674 research outputs found
Holey fiber mode-selective couplers
No full textAbstract not availableGaetano Bellanca, Nicolas Riesen, Alexander Argyros, Sergio G. Leon-Saval, Richard Lwin, Alberto Parini, John D. Love, and Paolo Bass
Skiing Home at Dusk; The House Not Home; Solstice, Entering Capricorn
No full textJay Parini, who teaches at Middlebury College, is the author of several books including Anthracite Country (poems), and Theodore Roethke: An American Romantic
Functional equivalence and domestication strategies in film translation
No full textThe issue of equivalence has long been of crucial importance in translation theory, even though its definition and interpretation have often caused controversy among theorists within this field in the past fifty years. Undoubtedly, Eugene Nida is among the scholars who have approached the question from a functionalist perspective, proposing his well-known distinction between formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. It is a fact that in his pursuit of naturalness Nida theorises a target oriented approach to translation, an approach aiming at domesticating the target text, where “the target text language should not show interference from the source language, and the ‘foreignness’ of the source text setting is minimised” (Nida 1964: 167-8, quoted in Munday 2008: 42). Considering these assertions, it is not surprising that Venuti holds “Nida’s concept of dynamic equivalence up as the epitome of domesticating translation” (Woodham 2002: 138). Moreover, Nida’s statements related to the necessity of adaptations of grammar, lexicon and cultural references have sometimes been interpreted as a licence to freely manipulate the text in the name of functional equivalence. The relationship between functional equivalence and domestication strategies is particularly evident within the field of audiovisual translation. This is especially the case of dubbing, rather than subtitling. It is the nature of the two different screen translation modes that makes the former more inclined towards domestication and the latter towards foreignization. A clear example of the relationship between the search for functional equivalence and the use of domesticating strategies in dubbing can be found in the Italian versions of Quentin Tarantino’s films. Among the elements that characterise Tarantino’s style it is worth mentioning the numerous references to films and directors that are found in all the films written by the author. The aim of this analysis is to investigate the approaches adopted by the various film adaptors who have translated his screenplays into Italian in the specific case of the direct references to films and directors cited in the dialogues. It is a fact that the films written by Quentin Tarantino have been translated into Italian by different people and This obviously accounts for the fact that the translation strategies adopted are by no means homogeneous. This lack in homogeneity of strategies is observable at various levels (Parini 2000), and the case of the references in question is no exception
Plectranthias parini Anderson & Randall 1991
No full textPlectranthias parini Anderson & Randall, 1991 Holotype: USNM 312925, 84.7 mm SL. Type locality: eastern South Pacific on the Sala y Gómez Ridge–25°02.6’ S, 97°29.2’ W in 260 to 272 meters. Illustrations: Anderson & Heemstra, 2012, fig. 10; Anderson & Randall, 1991, figs. 1 & 2; Randall, 1996, fig. 3. D: X, 16. A: III, 7. P: 15 or 16. C: 17 (9 + 8). V: 26 (10 + 16). S: 3. GR: 26 to 28 (8 + 18 to 20). LL: 37 to 40. CP: 16 or 17. Distribution: eastern South Pacific: Sala y Gómez Ridge and off Easter Island.Published as part of William D. Anderson, Jr., 2018, Annotated checklist of anthiadine fishes (Percoidei: Serranidae), pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4475 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4475.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/145328
Functional equivalence and domestication strategies in film translation
