 26 (1), 27 (1) or 28 (3). Scales in transverse series ½ 2 / 1 / 7. Circumpeduncular scales 16. Vertebrae 15 + 13 (Fig. 3) in c&s specimen. Dorsal-fin rays XVII+ 9 (5). Anal-fin rays III+ 7 (5). Pectoral-fin rays 12 (1) or 13 (4). Pelvic-fin rays I+ 5 (5). Principal caudal-fin rays 7 + 7 (5). Procurrent caudal-fin rays 3 + 3 (5). Sheathing scales present along base of dorsal and anal fins. Interradial membranes of spinous dorsal fin projecting as short fin lappets that do not extend much beyond tips of spines. Soft dorsal and anal fins with rounded tips, extending to base of caudal fin or slightly beyond. Pectoralfin origin on vertical through first dorsal-fin spine, adpressed pectoral-fin reaching posteriorly to vertical through base of 9 th or 10 th dorsal-fin spine. Pelvic-fin with its origin on vertical through third dorsal-fin spine, adpressed pelvic-fin reaching posteriorly to 13 th or 14 th dorsal-fin spine, stopping short of anal-fin base. Caudal fin subtruncate. Coloration in life. General appearance as in Figure 2. Background colour beige to light brown, darker on dorsal than on ventral side, with several reddish and dark-brownish to black marks. Preorbital stripe dark brown. Postorbital stripe dark brown, extending obliquely from upper posterior margin of eye towards nape. No cleithral spot. A series of 11 irregular dark bars on lateral surface of body and tail base, consisting of a mosaic of darkbrown and red pigments. Caudal blotch absent, but end of caudal peduncle with a vertical black bar followed by a red vertical bar towards base of caudal fin. Pectoral fin translucent. Pelvic-fin outer rays with black interradial membrane, inner rays with red pigmentation. Anal fin dusky at base, with intermittent black and red pigments. Dorsal-fin base with dense aggregations of melanophores forming blotches along its base, mostly continuing from bands on lateral side of body. Seven such blotches on base of dorsal fin. Base of each dorsal-fin spine dusky, distal ends white. Dorsal fin membrane dusky at the base, followed distally by a band of red chromatophores. Base of dorsal-fin soft rays with melanophores and brown chromatophores, distal area mainly translucent, with occasional red chromatophores. Caudal fin, translucent, without pigmentation except for a dark-brown and red band at its base. Colour in preservative. Similar to coloration in life. Background body colour more uniform dark brown. Black bars more clearly visible posterior to anterior border of anal-fin base. Red melanophores less conspicuous. Coloration on caudal base less conspicuous. Distribution. Badis britzi is currently known only from its type locality in the Nagodi tributary of the westflowing Sharavati River, near the town of Nittur, Karnataka, India (Fig. 4). Etymology. The species name honours Ralf Britz, Natural History Museum, London, for his contributions to the understanding of the systematics and evolution of badid fishes. Habitat. The species was found in a slow-moving clear stream with riparian cover (Fig. 5), with gravel and pebbles as the major substrate. The species was found associated with marginal vegetation and submerged roots. Co-occurring fishes included Barilius sp., Devario malabaricus, Danio rerio, Schistura nagodiensis, Haludaria fasciata, Dawkinsia arulius, Pethia sp., Channa gachua and Mastacembelus armatus. Genetic distance. Badis britzi (KP 666031) has a significant genetic distance in COI gene (P distance = 16.7 ± 1.6) from Badis badis (KP 666032, collected from Mysore, Karnataka), the only other species within the genus that occurs in southern India.Published as part of Dahanukar, Neelesh, Kumkar, Pradeep, Katwate, Unmesh & Raghavan, Rajeev, 2015, Badis britzi, a new percomorph fish (Teleostei: Badidae) from the Western Ghats of India, pp. 429-436 in Zootaxa 3941 (3) on pages 430-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3941.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/23847
Supplemental_material_S2 – Supplemental material for Survey of non-tunneled temporary hemodialysis catheter clinical practice and training
No full textSupplemental material, Supplemental_material_S2 for Survey of non-tunneled temporary hemodialysis catheter clinical practice and training by Christina M Yuan, James D Oliver, Dustin J Little, Rajeev Narayan, Lisa K Prince, Rajeev Raghavan and Robert Nee in The Journal of Vascular Access</p
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