1,910 research outputs found
A multidimensional approach to the use of colloquial Belgian Dutch on Flemish television: further evidence for the gradual acceptation of tussentaal Dutch
No full textThe present study investigates the vitality of colloquial Belgian Dutch by investigating to what extent it is used in written subtitles by the (self-declared) norm-setting public broadcaster VRT within the Flemish area of the Dutch language community. Next to the official standard language (General Belgian Dutch), various non-standard, colloquial varieties (e.g. colloquial Belgian Dutch, tussentaal, regiolect, dialect) are widely used in Flanders, both in informal and formal situations. Previous research has demonstrated that several of these varieties frequently occur in spoken language on Flemish television, especially tussentaal (e.g. Lefevere, 2011; Van Hoof, 2013; Prieels, 2013). In this context, it is particularly interesting to investigate whether this tussentaal penetrates in intralingual subtitles, and to what extent. If this would occur in a significant number of cases, this shift from an exclusively spoken variety to a written medium would be indicative for the further spreading and acceptation of tussentaal in Flanders.
In a first step, we examine (i) to what extent Flemish subtitlers prefer non-accepted Belgian Dutch variants rather than General Standard Dutch variants (Nederlandse Taalunie; Van Dale 2005), (ii) whether they more often use non-standard lexical items than non-standard grammatical items, and (iii) which contextual parameters (program genre and source language) affect the subtitlers’ linguistic choices. To achieve this goal, we gathered sets with lexical (n=41) and grammatical (n=43) norm-related linguistic variants and extracted them from the SoNaR-corpus (Schuurman et al. 2010). Using profile-based correspondence analysis (Plevoets 2015), we measured linguistic distances between the parameters and their interactions and visualized them in a three-dimensional plot. The results reveal that certain television genres (e.g. fiction and comedy) encourage the use of colloquial Belgian Dutch in the subtitles, whereas the subtitles in other genres (documentaries and children’s television) are mainly standardized. In addition, it was shown that the intralingual subtitles of Flemish speakers contain more non-general Belgian Dutch than the interlingual subtitles of English speakers and the intralingual subtitles of Netherlandic Dutch speakers. A plausible explanation for these results is that subtitlers (consciously or unconsciously) transfer the non-standard, colloquial Belgian Dutch variants in the original footage directly to the subtitles. This implies a correlation between the standardization level in the original footage and in the subtitles.
In a next step, we compare the original speech in the television program to the corresponding subtitles to examine to what extent the original footage influences the subtitlers’ linguistic choices. In order to find out whether subtitlers just transfer spoken Belgian Dutch colloquialisms to the subtitles or whether they even add colloquialisms to the subtitles (thereby enforcing the Belgian atmosphere), we analyzed the language use in the original speech and the corresponding subtitles of ten fiction programs that were broadcast by the VRT between 2010 and 2015. The results reveal that colloquial Belgian Dutch does not merely occur in spoken registers, but that it is also a vital alternative for Standard Dutch in written language.
References
Den Boon, T., & Geeraerts, D. (2005). Van Dale: Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal: 3 Dl. Utrecht: Van Dale Lexicografie.
Lefevere, E. (2011). Tussentaal in de Vlaamse media. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation. Ghent University.
Plevoets, K. (2015). Corregp: Functions and Methods for Correspondence Regression. Ghent University
Prieels, L. (2013). Tussentaal in tv-programma's. In J. De Caluwe, S. Delarue, A.-S. Ghyselen & C. Lybaert (Eds.) Tussentaal: over de talige ruimte tussen dialect en standaardtaal in Vlaanderen (pp.35-49). Gent: Academia Press.
Schuurman, I., Hoste, V., & Monachesi, P. (2010, May). Interacting Semantic Layers of Annotation in SoNaR, a Reference Corpus of Contemporary Written Dutch. In LREC.
