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DICAM - NOTA TECNICA N. 228 - ANNO 2011- RELAZIONE GENERALE - (documento finale - art. 6 convenzione) - CONVENZIONE SANP-DICAM - CARATTERIZZAZIONE DI MODELLI GEOMETRICI E MECCANICI IDONEI ALLO STUDIO DELLE STRUTTURE DELLA INSULA DEL CENTENARIO (SITUATA A POMPEI, INSULA IX,8), FINALIZZATO ALLA PROGETTAZIONE DEGLI INTERVENTI DI CONSOLIDAMENTO E RE-STAURO DEL SITO, E DEFINIZIONE DI LINEE GUIDA PER L'ITER PROCEDURALE RELATIVO ALL'ESECUZIONE DEI LAVORI.
No full textL’attività dell’Università di Bologna sull’Insula del Centenario [IX, 8] origina da una convenzione, finalizzata allo studio, alla documentazione e alla valorizzazione dell’Insula stessa, attivata tra l’Università di Bologna, per il tramite del Dipartimento di Archeologia, e la Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei. Il DISTART - Dipartimento di Ingegneria delle Strutture, dei Trasporti, delle Acque, del Rilevamento, del Territorio – oggi DICAM – Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e dei Materiali - sin dall’inizio ha collaborato alla convenzione negli ambiti strutturale e topografico.
In particolare il DICAM – Scienza delle Costruzioni, si è occupato dell’analisi strutturale delle murature dell’Insula, finalizzata al recupero e al consolidamento dell’organismo edilizio esistente, nonché a verificare ipotesi di coperture di restauro (anche con sperimentazioni prototipali), nella prospettiva di una riapertura al pubblico (Custodi, Santarelli 2001, Custodi 2001, Custodi et al. 2002, Custodi 2002), e ha collaborato alla stesura delle linee guida, parte prima, per il progetto di restauro e, parte seconda, per gli interventi di restauro murario e strutturale. Un’ulteriore convenzione, di cui alla presente relazione finale, è stata firmata tra il DISTART e la Soprintendenza per la caratterizzazione di modelli geometrici e meccanici delle strutture dell’Insula, per la progettazione degli interventi di consolidamento e restauro e la definizione di linee guida per l’iter procedurale dell’esecuzione dei lavori. L’attività di ricerca si è articolata su due temi appartenenti a settori ancora oggetto di studio e sperimentazione.
Il primo tema è lo studio delle murature, in particolare antiche, in cui, ad esempio, si amplificano le difficoltà connesse all’esigenza di tenere conto del comportamento non lineare e del degrado progressivo della rigidezza di una muratura al crescere delle deformazioni da sollecitazioni. Tali problematiche si riscontrano già in “ottimali” murature di mattoni (caratterizzate da una buona regolarità geometrica nella disposizione dei mattoni e dei ricorsi di malta) e si ampliano nel caso di murature in pietrame e/o a sacco, in particolare antiche, dove l’approccio matematico diventa estremamente complesso per la irregolarità delle pietre (sia per le dimensioni, sia per la disposizione), per la rilevante disomogeneità nella distribuzione della malta, per l’incertezza riguardante le caratteristiche meccaniche dei materiali utilizzati e la forte dispersione dei valori delle stesse e, infine, per le incertezze sul funzionamento dell’intero organismo strutturale, aggravate, per le strutture storiche, dal fatto che esse si trovano quasi sempre in una configurazione statica considerevolmente diversa da quella originale e comunque in una situazione tale da essere un unicum difficilmente affrontabile con tecniche standardizzate.
