287 research outputs found
Factors Determining the Mode of Overseas R&D by Multinationals: Empirical Evidence
Full text linkThe large expansion of MNCs' overseas R&D is noteworthy. This paper investigates the factors affecting the expansion of support-oriented R&D and knowledge sourcing R&D by using qualitative data which indicate the modes of R&D conducted at a plant site and a laboratory. The empirical results suggest that (1) the export propensity of affiliate firms, relative abundance of human resources for R&D, and accumulated technological knowledge have a positive effect on both the modes of R&D at a plant site and a laboratory, and (2) the stronger enforcement of intellectual property positively affects the expansion of knowledge sourcing R&D. These results show that not only firm-specific but also country-specific factors positively affect the overseas expansion of R&D.
Does Excellence in Academic Research Attract Foreign R&D?
Full text linkWe examine the role of host countries' academic research strengths in global R&D location decisions by multinational firms. While we expect that a firm's propensity to perform R&D in a host country increases with the strength of local academic research, firms are expected to be heterogeneously positioned to benefit from academic research strengths due to differences in the capacity to absorb and utilize scientific knowledge. We find support for these conjectures in an analysis of foreign R&D activities in 40 host countries and 30 technology fields by 176 leading European, US and Japanese firms during the periods 1995-1998 and 1999-2002. Controlling for a wide range of host country factors, the number of relevant ISI publications by scientists based in the host country has a substantial positive impact on the propensity to conduct foreign R&D. The effect of academic research is significantly larger for firms with a stronger science orientation in R&D - as indicated by citations to scientific literature in prior patents. For host countries with a strong relevant science base, this greater responsiveness of science oriented firms more than offsets a generally greater inclination to concentrate R&D at home. The findings appear robust across a variety of specifications.R&D internationalization, Knowledge sourcing, Absorptive capacity, Industry-science links
Does Excellence in Academic Research Attract Foreign R&D?
Full text linkWe examine the role of host countries’ academic research strengths in global R&D location decisions by multinational firms. While we expect that a firm’s propensity to perform R&D in a host country increases with the strength of local academic research, firms are expected to be heterogeneously positioned to benefit from academic research strengths due to differences in the capacity to absorb and utilize scientific knowledge. We find support for these conjectures in an analysis of foreign R&D activities in 40 host countries and 30 technology fields by 176 leading European, US and Japanese firms during the periods 1995-1998 and 1999-2002. Controlling for a wide range of host country factors, the number of relevant ISI publications by scientists based in the host country has a substantial positive impact on the propensity to conduct foreign R&D. The effect of academic research is significantly larger for firms with a stronger science orientation in R&D - as indicated by citations to scientific literature in prior patents. For host countries with a strong relevant science base, this greater responsiveness of science oriented firms more than offsets a generally greater inclination to concentrate R&D at home. The findings appear robust across a variety of specifications.R&D Internationalization, Knowledge sourcing, Absorptive capacity, Industry-science links
Does Excellence in Academic Research Attract Foreign R&D?.
Full text linkWe examine the role of host countries’ academic research strengths in global R&D location decisions by multinational firms. While we expect that a firm’s propensity to perform R&D in a host country increases with the strength of local academic research, firms are expected to be heterogeneously positioned to benefit from academic research strengths due to differences in the capacity to absorb and utilize scientific knowledge. We find support for these conjectures in an analysis of foreign R&D activities in 40 host countries and 30 technology fields by 176 leading European, US and Japanese firms during the periods 1995-1998 and 1999-2002. Controlling for a wide range of host country factors, the number of relevant ISI publications by scientists based in the host country has a substantial positive impact on the propensity to conduct foreign R&D. The effect of academic research is significantly larger for firms with a stronger science orientation in R&D - as indicated by citations to scientific literature in prior patents. For host countries with a strong relevant science base, this greater responsiveness of science oriented firms more than offsets a generally greater inclination to concentrate R&D at home. The findings appear robust across a variety of specifications.