Van Hoof, S. (2013). Feiten en fictie. Taalvariatie in Vlaamse televisiereeksen vroeger en nu. Nederlandse Taalkunde, 18(1), 35-64
The binding of glycoconjugates to human milk D galactosyltransferase
No full textThrough the use of affinity chromatography, a homogeneous preparation of human β(1→4) D glactosyltransferase (the A protein of lactose synthase) was obtained. The specificity of this protein for glycoconjugates was studied in the presence and absence of human α lactalbumin. A kinetic analysis of the transfer of D galactose to N acetyl D glucosamine and to β(1→4) linked N acetylglucosamine oligomers, suggested that the active site region of the enzyme contains more than one binding site for acceptor molecules. Furthermore, experiments with N acetylglucosamine β(1→4) N acetylmuramic pentapeptide isolated from Micrococcus luteus indicated that the presence of a peptide chain does not enhance enzymic activity, as compared with the corresponding free disaccharide. Similar results were obtained using ovalbumin and the ovalbumin glycopeptide (which have similar apparent K(m) values for A protein) as galactose acceptors. In contrast to its ability to inhibit N acetyllactosamine production, α lactalbumin did not inhibit the transfer of D galactase to the N acetylglucosamine oligomers or the glycopeptides. Although α lactalbumin can switch the specificity of A protein from N acetyl D glucosamine to D glucose resulting in the production of lactose, no transfer of galactose was observed to β(1→4) linked glucose oligomers or to a collagen glycopeptide, D glucopyranosyl α(1→2) D galactopyranosyloxy β(1→5) lysine. It therefore appears that α lactalbumin can only modify human A protein for monosaccharide acceptors.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Prompt gamma imaging of a proton pencil beam at clinical current intensities: First test on a prototype and development of a full-size camera
No full textTreatments delivered by proton therapy are affected by uncertainties on the range of the beam within the patient. To reduce these margins and improve feedback on treatment delivery, different projects are investigating real-time range control by imaging prompt gammas emitted along the proton tracks in the patient. This study supports the development of a prompt gamma camera using a knife-edge slit collimator to produce a reversed 1-dimensional projection of the beam path on a scintillation detector for treatments delivered in pencil beam scanning mode. The ability of this camera design to detect modifications of the beam penetration depth in a PMMA target was already demonstrated down to 1 mm accuracy for doses compatible with single pencil beams at low proton beam currents thanks to the HiCam photo-detection system. In order to fulfill the very demanding count rate capability required for prompt gamma imaging at clinical beam currents, a new, dedicated, cost-effective photo-detection system was designed. This 1-dimensional, high-energy gamma imaging device relies on two rows of 20 LYSO crystal slabs, directly coupled to SiPMs' arrays and readout by 40 independent acquisition channels in fast counting mode. A first prototype limited to 20 channels was implemented to benchmark the performances of various components and validate the adequate combination of crystal material, surface treatment, optical coupling and SiPMs. This prototype was tested during proton irradiation at the West German Proton Therapy Centre in Essen at clinical beam currents of several nA at nozzle exit
First acquisitions of realistic Proton Therapy treatments delivered on an anthropomorphic phantom with a prompt gamma camera