No full textOne of the charges made against Nida's theory of dynamic equivalence is that “if we follow his injunction to preserve the genius of the target language, it will mean suppressing the Otherness of the source language” (Fawcett 1997). As a matter of fact, achieving functional equivalence in a translated text quite often implies strategies of domestication (Venuti, 1995). Countless examples of domestication strategies aiming to achieve functional equivalence can be found in Italian dubbing. Italian dubbing professionals have often claimed that the ultimate aim of their profession is to make the translation invisible, in order to create an effect of suspension of disbelief in the spectators (Galassi, 1994). In other words, their purpose is to make the dialogues sound as natural as possible, so that the audience are not disturbed in their vision by destabilizing unfamiliar linguistic and cultural elements. Such a target oriented approach very often leads to justify extreme examples of adaptation of the source text, and sometimes one might even wonder whether we can still speak about a search for functional equivalence, rather than simply of manipulation. A clear example can be found in the various strategies adopted in the Italian versions of Questin Tarantino's films. For the purposes of this paper, the particular case of the references to film titles has been taken into consideration. Being Tarantino an expert cinephile, such references are definitely recurrent in the dialogues of his films. However, the Italian translators quite often appear to have adopted a functional approach limited to the level of the single line to be dubbed, and not to the level of the macrocontext made up of the whole filmography of the author. Sometimes they have adopted strategies of substitution, others of generalization, others of omission, and even in the cases where the translation turns out to be functional at the level of the microcontext of the lines, most of the time such equivalence is achieved at the expense of a more comprehensive macrocontext
Symphysanodon parini Anderson & Springer, 2005, new species
No full textSymphysanodon parini, new species Sala y Gómez Slopefish (Figures 5-9; Tables 2, 3, 8, 9) Symphysanodon maunaloae (non Anderson, 1970): Kotylar and Parin, 1990: 114, fig. 6 (eastern South Pacific, Sala y Gómez Ridge; otolith morphology and age).-Parin, 1990: 21 (eastern South Pacific, Sala y Gómez Ridge).-Parin et al., 1990: 46 (eastern South Pacific, Sala y Gómez Ridge; feeding and trophic relationships).-Parin, 1991: 679, table 1 (eastern South Pacific, Sala y Gómez Ridge).-Parin et al., 1997: 173 (eastern South Pacific, Sala y Gómez Ridge). Holotype: USNM 372776, 114 mm SL; Sala y Gómez Ridge, eastern South Pacific; 25°04’ S, 97°28’ W; 240-275 m; R/V PROFESSOR MESYATZEV trawl 41; 4 October 1984. Paratypes. USNM 375198, four specimens, 81-112 mm SL; IOAN uncatalogued, five specimens, 93-114 mm SL; all collected with the holotype. Diagnosis. A species of Symphysanodon (Figure 5) separable from all other species of the genus, except S. maunaloae, by the following combination of characters: segmented rays in anal fin 7, tubed lateral-line scales 45-50, total gillrakers on first gill arch 31-34 (9 or 10 + 22-24), sum of lateral-line scales and gillrakers on individual specimens 77-84, depth of body 22.5-24.7 % SL (4.0-4.4 times in SL), length of depressed anal fin 24.8- 26.4 % SL, hypurals 1 & 2 autogenous, hypurals 3 & 4 represented by a single plate, and first caudal vertebra without parapophyses. It can be separated from S. maunaloae by differences in mean numbers of tubed lateral-line scales (mean = 47.89 for S. parini vs. mean = 44.94 for S. maunaloae; see Table 2) and pectoral-fin rays (mean = 16.90 for S. parini vs. mean = 16.13 for S. maunaloae; see Table 2) and by differences in certain morphometric characters (see Figures 6-8). Description. The characters included in the combined description of S. mona, S. parini, and S. rhax and those presented in the species diagnosis form part of the species description. Counts for the holotype are indicated by asterisks. Dorsal-fin rays IX, 9 or 10* (10 in 9 of 10 specimens). Pectoral-fin rays 16-18 (17*). Procurrent caudal-fin rays 13 or 14* dorsally, 12-14 (13*) ventrally. Trisegmental pterygiophores 2*-4 associated with dorsal fin, 2* or 3 with anal fin. Epineurals associated with first 8* or 9 vertebrae (first 8 vertebrae in 9 of 10 specimens). Uroneurals 2 pairs.