FIGURE 4. A in A new species of Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) from Kashmir Himalaya, India
No full textFIGURE 4. A. Seed surface; C. Staminal filament Scanning Electron Micrograph of Geranium pratense; B Seed surface D. Staminal filament Scanning Electron Micrograph of Geranium dachigamensis.Published as part of Hurrah, Imtiyaz Ahmad, Shukla, Aparna R. & Wagh, Vijay V., 2023, A new species of Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) from Kashmir Himalaya, India, pp. 163-172 in Phytotaxa 603 (2) on page 169, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/815791
Efficiency of public spending in support of R&D activities
Full text linkThis study provides an empirical assessment of the level of efficiency of public R&D spending and public R&D support for private R&D. This study aims at assessing the level of efficiency of public R&D spending and public R&D support for private R&D and to compare efficiency scores among OECD countries, in particular EU Member states over the past two decades. The analysis rests on the concept of efficiency which is based on the relationship between public R&D spending and the additional R&D in the business sector induced by such measures.Public, private R&D, (determinants of) efficiency, framework conditions, SFA, DEA.
Dissecting Offshore Outsourcing and R&D: A Survey of Japanese Manufacturing Firms
Full text linkThis paper summarizes main descriptive results from the survey on a wide range of offshore outsourcing and R&D. This survey covers more than five thousand large-sized firms across all manufacturing industries in Japan. The principal findings are as follows. Merely 21% of the firms are outsourcing offshore. Nearly two-thirds of the cases, firms are outsourcing production-related tasks to East Asia. More than one-third of the cases, especially often in R&D and customer supports, tasks are outsourced to own offshore affiliates within the boundary of multinational firm. Offshore R&D is often integrated with corporate headquarters and is motivated for supporting the production and sales in the local market. The survey also covers firm's evaluation of the intellectual property rights protection in 56 countries.
Geranium dachigamensis Imtiyaz A. Hurrah & Vijay Wagh 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Geranium dachigamensis</i> Imtiyaz A. Hurrah & Vijay Wagh <i>sp. nov.</i> Figs. 1–4 <p> Type: India, Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, Dachigam National Park, N 34°08 '575'' E 74°55 '113", 1707 m, 28 May 2018, <i>Imtiyaz A</i> <i>.</i> <i>Hurrah 311088</i>, (holotype LWG!, isotype CAL!)</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> The new species differs from <i>G. pratense</i> by palmatipartite leaves with shallow 2 nd sinuses (<i>vs</i> palmatisect leaves with deep 2 nd sinuses), lobes slightly longer than broad (<i>vs</i> lobes 2–3 times longer than broad), broad base of leaf middle segment (<i>vs</i> narrow base), pinkish petals (<i>vs</i> bluish, purplish or white petals) and hairy abaxial surface of staminal filaments (<i>vs</i> glabrous).</p> <p> Perennial, herbaceous. Rootstock 1.5–2 × 0.5–1 mm, stout, horizontal, covered with long, marcescent, connate stipules. Stem erect to ascending, 60–80 cm long with patent, 0.5–1.2 mm long, pilose eglandular hairs & short <i>ca.