284 research outputs found
NEW MODEL USING DSA TECHNIQUES AND COASIAN BARGAINING AGREEMENTS FOR SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT IN KOSOVO
No full textIn each country spectrum is scarce and expensive and as such it should treated carefully in terms of efficiency usage. The spectrum can be reallocated, reassigned and resold through agreements between the participants. In some places, interference exists (internalas well as external, i.e., from bordering countries) resulting in inefficient usage of spectrum, not respecting the law of telecommunication, the poor communication, loss of revenue, damage to telecommunication equipment etc. One of these places is Kosovo in GSM spectrum.
In this thesis what we are addressing is how to avoid this problem and bring to participants an AGREEMENT that benefits all. With these kinds of agreements, the interference can be avoided, saving a lot of money and revenue will increase for both parties: unlicensed and licensed mobile operators (including the Government of Kosovo (GK)). On the other hand the positive externalities should happen, such a social cost, economical efficiency, political view and community integration.
Our solution is based on Coase Theory and Problem of Social Cost and on another hand on the situation in Kosovo based on data from TRA of Kosovo and Serbia also data from Mobile Operators from both sides
Farm level cost of reducing nitrate leaching by economic instruments in Croatian farming systems
No full textCroatian farming systems have become more intensive in recent years. There is some evidence of rising NO3-N-levels in ground water. The aim of the paper is to find pos-sible ways of preventing NO3-levels to rise in Croatian farming systems and their im-plications from the viewpoint of the manager. More specifically the purpose is to 1. Determine whether Croatian farmers exceed profit maximising levels of N-fertiliser use in maize cultivation and possible influence on NO3-N-levels. 2. To estimate the marginal abatement cost (MAC) at farm level of reducing NO3-N leaching through following economic instruments: a tax on optimal N-doses, a product tax and a N-fertiliser quota, all instruments corresponding to the same abatement level. Based on N-response experiments from field trials for maize N-response curves were derived. A sample of 20 family farms was used to calculate intensity, nutrient content in manure and the prices paid for N and obtained for maize. Profit maximising doses from the field trials were compared with nutrient use on farms. An effluent production function was estimated based on experiments with NO3-N contents in lysimeter water for the same treatments as in the N-response experiments. The results indicate that farmers use higher than optimal levels of N-fertilisers, if the technology and conditions of experimental fields could be applied on the farms and if manure is accounted for. Neglecting the N-content of the manure shows close to optimal nutrient levels. At profit maximising levels the NO3-N level is approximately 14 mg NO3-N/l (62 mg NO3/l) or clearly higher that the critical level stipulated by the nitrate directive (11.3 mg NO3-N/l or 50 mg NO3/l). If the N-content in the manure is taken into account the esti-mated NO3-N/l level in groundwater is about twice higher than the critical level stipulated by the Nitrate Directive. Through any of the three instruments a 76% NO3-leaching reduction could be obtained. However, it was concluded the quota has the lowest MAC (4.08 /mg NO3-N/l or 0.92 /mg NO3/l), followed by the N-fertiliser tax (16.16 /mg NO3-N/l or 3.65 /mg NO3/l) and the product tax in third place (41.25 /mg NO3-N/l or 9.32 /mg NO3/l). Management practices that may increase yield level and correspondingly NO3-leaching in the short and long run were identified. One way to achieve a quick improvement would be a system of cross compliance stipulating a code of good agricultural practices.Farm Management,
Motion Scalability for Video Coding with Flexible Spatio-Temporal Decompositions
No full textPhDThe research presented in this thesis aims to extend the scalability range of the
wavelet-based video coding systems in order to achieve fully scalable coding with a
wide range of available decoding points. Since the temporal redundancy regularly
comprises the main portion of the global video sequence redundancy, the techniques
that can be generally termed motion decorrelation techniques have a central role in
the overall compression performance. For this reason the scalable motion modelling
and coding are of utmost importance, and specifically, in this thesis possible
solutions are identified and analysed.
The main contributions of the presented research are grouped into two
interrelated and complementary topics. Firstly a flexible motion model with rateoptimised
estimation technique is introduced. The proposed motion model is based
on tree structures and allows high adaptability needed for layered motion coding. The
flexible structure for motion compensation allows for optimisation at different stages
of the adaptive spatio-temporal decomposition, which is crucial for scalable coding
that targets decoding on different resolutions. By utilising an adaptive choice of
wavelet filterbank, the model enables high compression based on efficient mode
selection. Secondly, solutions for scalable motion modelling and coding are
developed. These solutions are based on precision limiting of motion vectors and
creation of a layered motion structure that describes hierarchically coded motion.
