1,721,126 research outputs found
Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of recurrent bacterial meningitis
No full textRecurrent bacterial meningitis is a rare phenomenon and generally poses a considerable diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Ultimately, a structured approach and early diagnosis of any underlying pathology are crucial to prevent further episodes and improve the overall outcome for the affected individual. In this article, we are reviewing the existing literature on this topic over the last two decades, encompassing 363 cases of recurrent bacterial meningitis described in 144 publications. Of these cases, 214 (59%) were related to anatomical problems, 132 (36%) were related to immunodeficiencies, and 17 (5%) were related to parameningeal infections. The review includes a detailed discussion of the underlying pathologies and microbiological aspects as well as recommendations for appropriate diagnostic pathways for investigating this unusual entity
Enterovirus infections in neonates
No full textEnteroviruses, which include echoviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, polioviruses and the ‘numbered’ enteroviruses, are among the most common viruses causing disease in humans. A large proportion of enteroviral infections occur in neonates and infants. There is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that can be caused by enterovirusinfection with varying degrees of severity. In the neonatal age group, enteroviral infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly when infection occurs antenatally. This review provides a detailed overview of the epidemiology and clinical features of enterovirusinfections in the neonatal period. In addition, laboratory features and diagnostic investigations are discussed. A review of the currently available data for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions, including antiviral therapy, is also presente
Adenovirus infection in the immunocompromised host
No full textThere are 51 known serotypes of human adenovirus, which are divided into subgroups (or species) A to F Table ). An additional serotype (52), which potentially constitutes a new species (G), has recently been reported after genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of an isolate in the U.S
Necrotizine epiglottitis in an infant: an unusual first presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection
No full textWe describe the case of a 4-month-old infant presenting with severe respiratory distress secondary to necrotizing epiglottitis, who was subsequently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Additionally, we review the existing literature on this rare condition with a focus on the potential underlying pathogenesi
Too much of a good thing: management of BCG vaccine overdose
No full textA 14-year-old girl was inadvertently immunised with an excessively large dose of BCG-Connaught vaccine (1.0 ml instead of 0.1 ml). Examination of the patient a few hours later revealed a subcutaneous fluctuant tender lump at the injection site. This was surgically excised within 12h of immunisation and she was treated with isoniazid and rifampicin for six weeks. The patient developed no complications, other than a minor surgical scar. This case highlights the importance of the correct administration and dosing of BCG vaccine and suggests a management option that may prevent the severe local and systemic complications that are frequently associated with BCG overdose
What's bugging you? An update on the treatment of head lice infestation
No full textHead lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) is a common problem in paediatric practice. It can cause considerable distress to children and their families and may lead to bullying and social stigmatisation. Therapy with "conventional" topical pediculicides with neurotoxic mode of action-such as malathion, permethrin, phenothrin and carbaryl-is increasingly associated with treatment failure as a result of the emergence of resistance within the parasite population. This review provides an overview of the natural history, clinical symptoms and diagnosis of head lice infestation. It also discusses general management principles and summarises the current data on novel treatment strategies, including wet combing, dimeticone, isopropyl myristate, benzyl alcohol, plant-based compounds and oral medication
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