</i> 0.4 mm long, retrorse, curved, uncinate/obtuse eglandular hairs & 0.6–1.3 mm long, spreading glandular hairs. Stipules 6–13× 1–2.2 mm, subulate, ciliate along margins, puberulent hairs on abaxial surface, pubescent to glabrous on adaxial surface. Leaves opposite; petiole 20–55 cm long of radical leaves & 2–13 cm long of cauline leaves, reduced in upper leaves, having 0.2–0.9 mm long pilose eglandular hairs, sometimes with sparse glandular hairs ca. 1.1 mm long; lamina 5–14× 8–18 cm, polygonal to subglobular, deeply palmatipartite, ratio of main sinus length/ middle segment length (0.78–0.82), 5–7 (–8) segments, with middle segment obtriangular to rhombic, 7–11 mm wide at base, 14–32 lobes not confined to distal half only, lobes acute to obtuse, longer than broad with mucronate apex, ratio of 2 nd sinus length/ middle segment length 0.20–0.27, with sericous eglandular hairs 0.3–1.2 mm long (abaxial surface having hairs mostly along the veinlets). Inflorescence monochasial cyme, cymose solitary with two flowers, not overtopping the subtending leaves; peduncle 2.5–13 cm long, with 0.1–0.4 mm long, retrorse, curved, dense, short, eglandular hairs, ca. 0.7 mm long, straight eglandular hairs and 0.5–1.2 mm long, spreading glandular hairs; bracteoles 3.5–8× 0.4–0.9 mm long, linear–lanceolate, with 0.15–0.4 mm long cilia along margins and 0.1–0.25 mm long, puberulent, eglandular hairs on both surfaces (sometimes glabrous adaxially), occasionally having glandular hairs on abaxial surface; pedicel 0.8–4 cm long, with 0.1–0.4 mm long, retrorse, curved, villous eglandular hairs, patent 0.5–1.2 mm long, pilose, eglandular hairs & 0.6–1.3 mm long, glandular hairs. Sepals 8–12× 3–4 mm, lanceolate–ovate, having 1–2.5 mm long hairy mucro without bristles at apex, ciliate along margins, adaxially glabrous, abaxailly 0.1–0.7 mm long, puberulent to patent eglandular hairs and 0.6–1.3 mm long, patent, dense glandular hairs. Petals 14.5–16.6× 10.5–11.1 mm, pinkish, obovate, entire, apex round to flat, ratio of petal width/petal length 0.65–0.72, both surfaces glabrous, ciliate at basal margins and a tuft of hairs at base towards edges on adaxial surface. Stamens 10 in 2 whorls; filaments 9–11.5× 0.9–1.2 mm lanceolate to deltoid, dilated at base upto 1/3 rd –1/ 5 th of total length, abruptly tapering into narrow apex, distal tail glabrous, dilated base ciliate along margins, glabrous adaxially, 0.2–0.6 mm long eglandular hairs abaxially; anthers 2.1–2.5 mm. Nectaries 5 with tuft of hairs along margins in distal half, glabrous dorsally. Gynocieum ca. 11 mm long. Fruit 34–41 mm long; mericarp 4.5–5.5 mm, with 1 or 2 transverse veins at apex, 0.1–1.0 mm long, bristle like eglandular hairs and few patent glandular hairs at dorsal apical half; rostrum 25–32 mm long, with puberulent eglandular hairs and ca. 1.5 mm long patent glandular hairs, inner surface of awn glabrous; narrow apex 8–10 mm long partly hairy and partly glabrous; stigmatic remains 3.2–3.6 mm glabrous. Seed 3.4–3.8 mm long.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:</b> Flowering May to June; fruiting June to July.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> <i>Geranium dachigamensis</i> is named after the Dachigam National Park, Jammu & Kashmir, the type locality.</p> <p> <b>Habitat and distribution:</b> <i>Geranium dachigamensis</i> prefer to grow in the shady places under the canopy of tall trees. It mostly grows along the stream banks and roadsides. It has been observed under the canopy of <i>Salix alba</i> Thunb. (1784: 25), <i>Prunus avium</i> (L.) L. (1755: 165), <i>Pyrus pashia</i> Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don (1825: 236), <i>Prunus cerasifera</i> Ehrh. (1784: 192), <i>Prunus persica</i> (L.) Batsch. (1801: 30), <i>Prunus americana</i> Marshall (1785: 111), <i>Quercus petraea</i> (Matt.) Liebl. (1784: 403), <i>Ulmus americana</i> L. (1753: 226) and <i>Populus nigra</i> L. (1753: 1034). The associated herbaceous flora includes <i>Geum roylei</i> Wall. (1829: 713), <i>Galium aparine</i> L. (1753: 108), <i>Stellaria media</i> (L.) Vill. (1789: 615), <i>Trifolium pratense</i> L. (1753: 768), <i>Lamium album</i> L. (1753: 579), <i>Geranium nepalense</i> Sweet (1820: 12) along with some grass species. The behaviour of this species of <i>Geranium</i> and the environments in which it grows are similar to other taxa of the same genus, especially in the countries of belt temperate (e.g. Cano <i>et al.,</i> 2019, Perrino <i>et al.