* Internarial distance contained6-8 times in snout length. Other morphometric data are presented in percentages of SL in Table 3. Comparisons of S. parini with other Pacific species of Symphysanodon. Symphysanodon parini can be distinguished from S. katayamai by its shallower body (depth of body 22-25 % SL vs. 27-31 % SL), shorter anal fin (length of depressed anal fin 25-26 % SL vs. 34-39 % SL), and smaller numbers of gillrakers (total on first gill arch 31-34 vs. 35-40) and lateral-line scales (45-50 vs. 50-52); from S. typus by its shorter anal fin (length of depressed anal fin 25-26 % SL vs. 27 ->34 % SL) and smaller numbers of gillrakers(total on first gill arch 31-34 vs. 36-40) and tubed lateral-line scales (45-50 vs. 49- 55); and from S. maunaloae by its larger mean numbers of tubed lateral-line scales (mean = 47.89 vs. mean = 44.94; see Table 2) and pectoral-fin rays (mean = 16.90 vs. mean = 16.13; see Table 2) and by its shallower caudal peduncle and shorter second and third anal -fin spines (see Figures 6-8). Sexuality and sexual dimorphism. Histological examination of the gonads of all available specimens of S. parini showed that nine individuals (81-114 mm SL) are males and one (98 mm SL) is a female with no indication of hermaphroditism. In our limited sample size we found no evidence of sexual dimorphism. This contrasts with the situation in S. maunaloae which seems to show distinct differences between the sexes in lengths of pelvic fins and caudal-fin lobes (see below). The absence of obvious sexual dimorphism in external morphology may be an additional character distinguishing parini from maunaloae. Distribution. Known only from the Sala y Gómez Ridge, eastern South Pacific (Figure9). The type specimens were collected in 240-275 m; Parin et al. (1997: 173) reported this species from depths of 240-300 m. Etymology. We are pleased to name this species for N.V. Parin of the P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, who provided the material on which the description is based and who has been of invaluable assistance to us and other ichthyologists for many years.Published as part of William D. Anderson, Jr. & Victor G. Springer, 2005, Review of the perciform fish genus Symphysanodon Bleeker (Symphysanodontidae), with descriptions of three new species, S. mona, S. parini, and S. rhax., pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 996 on pages 11-1
D-XYLANASE PRODUCED BY SCHIZOPHYLLUM-RADIATUM
No full textd-Xylanase (1,4-β-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) was obtained from mycelial submerged culture of the mushroom Schizophyllum radiatum, grown on wheat straw pretreated with "steam explosion" as the substrate. The enzyme was purified 192-fold (specific activity 455 IU mg-1 protein), with 37% yield with respect to total d-xylanase activity. Polyacrylamide electrophoresis of the d-xylanase peak showed a single band of protein whose molecular weight, calculated by electrophoretic mobility, was 25 700. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 4.9 and 55°C. d-Xylanase was stable from pH 5.0 to 7.5; its half-life was 12 h at 45°C. The Michaelis constant was 9.5 mg ml-1 and Vmax 0.37 μ mole min-1. End-product analysis of the d-xylan hydrolysate showed the presence of d-xylobiose, d-xylotriose, d-xylotetraose, and d-xylopentose showing the mode of action of an endo-type enzyme
Identification of Pediococcus acidilactici and Pediococcus pentosaceus based on 16S rRNA and ldhD gene-targeted multiplex PCR analysis
No full textA multiplex PCR assay that can readily and unambiguously identify Pediococcus acidilactici and Pediococcus pentosaceus strains was developed to give an easy-to-read profile based on the amplification of a 16S rRNA gene fragment, specific for each species, and a d-lactate dehydrogenase gene fragment specific for Pediococcus acidilactici strains
La promesa entre el derecho y la moral : de obligacion juridica a obligacion en conciencia : reflexiones para su estudio historico
