596 research outputs found
Literature Review on Timber–Concrete Composite Structures in Fire
No full textThe present paper summarizes recent research on timber–concrete composite (TCC) systems exposed to fire conditions. Experimental work on these systems in fire conditions is not as extensive as in normal temperature conditions. Therefore, only a few types of TCC systems are covered herein. The secondary objective of this paper is to present the principles of existing simplified procedures for TCC systems in fire. These procedures were developed and/or validated with regard to available fire test data, and to discuss the possibilities for the development of new enhanced, simplified calculation methods. A summary is then presented of design recommendations based on previously discussed experiments. A short discussion follows on their further development, and the possibility of the recommendations being included in future versions of European standards. Design criteria for screwed connections are presented, while for notched and glued-in rod connections, further research is required
The effect of keratin 5 E475G and P25L mutations on the fenotype of keratinocytes grown in cell culture
No full textKeratini (K) so največja skupina intermediarnih filamentov. Zaradi svoje strukture se organizirajo v navite dimere. K5 tvori heterodimerne strukture s K14 in v veliki meri se izražata v bazalnih keratinocitih v epidermisu kože. Njuna glavna vloga je fizična stabilnost epidermisa. Določene mutacije v K5 ali K14 povzročajo bolezen, imenovano bulozna epidermoliza simpleks (EBS), katere značilnost je povišana krhkost kože in tvorba mehurjev. V magistrskem delu nas je zanimalo, kako na značilnosti keratinocitov, gojenih v celični kulturi, vpliva mutacija E475G v K5, ki povzroča hudo obliko EBS, in P25L v K5, ki povzroča blažjo obliko EBS z lisasto pigmentacijo. Uporabili smo celično linijo NEB-1, v katero je bil vstavljen konstrukt EGFP-K5, bodisi divji tip (WT), E475G ali P25L. Nameravali smo s klonsko selekcijo priti do klonov, kjer se bi omenjen konstrukt izražal v določenem deležu glede ne endogeni K5 in takšne klone medsebojno primerjati. S pomočjo NaDS-PAGE in prenosa po Westernu smo ugotovili, da smo imeli na voljo le klone, ki so izražali konstrukt v približno enaki, nizki količini. Z optično pinceto smo izmerili togost celičnih membran in ugotovili, da noben izmed konstruktov ne vpliva na togost membran. Ugotovili smo, da konstrukt EGFP-K5 E475G, tudi če je prisoten v majhni količini, povzroča povišano spontano tvorbo agregatov in ne le na periferiji celic. To je v nasprotju z našimi predvidevanji, saj v predhodnih študijah ni bilo potrjeno, da celice z mutacijo E475G zmotijo dinamiko keratinskega citoskeleta na ta način, da se poviša spontana tvorba agregatov. Pri teh celicah smo zaznali povišano izražanje K16 in K19. Oblikovali smo tkivne modele kože s keratinociti različnih celičnih linij. Izstopal je tkivni model s celicami EGFP-K5 E475G, kjer smo zaznali številne prazne prostore tako med dermisom in epidermisom, kot tudi med celicami epidermisa, kar je značilno za hudo obliko EBS in nakazuje na pomembno vlogo keratinskih filamentov pri adheziji.Keratins (K) are the largest group of intermediate filaments. They have a characteristic structure that causes them to organize into coiled dimers. K5 forms heterodimers with K14. They are mostly present in basal keratinocytes in the epidermis and their primary role is the physical stability of the epidermis. Mutations in K5 or K14 can cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), which is characterized by skin fragility that results in blisters and erosions by minor mechanical trauma. In this master\u27s thesis, we were interested in how the mutations E475G in K5, which causes severe EBS, and P25L in K5, which causes EBS with mottled pigmentation, effect the phenotype of keratinocytes grown in cell culture. We used the cell line NEB-1 with previously inserted construct EGFP-K5 wild type, E475G or P25L. Our goal was to select clones that express the construct in specific percentage in comparison with endogenous K5 and compare them. We used SDS-PAGE and Western blot to compare the quantity of EGFP-K5 and endogenous K5. We only got clones with the same, low, quantity of the construct. We used optical tweezers to measure the cortical stiffness of the cells and concluded that neither of the constructs causes important changes in the cortical stiffness and there are no bigger differences between the cell lines. The construct EGFP-K5 E475G, even in small amounts, increases spontaneous aggregate formation, where the aggregates are not only in the cell periphery. This is contrary to our predictions. Previous studies on cells with E475G mutation did not confirm that the mutation causes such disturbance of keratin cytoskeleton, where the spontaneous aggregate formation would be increased. We also noticed a higher expression of K16 and K19 in cells EGFP-K5 E475G. We created skin tissue models with keratinocytes expressing different constructs, where EGFP-K5 E475G stood out the most. We noticed several voids between the dermis and epidermis as well as between cells in epidermis, which is typical for severe EBS and shows the important role of keratin filaments in adhesion
Phit chom Meri loet lam loki kam ru thakon
No full textDrawing on a portrait and old poem, the author describes the beauty of Nang Meri, a female character in one old Thai literature
Fire Risk Assessment of School Building in Republic of North Macedonia
No full textIn this paper, a fire risk assessment of elementary school in Kumanovo, North Macedonia, was conducted. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the level of fire risk was defined and adequate measures for risk reduction are proposed depending on the defined level of risk. The elementary approach of Five Steps and the Matrix Qualitative Method for fire risk analysis were used to define the fire risk. Euro-alarm Method, as quantitative method, was used to define all parameters that influence the fire risk. Based on the results of the performed analysis, it was found that the school does not meet the fire safety measures and this is due to the following factors: lack of appropriate fire protection measures, lack of fire detector, fire alarm, fire stairs and fire compartments. The analysis showed that the use of quantitative method is more effective and provides more reliable results
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS AXIAL FORCE-BENDING MOMENT FOR FIRE EXPOSED STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE SECTIONS