</i> 2013, Perrino <i>et al.,</i> 2011, Arni & Matevski 2005).</p> <p> <b>Taxonomic notes:</b> <i>Geranium dachigamensis</i> is more closely related to <i>G. pratense</i> and <i>G. collinum</i> Stephan ex Willd. (1800: 705). The new species is clearly distinguished from <i>G. collinum</i> by the following characters: 7–14 mm wide middle segment base (<i>vs</i> 2–7.4 mm wide base), 14–32 lobes in middle segment (<i>vs</i> 4–13 lobes), fruits nodding, 34–41 mm long with 8–10 mm long narrowed apex (<i>vs</i> erect fruits 21–31 mm long with 2.8–4.5 mm long narrowed apex), petals pink (<i>vs</i> petals purplish), hair 0.1–1.7 mm long (<i>vs</i> 0.1–0.6 mm long) and seeds 3.4–3.7 mm (<i>vs</i> 2.6–2.9 mm).</p> <p> The new species shares a few similarities with <i>G. pratense viz</i>. lanceolate–subulate type of stipules, identical number of leaf lobes, opposite cauline leaves and long narrow apex of fruits. However, it differs from the latter in following characters: leaves palmate–partite with ratio of main sinus length/middle segment length 0.78–0.82 (<i>vs</i> palmate–sect with ratio of main sinus length/middle segment length 0.85–0.93), middle segment width at base 7–14 mm (<i>vs</i> 3–5 mm), lobes closely spaced, slightly longer than broad with shallow sinuses (<i>vs</i> widely spaced lobes, much longer than broad with deep sinuses), basal leaf petioles <i>ca.</i> 55 cm long (<i>vs ca.</i> 30 cm), petals pinkish (<i>vs</i> bluish, purplish or white), filament hairy on abaxial surface (<i>vs</i> glabrous), stigmatic remains 3.2–3.6 mm long (<i>vs</i> 2–3 mm). Electron micrograph studies also reveal some distinctions between the two species. The seed-coat surface of <i>G. pratense</i> is reticulate-foveate and that of <i>G. dachigamensis</i> is reticulate-rugulate. Significant variations are also observed in shape and anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells. The anticlinal walls are shallow and undulate in <i>G. pratense</i> while as in <i>G. dachigamensis</i> it is deep and undulate (Fig 4).</p> <p> The described new species was known earlier also but erroneously treated as <i>G. pratense</i> Dachigam form. This is because <i>G. pratense</i> exhibits greater phenotypic plasticity in morphological characters across the habitats, which has consequently led to the genesis of enormous synonyms of the taxon (<i>Geranium caeruleum</i> Gilib. (1782: 174), <i>Geranium coelestinum</i> Schur (1866: 136), <i>G. batrachioides</i> Bubani (1901: 309), <i>G. neapolitanum</i> Nyman (1884: 949), <i>G. pinetophilum</i> R. Knuth (1939: 352 <i>)</i> <i>,</i> <i>G. pratense</i> var. <i>pallidum</i> Regel (1862: 31), <i>G. rovirae</i> Sennen (1936: 12), <i>G. pratense</i> f. <i>leucanthemum</i> B. Boivin (1972: 136), <i>G. pratense</i> var. <i>litwinowii</i> Woronow (1908: 51), <i>G. pratense</i> subsp. <i>stewartianum</i> Y.J. Nasir (1983: 19), <i>G. pratense</i> subsp. <i>transbaicalicum</i> (Serg.) Gubanov (1983: 141), <i>G. pratense</i> var. <i>affine</i> (Ledeb.) C.C. Huang & L.R. Xu (1998: 59), <i>G. alpinum</i> Kit. ex Kanitz (1863: 531) <i>G. pratense</i> f. <i>albiflorum</i> Q. Zhu & J. Wang (2009: 149). Considering this, the type specimens of all the synonyms and other herbarium specimens (listed below) of <i>G. pratense</i> deposited in different herbaria of the world were critically examined. Raina (1985), during the monographic studies on Geraniaceae of Kashmir, had collected some specimens from Dachigam National Park. After observing some morphological variations, he distinguished it as a form of <i>G. pratense</i> and named it as <i>G. pratense</i> Dachigam form. Based on these variations and acknowledging the Raina’s view we established a new species <i>Geranium dachigamensis</i> instead of retaining it as a form of <i>G</i>. <i>pratense</i>.