No full textProton Therapy treatments are affected by uncertainties on the penetration depth of the beam within the patient. For this reason, real-time range control is highly desirable to deliver safer treatments. Real-time range control can be performed by imaging prompt gammas emitted along the proton tracks in the patient. Our approach uses a knife-edge slit collimator to obtain a 1-dimensional projection of the beam path on a gamma camera. The energy spectrum of prompt gammas includes energy events up to 10 MeV and the event rate on a 500 cm3 scintillator is tens of MHz. Standard SPECT and PET modules are not suitable for the purpose and a dedicated gamma camera was designed. The camera features a 3 cm thick LYSO crystal segmented in two rows of 20 slabs with a width of 4 mm and a height of 10 cm. The crystal is coupled to arrays of Silicon Photomultipliers, read out by dedicated electronics boards to perform both spectra acquisition at low rates and photon counting at high rates for profile reconstruction. The prototype was aimed at reaching clinical requirements. The camera was tested in the Proton Therapy Center in Prague using an anthropomorphic phantom on which realistic treatment plans were delivered in pencil beam scanning mode. For each layer of the treatment, acquired profiles corresponding to the single spots were compared to simulated profiles and the shift was retrieved. The study demonstrated that the system is actually suitable for patient treatment monitoring
Irradiation aging of the CMS Drift Tube muon detector
No full textFerrero, D.D.R., Abbiendi, G., Maestre, J.A., Fernández, A.Á., González, B.Á., Amapane, N., Bachiller, I., Barcala, J.M., Barcellan, L., Battilana, C., Bellato, M., Bencze, G., Benettoni, M., Beni, N., Benvenuti, A., Ramos, L.C.B., Boletti, A., Bragagnolo, A., Cifuentes, J.A.B., Cafaro, V., Calderon, A., Calvo, E., Cappati, A., Carlin, R., Montoya, C.A.C., Caturan, S., Cavallo, F.R., Ruiz, J.M.C., Cepeda, M., Cerrada, M., Quero, B.C., Checchia, P., Ciano, L., Colino, N., Corti, D., Cotto, G., Cuevas, J., Cuffiani, M., Dallavalle, G.M., Dattola, D., De La Cruz, B., De Remigis, P., de Trocóniz, J.F., Cid, C.E., Bedoya, C.F., Fabbri, F., Fanfani, A., Fasanella, D., Manteca, P.F., Menéndez, J.F., Ramos, J.P.F., Folgueras, S., Fouz, M.C., Ferrero, D.F., Romero, J.G., Gasparini, F., Gasparini, U., Giordano, V., Casademunt, F.G., Gonella, F., Caballero, I.G., Fernández, J.R.G., López, O.G., Gosh, S., López, S.G., Gozzelino, A., Griggio, A., Grosso, G., Guandalini, C., Guiducci, L., Gulmini, M., Hebbeker, T., Heidemann, C., Hernández, J.M., Hoepfner, K., Iemmi, F., Isocrate, R., Josa, M.I., Kiani, B., Lacaprara, S., Lo Meo, S., Marcellini, S., Margoni, M., Marín, J., Mariotti, C., Martín, I.M., Morales, J.J.M., Rivero, C.M., Maselli, S., Masetti, G., Meneguzzo, A.T., Merschmeyer, M., Mocellin, G., Modenese, L., Molinero, A., Molnar, J., Montecassiano, F., Moran, D., Navarrete, J.J., Navarria, F., Tobar, Á.N., Oller, J.C., Passaseo, M., Pazzini, J., Pegoraro, M., Pelayo, J.P., Pelliccioni, M., Philipps, B., Gomez, J.P., Angioni, G.L.P., Pozzobon, N., Presilla, M., Prieels, C., Primavera, F., Sánchez, J.C.P., Redondo, I., Reithler, H., Rodrigo, T., Bouza, V.R., Roemer, J., Ronchese, P., Rossin, R., Rotondo, F., Rovelli, T., Cruz, S.S., Navas, S.S., Sastre, J., Scodellaro, L., Simonetto, F., Soares, M.S., Staiano, A., Szillasi, Z., Teyssier, D.F., Toniolo, N., Torassa, E., Trocino, D., Ujvari, B., Ventura, S., Cortabitarte, R.V., Garcia, J.V., Zanetti, M., Zantis, F.P., Zilizi, G., Zotto, P
Author Correction: A portrait of the Higgs boson by the CMS experiment ten years after the discovery
No full textIn the version of this article initially published, CMS Collaboration author names, affiliations and acknowledgements were omitted and have now been included in the HTML and PDF versions of the articl
Heterogeneity of human milk β(1-4) D galactosyltransferase