No full textThe bearing capacity of the column cross section can be determined from the interaction diagram moment-axial force (M–N). Fire induced temperatures cause reduction of the load-bearing characteristics of the constitutive materials, steel and concrete, and this effect directly reflects on the reduction of the axial force and the bending moment that could be accepted by the column cross section, respectively the interaction diagram of the column cross section is changed. The load bearing capacity of the steel-concrete composite columns exposed to fire from all four sides and loaded by axial force and uni-axial or bi-axial bending moments, was estimated on the basis of the changes in the interaction diagrams moment-axial force amd the results are presented in this paper. Different types of composite columns made of totally or partially encased steel sections, or concrete filled hollow sections were analyzed and a detailed discussion on the effects of the shape of the cross section and the cross sectional dimensions are presented
Nonlinear thermo-mechanical analysis of the behavior of reinforced concrete frame structures subjected to fire
No full textSavremene metode procene ponašanja konstrukcija u uslovima požarnih dejstava zasnivaju se na razvoju složenih numeričkih modela. U okviru disertacije, računski modeli razvijeni su korišćenjem komercijalnog programskog paketa ANSYS Workbench 16.0. Validacija i verifikacija modela sprovedeni su na osnovu rezultata eksperimentalnih i numeričkih istraživanja dostupnih u literaturi. Parametarskom analizom, utvrđen je uticaj požarnog scenarija, tipa agregata za spravljanje betonske mešavine, početnog nivoa opterećenja i prethodnog uticaja seizmičkog dejstva, na odgovor armiranobetonskih okvirnih konstrukcija u toku požara.Contemporary methods for assessing the structural behavior under conditions of fire actions are based on the development of advanced numerical models. In the framework of dissertation, computational models are developed using commercial software package ANSYS Workbench 16.0. Validation and verification of the models are carried out based on the results of experimental and numerical research available in the literature. Parametric analysis is used to determine the influence of fire scenario, type of aggregate used for preparation of concrete mix, initial load level and the previous effect of seismic action, on the response of reinforced concrete frame structures during fire
Creating a Roadmap Towards Circularity in the Built Environment
No full textThis open access book summarizes the research being pursued as part of the COST Action CA21103 titled "Implementation of Circular Economy in the Built Environment" (Circular B), which aims to define the methodology to develop a common circularity framework for inclusive application and assessment in new and existing buildings to support decision-making for all value chain stakeholders and appraise the implementation level of the European Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP). The Action is increasingly gaining interest worldwide, bringing multidisciplinary young and experienced researchers together to share the latest studies and develop new knowledge. Consisting of 17 chapters corresponding to the conference themes, the book analyses and discusses topics such as Circular Economy (CE) best practices, design strategies for circular buildings, circular materials and products, adaptive reuse of existing buildings, recovery and reuse of salvaged materials and products, case studies of current applications and trends, barriers against CE implementation in buildings, efficient waste and circular resource management, circular lifecycle management and decision making, stakeholders relationships, CE supporting policies and barriers, circular business models, criteria, KPIs and assessment models for circular buildings, CE criteria in sustainability frameworks, digitalization and BIM for enhanced circularity of buildings and building materials, and standardization of CE definitions in buildings
Flood risk and indicators of social cohesion in the Western Balkans
No full textThe study investigates a hypothetical relation between social cohesion and amajor flood event affecting parts of the Western Balkans region. Using state-of-the-art bibliometric techniques, we show the historical evolution of research on social cohesion and disasters, its multi-disciplinary composition resulting in competing definitions of what constitutes social cohesion as well as the relations among the different knowledge domains in the form of network cluster maps. We use the maps as the basis for objectively selecting variables representing social cohesion constituents and relevant control variables. We find that despite the high uncertainties associated with the quantity and quality of the data set, a linear relationship between social cohesion and disaster response does indeed exist as an empirical phenomenon. We discuss implications of the results with regard to a possible trade-off between the individual and collective dimensions of social cohesion and how complementing the model results with a cultural analysis based on grid-group theory could facilitate policies on social cohesion, which are in tune with cultural preferences for systems of governance.<br/
How Does ‘Locality’ Matter in Enabling a Circular Built Environment?: A Focus on Space, Knowledge, and Cities
No full textThere is a growing interest in understanding and using local knowledge, resources, and stakeholders to achieve tailored and effective circular solutions in the built environment. Although the importance of clear centralised guidance and regulations are emphasised in the existing literature, there is also an emerging acknowledgement that understanding the ‘local context’ will be key to achieving tailored solutions that can effectively work in practice. However, there is a lack of discussion around the meaning and significance of ‘locality’ in terms of circularity solutions in the built environment. This discussion paper introduces space (both physical and social) and knowledge as two key aspects of ‘locality’ for enabling effective circular solutions in the built environment. Further, it argues that the cities can be seen as the locus of circular economy because of their role in localising space and knowledge. Thus, the paper enables a starting point to structure research towards an improved understanding of (i) the role of space and knowledge co-production for a circular built environment, (ii) the relevant local stakeholders, as well as (iii) city-level governance of locality in supporting a circular built environment
- …