</p> <p> <i>G. dachigamensis</i> does not grow sympatrically with <i>G. pratense</i>. Since no material of the later has been found in low altitude areas of Dachigam National Park. <i>G. pratense</i> appears to be confined to meadows in alpine and subalpine regions while <i>G. dachigamensis</i> grows under the canopy of low altitude trees like <i>Salix alba</i> Thunb. (1784: 25), <i>Quercus petraea</i> (Matt.) Liebl. (1784: 403), and <i>Populus nigra</i> L. (1753: 1034) etc. in the temperate regions. The two species are distinct in phenology, it ranges from May to September in case of <i>G. pratense</i> while May to July for <i>G. dachigamensis</i>.</p> <p> <i>Additional specimens examined (paratypes):</i> INDIA, Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, Dachigam National Park, N 34°09'093'' E 74°55'055", 1695 m, 11 June 2019, <i>Imtiyaz A. Hurrah 320281</i> (LWG!); N 34°08'578'' E 74°55'103", 1704 m, 11 June 2019, <i>Imtiyaz A. Hurrah 320283</i> (LWG!); N 34°09'034'' E 74°54'587", 1704 m, 11.06.2019, <i>Imtiyaz A. Hurrah</i> (320284) (LWG!).</p>Published as part of <i>Hurrah, Imtiyaz Ahmad, Shukla, Aparna R. & Wagh, Vijay V., 2023, A new species of Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) from Kashmir Himalaya, India, pp. 163-172 in Phytotaxa 603 (2)</i> on pages 164-169, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.2.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8157914">http://zenodo.org/record/8157914</a>
Endogenous R&D and Intellectual Property Laws in Developed and Emerging Economies
Full text linkThe incentive of providing protection of intellectual property has been analyzed, both for an emerging economy as well as for a developed economy. The optimal patent length and the optimal patent breadth within a country are found to be positively related to each other for a fixed structure of laws abroad. Moreover, a country can respond to stronger patent protection abroad by weakening its patent protection under certain circumstances and by strengthening its patent protection under other circumstances. These results depend upon the curvature of the R&D production function. Finally, we investigate the impact of an increase in the willingness-to-pay in the emerging economy and find conditions under which there is an improvement in both patent length as well as patent breadth in the emerging economy.Patent Length, Patent Breadth, Productivity
Tajik Labour Migrants and their Remittances: Is Tajik Migration Pro-Poor?
Full text linkFor the four years since 2006, Tajikistan, a former Soviet republic, has led the world in the receipt of foreign remittance as a proportion of GDP. Needless to say, key reasons for this are the low income levels in Tajikistan and the country's special relationship with Russia, which is enjoying rapid economic growth. Yet while interest in the relationship between migration and foreign remittance has existed for a long time, not many studies have looked at this region. This paper used household survey forms from two points in time to profile households in Tajikistan and international labour migration by Tajiks, and examined the relationship between household income levels in Tajikistan, the poorest of the former Soviet republics, and foreign remittance being received from international labour migrants and the likelihood of migrants being supplied. It found no correlation between household income levels and amounts of money received from abroad, which suggests that altruistic models of the relationship between migration and remittance do not apply. Moreover, it also found that households with high incomes are more likely to supply migrants, indicating that international labour migration from Tajikistan may not be conductive to reducing poverty in that country.
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