No full textβ(1-4) Galactosyltransferase from human milk (the A protein of lactose synthase) has been found to be heterogeneous when fractionated by affinity chromatography against insolubilized α lactalbumin, using a linear gradient of decreasing N acetylglucosamine concentration. Three forms were isolated. Molecular weights of the different species, as determined by sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, were found to be 38000, 43000 and 50000. The 38000 and 50000 species were studied for their catalytic ability to synthesize either lactose in the presence of α lactalbumin, or N acetyllactosamine in the presence and absence of the 'specifier' protein. Appreciable difference was observed between the two enzyme forms with respect to their catalysis of lactose synthesis with α lactalbumins from various sources. Differences in the rate of production of N acetyllactosamine in the presence of α lactalbumin were also observed. For the lowest molecular weight species it was found that the inhibitory effect of α lactalbumin upon N acetyllactosamine synthesis becomes an activating effect at higher α lactalbumin concentrations, while no such inversion was observed for the other species. The results suggest that the conformation at the site of association of the enzyme with the acceptor saccharide or α lactalbumin has been changed, presumably by a partial enzymic hydrolysis.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
A corpus-based multivariate analysis of norm-related lexical and syntactic variation in interlingual and intralingual subtitling
No full textThis research investigates how audiovisual translation deals with norm-related linguistic variation in the bi-centric Dutch language area (including both the Netherlands and the northern part of Belgium, Flanders). Next to the official standard language that is shared by both Flanders and the Netherlands (General Standard Dutch), both areas have their own phonological, lexical and grammatical features, which are widely used within that area, but do not have the status of standard language. Previous research has demonstrated that this specific language situation in the Dutch language area is reflected in the subtitling practice on Flemish television (e.g. Remael 2008). We want to investigate how Flemish subtitlers deal with this language variation, and how their linguistic choices are affected by differing contexts. Some recent studies on linguistic variation in Flemish subtitling (e.g. Derudder 2014) have provided a first indication that those subtitles do not exclusively contain General Dutch variants.
The present study examines (i) whether Flemish subtitlers prefer non-standard variants (frequently used in Flanders, but not accepted) rather than General Standard Dutch variants (used and accepted in Flanders and the Netherlands), and (ii) whether they more often use non-standard lexical items than non-standard grammatical items. Furthermore, we explain the subtitlers’ linguistic behavior through the parameters program genre and source language. To achieve this goal, we gathered two sets (lexical and grammatical) of norm-related linguistic variables and extracted them from the SoNaR-corpus (Hoste et al. 2010). Using correspondence analysis (Plevoets 2008), we measured linguistic distances between the parameters and their interactions and visualized them in a two-dimensional plot. The results reveal significant differences between interlingual and intralingual subtitles, between subtitles of different program genres, and differences in the use of (non-standard) lexical and grammatical items. Based on these results, we can conclude that Flemish subtitlers’ linguistic behavior is very context-dependent.
References
Derudder, G. 2014. Intralinguale ondertiteling van tussentaal. Unpublished Master’s dissertation. Ghent University.
Hoste, V., Schuurman, I., Calzolari, N., Choukri, K., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Odijk, J., Piperidis, S., Rosner, M., & Tapias, D. 2010. Interacting semantic layers of annotation in SoNaR, a reference corpus of contemporary written Dutch. Paris, France: European Language Resources Association (ELRA).
Plevoets, K. 2008. Tussen spreek-en standaardtaal: een corpusgebaseerd onderzoek naar de situationele, regionale en sociale verspreiding van enkele morfo-syntactische verschijnselen uit het gesproken Belgisch-Nederlands.