The solution based on precision limiting relies on layered bit-plane coding of motion
vector values. The second solution builds on recently established techniques that
impose scalability on a motion structure. The new approach is based on two major
improvements: the evaluation of distortion in temporal Subbands and motion search
in temporal subbands that finds the optimal motion vectors for layered motion
structure.
Exhaustive tests on the rate-distortion performance in demanding scalable video
coding scenarios show benefits of application of both developed flexible motion
model and various solutions for scalable motion coding
Analysis of Different Containment Models for IRIS Small Break LOCA, using GOTHIC and RELAP5 Codes
No full textAdvanced nuclear water reactors rely on containment behaviour in realization of some of their passive safety functions. Steam condensation on containment walls, where non-condensable gas effects are significant, is an important feature of the new passive containment concepts, like the AP600/1000 ones. In this work IRIS reactor was taken as reference, and the relevant condensation phenomena involved within its containment were investigated with different computational tools. In particular, IRIS containment response to a Small Break LOCA (SBLOCA) was calculated with GOTHIC and RELAP5 codes. IRIS containment drywell was modelled with RELAP according to a sliced approach, based on the two-pipe-with-junction concept, while it was simulated with GOTHIC testing several modelling options, regarding both heat transfer correlations and volume and thermal structure nodalization. The influence on containment behaviour prediction was investigated in terms of drywell temperature and pressure response, Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) and steam volume fraction distribution, and internal recirculating mass flowrate. The objective of the paper is to compare the capability of the two codes in modelling of the same postulated accident, thus to check the results obtained with RELAP5, when applied in a situation not covered by its validation matrix. The option to include or not droplets in fluid mass flow discharged to the containment was the most influencing parameter for GOTHIC simulations. Despite some drawbacks, due e.g. to a marked overestimation of internal natural recirculation, RELAP confirmed its capability to satisfactorily model the IRIS containment
Unfair Trading Practices in Contract Farming - Ensuring Commercial Justice and Contract Enforcement
No full textThis dissertation examines the issue of unfair trading practices (UTPs) in contract farming, particularly in the context of perishable agricultural commodities such as fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables. Contract farming involves agricultural production contracts (APCs) where farmers agree to produce and deliver specified quantities of products that meet the buyer’s quality, quantity, and timing criteria. In return, buyers commit to purchasing the product at a predetermined price and provide inputs necessary for producing commodities (e.g., financial assistance, technology, fertilizers, and pesticides). The APC creates a dynamic where farmers become economically dependent on buyers, leading to an imbalance of bargaining power. This power disparity allows buyers to impose UTPs that disproportionately disadvantage farmers, undermining the potential benefits of contract farming.
The research begins by examining the UNIDROIT Legal Guide on Contract Farming and the FAO Legislative Study on Enabling Regulatory Frameworks for Contract Farming, providing a foundational understanding of contract farming principles and challenges. Building on this foundation, the dissertation conducts a comparative analysis of the legislative frameworks in the United States and the European Union. The US approach, exemplified by the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, emphasizes direct contract enforcement and accessible dispute resolution mechanisms. In contrast, the EU’s Directive 2019/633 on Unfair Trading Practices focuses on regulating buyer behavior and imposing penalties, often without direct recourse for farmers.
Building on the comparative analysis, this dissertation proposes a model designed to address UTPs effectively to ensure compensatory commercial justice and contract enforcement. The Proposed Model suggests comprehensive guidelines on prohibited UTPs, drawing on the strengths of the European framework. It also recommends a multi-tiered dispute resolution mechanism inspired by the effective strategies within the American framework. The Proposed Model focuses on accessible, affordable, expert, and enforceable solutions ensuring that farmers can achieve compensatory commercial justice and contract enforcement after UTPs are imposed. To facilitate practical implementation in practice, the Proposed Model is intended to be adopted by trade associations, providing a flexible and industry-specific framework that can adapt to various legal environments. This approach encourages quicker adoption and allows complementary use alongside existing legislative frameworks, offering robust protection for farmers
Analysis of different containment models for IRIS small break LOCA, using GOTHIC and RELAP5 codes
No full textTMI-1 Benchmark performed by different coupled three-dimensional neutronics thermal-hydraulics codes
No full textA verification or Relap5/mod2 Code using OECD CSNI ISP 26 Standard Problem Calculation (in Croatian)
No full textScalable video/image transmission using rate compatible PUM turbo codes
No full textThe robust delivery of video over emerging wireless networks poses many challenges due to the heterogeneity of access networks, the variations in streaming devices, and the expected variations in network conditions caused by interference and coexistence. The proposed approach exploits the joint optimization of a wavelet-based scalable video/image coding framework and a forward error correction method based on PUM turbo codes. The scheme minimizes the reconstructed image/video distortion at the decoder subject to a constraint on the overall transmission bitrate budget. The minimization is achieved by exploiting the rate optimization technique and the statistics of the transmission channel
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