No full textUsually, legal rules taken from the Justinian Compilation, reworked by successive authors, have served as a vehicle for the development of legal science in Continental Europe. In some cases, however, like that one here studied, such provisions have been revealed as the greatest obstruction to open up new ways of interpretation, coming from multiple situations in eveyrdaylife. This has happened, specifically, in the case of the actionability of the pacts, principle inferred from what has been formulated in D. 2.14.7.4. This rule, insistently quoted both by the Bolognese civilists and the 16th-century humanist lawyers, became quickly the most constant and effective bulwark against the recognition of freedom of contract. At least, until canonists proposals, assumed as their own by the theologians of the School of Salamanca, succeeded in leading even the most recalcitrant jurists to subscribe to the opposite principle: “pacta quantunque nuda, servanda sunt”, though not in general. In the theoretical construction of the nude promise, the contribution of Canon law to the reading of Roman sources represents, in fact, a moment of both continuity and innovation. The ‘moral’ value of obligation -or what is the same, the commitment contained in it, through the ‘given word’- would become a required reference point for a new construction of the obligatory link. Thus, if the problem of the relationship between contract and promise can be summed up in the exact definition of these two concepts, depending on the legal relevance of the former and on the moral sense of the second, it is undeniable that from a certain point in time, the obligation in conscience, considered only on the basis of its ethical connotation, would be attributed an strictly technical meaning, making it, as such, punishable in judgement. The means, therefore, to rule out the old doctrines would be the development of the meta-legal principle of good-faith, which would end up being understood as an expression of values of fairness and correction in the legal area. And as such it remains operational, in our view, in the conflict between ius communitatis and ius commune odiernum in order to settle the principles of the European contract law.Generalmente, las reglas jurídicas provenientes de la obra justinianea, reelaboradas por intérpretes sucesivos, han servido de vehículo para el desarrollo de la ciencia jurídica. En ciertos casos, sin embargo, como el que aquí se estudia, tales preceptos se han revelado como el mayor obstáculo para incorporar nuevas vías de interpretación, provenientes de las múltiples situaciones de la vida cotidiana. Así ha sucedido, en concreto, con el principio de accionabilidad de los pactos, habitualmente relacionado con lo formulado en D. 2.14.7.4. Este precepto, insistentemente citado tanto por los primeros civilistas boloñeses como por los juristas humanistas del s. XVI, se convirtió con rapidez en el baluarte constante y más resistente contra el reconocimiento de la libertad contractual. Al menos hasta que las propuestas del Derecho canónico, asumidas como propias por los teólogos de la Segunda Escolástica, lograron conducir hasta a los juristas más recalcitrantes a suscribir el principio contrario: “pacta, quantunque nuda, servanda sunt”, aunque sin atribuirle alance general. En la construcción teórica de la promesa nuda, la aportación del Derecho canónico a la lectura de las fuentes romanas representa un momento tanto de continuidad como de innovación. El valor ‘moral’ de la obligación, o lo que es lo mismo, el compromiso en ella contenido, a través de la palabra dada, se convertiría en punto de referencia obligada para una nueva construcción del vínculo obligatorio. Si, desde esta perspectiva, el problema de la relación entre contrato y promesa puede resumirse en la definición exacta que se haga de estos dos conceptos, diferentes en función de la relevancia jurídica del primero y de sentido moral la segunda, es innegable que a partir de un momento determinado, a la obligación en conciencia, valorada sólo en función de su connotación ética, empezaría a atribuírsele un significado estrictamente técnico, haciéndola, como tal, sancionable en juicio. El medio, para ello, con el que descartar las antiguas doctrinas sería la evolución del principio meta-jurídico de la buena fe, que acabaría siendo entendido como expresión de valores de equidad y corrección también en el ámbito jurídico. Y como tal sigue siendo operativo, a nuestro juicio, en el conflicto entre ius communitatis y ius commune odiernum para la fijación de los Principles of European contract Law
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