Remael, A., De Houwer, A. & R. Vandekerckhove 2008. Intralingual open subtitling in Flanders: audiovisual translation, linguistic variation and audience needs. JosTrans 10, 76-10
A corpus-based multivariate analysis of linguistic norm-adherence in audiovisual and written translation
No full textpeer reviewedPrevious research within corpus-based translation studies has shown that written translations are more normalized or standardized compared to their source texts or comparable non-translated texts (Baker 1993). However, recent studies have repeatedly demonstrated that this standardization tendency depends on contextual parameters such as register, source language and target audience (e.g. Delaere & De Sutter 2013; Kruger & van Rooy 2012). In our study this vexed question is sent in a new, largely unexplored direction, viz. audiovisual translation (AVT). Although AVT is a widely investigated discipline within Translation Studies, research that focuses on linguistic variability in audiovisual translation is relatively scarce. Most of the attention went to the exploration of the general strategies that are used to cope with the information load in the original text (e.g. Barambones Zubiria 2012) and to specific linguistic features in audiovisual translation (e.g. Baños 2013). The present study measures linguistic norm-adherence in Belgian Dutch written and audiovisual translation. More particularly, it is investigated (i) whether subtitlers in (Dutch-speaking) Flanders prefer non-standard variants (frequently used in Flanders, but not accepted) rather than General Standard Dutch variants (used and accepted in both Flanders and the Netherlands) and (ii) to what extent their choices differ from those made by translators of written texts and by authors of original, non-translated texts. Furthermore, we explain the subtitlers’ linguistic behavior through the parameters program genre (news vs. entertainment), speaker type (voice-over vs. actor/interviewee) and source language (interlingual vs. intralingual). In order to achieve that goal, we gathered a set of 11 norm-related linguistic variables and extracted them from two corpora: (i) the SoNaR-corpus, a 500-million word balanced reference corpus for contemporary (1954-present) written Dutch (the SoNaR corpus; Hoste et al. 2010) and (ii) the Dutch Parallel Corpus (DPC; Macken et al. 2011), a bidirectional parallel corpus with (Belgian and Netherlandic) Dutch as a source language and as a target language. By means of a correspondence analysis (Plevoets, 2008), linguistic distances between the translation types (AVT, written translations, news, entertainment, …) and their interactions were measured and visualized in a two-dimensional plot. The results reveal significant differences between interlingual and intralingual subtitles, between subtitles and written translations, and between subtitles and original texts. More specifically, it is shown that subtitles hold a middle position between written translations and non-translations, as the subtitle data contained significantly more non-general Belgian Dutch variants compared to regular written translations but less than original Dutch texts. In-depth analyses pointed out that linguistic choices in subtitles are mainly determined by the source language and by the speaker type. Based on these results, we can conclude that Flemish subtitles tend to be normalized, but in a less extreme way than regular written translations, due to the fact that they are (heavily edited) translations on the one hand (stimulating norm-adherent behavior), and written reproductions of spoken language on the other hand (stimulating non-standardizing behavior). References Baker, M. 1993. Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies. Implications and Applications. In: Text and Technology. In Honour of John Sinclair, ed. by Mona Baker, Gill Francis and Elena Tognini-Bonelli, 233-250. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Baños, R. 2013. ‘That is so cool’: investigating the translation of adverbial intensifiers in English-Spanish dubbing through a parallel corpus of sitcoms. In: Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, Vol. 21, No. 4. Routledge. Barambones Zubiria, J. 2013. Mapping the Dubbing Scene. Audiovisual Translation in Basque Television. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2012, 191 p. Delaere, I., & De Sutter, G. 2013. Applying a Multidimensional, Register-sensitive Approach to Visualize Normalization in Translated and Non-translated Dutch. Belgian Journal of Linguistics. In: M.-A. Lefer & S. Vogeleer (eds.) Interference and normalisation in genre-controlled multilingual corpora, Vol. 27. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: Benjamins. Hoste, V., Schuurman, I., Calzolari, N., Choukri, K., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Odijk, J., Piperidis, S., Rosner, M., & Tapias, D. 2010. Interacting semantic layers of annotation in SoNaR, a reference corpus of contemporary written Dutch. Paris, France: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Kruger, H. & B. van Rooy 2012. Register and the features of translated language. Across Languages and Cultures. Vol. 13. No 1. 33–65. Macken, L., De Clercq, O. & H. Paulussen 2011. Dutch Parallel Corpus: A balanced, copyright-cleared parallel corpus. Meta. Vol. 56. No. 2. Plevoets, K. 2008. Tussen spreek-en standaardtaal: een corpusgebaseerd onderzoek naar de situationele, regionale en sociale verspreiding van enkele morfo-syntactische verschijnselen uit het gesproken Belgisch-Nederlands. Prieels, L., Delaere, I., Plevoets, K. & De Sutter, G. (accepted). A corpus-based multivariate analysis of lexical norm-adherence in audiovisual and written translation. In: Across Languages and Cultures
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