Il secondo tema è l’informatizzazione dei dati relativi al sito archeologico in esame, da quelli di rilievo a quelli derivanti dalle analisi e studi successivi, in particolare di modellazione e comportamento strutturale, con i problemi connessi al trattamento dei dati pregressi (da quelli disponibili solo su supporto cartaceo a quelli informatizzati in modo non sistematico) e all’adozione di un linguaggio “comune” tra i vari gruppi di ricerca, che deve essere necessariamente preceduto dalla creazione di una vera e propria piattaforma condivisa, in modo da individuare un sistema informatico che riesca, in maniera semplice e veloce, a rispondere alle esigenze della ricerca archeologica sotto i suoi vari aspetti. L’informatizzazione dei dati e la loro gestione richiede la soluzione dei problemi connessi alla scelta degli strumenti software di base (che consentano la massima libertà di consultazione e facilità di utilizzo), all’organizzazione della banca dati generale (una banca dati di banche dati, dove queste ultime risultano eterogenee per tipologia di dati, organizzazione e finalità), alla realizzazione di un sistema che consenta l’aggiornamento della banca dati generale e la sua consultazione in rete, intranet e internet. Le modalità di consultazione dovrebbero permettere ai diversi utenti e ricercatori di soddisfare le proprie esigenze specifiche (di natura archeologica, storica, artistica, architettonica, strutturale, ecc.), nonché, agli utenti autorizzati, di apportare le eventuali modifiche da postazioni remote
The Augustan Bridge at Narni: 3D Modelling and FEM Analysis for Conservation e Restoration
No full textThe Augustan Bridge at Narni (27 BCE) is a key point on the Via Flaminia, which connects Rome to Rimini, and represents one of the greatest transit infrastructure realized by the Romans. It's a bridge viaduct and it grows 30 m high over the Nera River, with an arches length of about 160 m. Though having collapsed several times it retains its first arch on the south side, the head joint to the rocks on the northern side and the remains of two piers, one of which collapsed in 1885 in the central section. The second collapsed arch measured approximately 32 m, one of the biggest span of romans arches. The remaining first arch has sustained a horizontal shift that makes it particularly susceptible to seismic events. Following an earthquake in 2000, the surviving arch was subject of restoration works (completed in 2005). A laser scanner survey has been carried out to obtain more extensive metric data and recreate a tridimensional model, useful also for structural analysis. With the 3D FEM models it has been evaluated the structural status of the bridge, at first in its original configuration, with particular focus on the study of the fourth arch due to its characteristic ribbed shape, then in the configuration after the subsidence of the second pier, main cause of the collapse, and at last in the present one of the remaining parts
The Augustan Bridge at Narni: Documentation and Analysis by Laser Survey and 3D Modeling
No full textThe Augustan Bridge at Narni, so-called following its renovation under Augustus in 27 BCE, is an important point on the Via Flaminia (220 BCE) connecting Rome to Rimini, and embodies all the characteristics of an imposing military structure. Though having collapsed several times it retains its arches on the south side, as well as part of the central and northern pillars. Mentioned in classical sources, and described by many artists and travelers, the bridge became the subject of numerous studies from the second half of the Seventeenth century. Following an earthquake in 2000, the surviving arch was the subject of restoration work completed in 2005. However, many technical aspects of the structure are still not fully understood: the number of arches - three or four, though most scholars argue four -, the absence of a breakwater, the shape of the collapsed arches, its slope and physical connection with the Via Flaminia at both mountain and valley level, as well as the causes of its collapse. Laser scanning techniques created a 3D digital clone of the bridge, providing comprehensive measurements for reconstructing the bridge’s original form and overall size. Today, such precise quantitative data programs along with their resulting point cloud of 3D measurements, combined with CAD technology and the possibility of three-dimensional printing, significantly improve the virtual reconstruction of surfaces and their textures. These techniques can be utilised by both the scientific and academic communities
"Lanificio Gruber" in Terni: an ancient artefact of the industrial archaeology, across time of abandon and the new incentives of sustainable regeneration
No full textThe "Lanificio Gruber", is an ancient woolmill located in Terni, an Italian industrial town, called "the little Manchester", for its deep involvement in the industrial economy, with a weapons factory, an important steel mill and other textile manufactures. The historical frame of the "Lanificio Gruber": its activity started in 1846, and end in 1939, that is very early compared to the life of the other factories, this is why the area has always be seen as a void inside the town, without any valorization, and completely left to a state of abandon. The paper will present an architectural project that concern a complex intervention degree: in fact, it comprehends an architectural scale, in considering the ancient buildings of the factory, but it can also be seen as a more extended project, which involves the green area around the buildings and its relation with the territory around, according to its particular position, between the city center and the industrial area, directly related to the Nera river, and - in an even more ample scale - in connection with the extremely beautiful landscape of the "Valnerina", with its famous "Marmore waterfall". The technical aspects of the buildings are been analyzed with the laser scanner technique for the metrical and topographical surveys; a multilevel approach has been used to combine the research data into three future scenarios of development: inhabitants participation, valorization of the historical aspects (as part of the "minor heritage"), potential connection with the surrounding landscape
A perfect example of a Vitruvian atrium: the main atrium of the Casa del Centenario in Pompeii.
No full textThe Insula of the Centenary, the eighth in the Regio IX in Pompeii, was given this name because it was excavated in 1879, the eighteenth centenary of the eruption of Vesuvius. The greater part of the Insula is occupied by the large domus of the Centenary. The domus shows traces of a long and troubled building history; restoration work has been carried out on various occasions, with variations in the dimensions of the rooms and their intended use and significant remakes of flooring and, especially, wall covering decorations. At the time of the eruption in 79 A.D. the appearance of the house was that of a large building with a peristylium and two atria, one of the few in Pompeii, looking out over via di Nola, where its two main entrances were located. In the past twenty years, the entire Insula of the Centenary has been the object of numerous studies carried out by various teams from the University of Bologna. Various surveys have been carried out, both with conventional methods and also with two laser survey campaigns repeated after a few years. Based on these surveys, the main atrium, the most prestigious entrance to the domus, has been shown to reflect the canonical measures of the Vitruvian atrium. A possible method of tracing in plan are illustrated, also with reference to the measurements in Osci feet, and the consequent volumes are proposed for a basis of possible reconstructions, in particular of restoration roofs for the protection and creation of museum spaces
Il santuario di Santa Maria delle Grazie di Fornò. Rilievi statici e del degrado e analisi strutturali agli elementi finiti
No full textIl Santuario di Santa Maria delle Grazie di Fornò, ubicato nella campagna di Forlì, per dimensioni
e forma costituisce un unicum sul territorio come fabbrica dedicata al culto mariano. L’aspetto
attuale, sostanzialmente due cilindri murari concentrici di diversa altezza, è il frutto di modifiche e
trasformazioni avvenute nel tempo sia per necessità statiche, sia per cambiamenti di gusto legati
all’epoca, sia per calamità naturali e per danni bellici. Ampie ed approfondite sono state le indagini
conoscitive sull’edificio ed il suo intorno che hanno permesso un’adeguata valutazione delle attuali
condizioni di degrado e danneggiamento, sia per le finiture e sia per le strutture (su cui si sommano
gli effetti di lesioni e di estesa imbibizione alla base per umidità di risalita). La particolare tipologia
curvilinea di tutte le strutture resistenti, in muratura di mattoni, ha motivato lo studio delle attuali
capacità resistenti, anche sotto le sollecitazioni di natura sismica prevedibili con l’applicazione delle
linee guida (2011) per la “Valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con
riferimento alle Norme tecniche per le costruzioni di cui al D. M. 14/01/2008. "
The Augustan Bridge at Narni: From laser survey to FEM seismic analysis
No full textThe Augustan Bridge of Narni represents one of the greatest transit infrastructure realized by the Romans. Mentioned in classical sources, partly collapsed on several occasions, the bridge has kept his strategic military role until the definitive collapse in 1053, being the obligatory transit from Rome to the North. Although subject to many studies however many technical aspects of the structure are still not fully understood: from which quarry the travertine blocks came from, the original number of arches, the absence of breakwater, the shape of the collapsed arches, its slope and physical connection to the Via Flaminia at both mountain and valley level, as well as the causes of its collapse. Recently an entire laser survey was carried out, today updated, providing comprehensive measurements for reconstructing the bridge’s original shape and overall size. Finally from FEM models was carried out a series of structural analysis
Modeling and Design of the Restoration and Seismic Strengthening of the Sanctuary of Santa Maria Delle Grazie at Fornò under New Italian Rules NTC 2018
No full textThe Sanctuary of “Santa Maria delle Grazie” at Fornò is in the countryside near Forlì(Italy). The first edification time was in 1450, the today's configuration was reached at the beginning of the sixteenth century, due to various modifications: from static necessities to changes in tastes related to the time, as well as natural disasters and war damage. From a structural point of view, the Sanctuary is constituted by two masonry cylinders, without horizontal floors in elevation: the exterior cylinder around 33m diameter and 15m in height, with four semicircular niches protruding outwardly; the interior cylinder, the oldest temple, about 14m diameter and 20m tall, covered by a dome supported by an octagonal masonry structure. The space between the two circular structures is covered with a wooden roof resting on thirty-six main wooden beams. In the last years the Sanctuary has been subjected to numerous studies, surveys and analysis, including FEM structural analysis. In the latest studies we have assumed the Guidelines (2011) for the "Evaluation and Reduction of Seismic Risk of Cultural Heritage.". In the present work, following the entry into force of the new Italian rules NTC2018 and, more recently (February 2019), of the Explanatory Circular, which among other topics introduced significant changes in the field of existing buildings and in particular in the non-linear analysis mode, we have made a new update of the structural analysis and designed a series of works for restoration and anti-seismic improvement (also dehumidification works to mitigating the effects of decay caused by soaking on the mechanical characteristics of the masonry)
The Sanctuary of Santa Maria delle Grazie at Fornò: studies for the restoration and seismic strengthening.
No full textThe Sanctuary of “Santa Maria delle Grazie” is located at Fornò in the countryside near Forlì (Italy). The first temple, built in 1450, assumes today's configuration at the beginning of the sixteenth century, to undergo various modifications, due to static necessities and to changes in tastes related to the time, as well as due natural disasters and war damage. Structurally, the Sanctuary consists of an external masonry cylinder, around 33m diameter and 15m in height, with four semicircular niches protruding outwardly; inside there is a similar concentric structure, the oldest temple, about 14m diameter and 20m tall, covered by a dome supported by an octagonal masonry structure. The space between the two circular structures is covered with a wooden roof resting on thirty-six main wooden beams. In the last years the Sanctuary has been subjected to numerous studies, surveys and analysis, including FEM structural analysis (also due to singular curvilinear typology of the masonry structures). In regard to the seismic risk, the building was studied focusing on the Guidelines (2011) for the "Evaluation and Reduction of Seismic Risk of Cultural Heritage.". Today, following the entry into force of the new technical standards NTC2018 (January 2018) we have scheduled an update of the structural analysis and a series of proposals for restoration, anti-seismic improvement and dehumidification works, in regard to the effects of decay caused by soaking on the mechanical characteristics of the masonry
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