58 research outputs found
Form Follows Feeling – The Acquisition of Design Expertise and the Function of Aesthesis in the Design Process
Get PDFWhile the consideration of functional and technical criteria, as well as a sense of coherence are basic requirements for solving a design problem; it is the ability to induce an intended quality of aesthetic experience that is the hallmark of design expertise. Expert designers possess a highly developed sense of design, or what in this research is called aesthesis. Reflection on 25 years teaching design in the USA, Hungary, and China led to the observation that most successful design students, more than intellectual ability, drawing, model making or drive, all seemed to possess what may be called an intuitive sense of good design. It is not that they already know how to design, or that they are natural designers, it is that they have a more developed sense aesthesis. This research takes a multi-disciplinary approach to build a theory that describes what is involved in acquiring design expertise,identifies how aesthesis functions in the design process, and determines if what appears to be an intuitive sense of design is just natural talent or an acquired ability.
While the consideration of functional and technical criteria, as well as a sense of coherence are basic requirements for solving a design problem; it is the ability to induce an intended quality of aesthetic experience that is the hallmark of design expertise. Expert designers possess a highly developed sense of design, or what in this research is called aesthesis. Reflection on 25 years teaching design in the USA, Hungary, and China led to the observation that most successful design students, more than intellectual ability, drawing, model making or drive, all seemed to possess what may be called an intuitive sense of good design. It is not that they already know how to design, or that they are natural designers, it is that they have a more developed sense aesthesis. This research takes a multi-disciplinary approach to build a theory that describes what is involved in acquiring design expertise,identifies how aesthesis functions in the design process, and determines if what appears to be an intuitive sense of design is just natural talent or an acquired ability.
The research started with topics related to design methodology, which led to questions related to cognitive psychology, especially theories of problem-solving. An in-depth review of research in embodied cognition challenged the disembodied concept of the mind and related presuppositions, and reintroduced the body as an essential aspect of human cognition. This lead to related topics including: pre-noetic (pre-verbal) knowledge, the cognitive architecture of the brain, sense mechanisms and perception, limitations and types of memory as well as the processing capacity of the brain, and especially how emotions/feelings function in human cognition, offering insight into how designing functions as a cognitive process.
The research provides evidence that more than technical rationality, expert designers rely heavily on a highly developed embodied way of knowing (tacit knowledge) througout the design process that allows them to know more than they can say. Indeed, this is the hallmark of expert performers in many fields. However, this ability is not to be understood as natural talent, but as a result of an intense developmental process that includes years of deliberate practice necessary to restructure the brain and adapt the body in a manner that facilitates exceptional performance. For expert designers it is aesthesis (a kind of body knowledge), functioning as a meta-heuristic, that allows them to solve a complex problem situation in a manner that appears effortless. Aesthesis is an ability that everyone possesses, but that expert designers have highly developed and adapted to allow them to produce buildings and built environments that induce an intended quality of aesthetic experience in the user. It is a cognitive ability that functions to both (re)structure the design problem and evaluate the solution; and allows the designer to inhabit the design world feelingly while seeking aesthetic resonance that anticipates the quality of atmosphere another is likely to experience. This ability is critical to the acquisition of design expertise
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Religious Cognition and Duration of Maintained Grip
No full textRecent work suggests that the links between religious belief and behavior with a variety of positive outcomes (e.g., longer life, more marital satisfaction, scholastic achievement, better health behaviors) may be partially explained by religious belief systems' ability to foster self-control and self-regulation. The current investigation sought to explore this hypothesis by determining if induction of religious cognition (through a supraliminal religious prime) could increase behavioral self-control, operationalized as performance on a maintained grip task. Using 118 participants, the author tested whether nonconscious exposure to religious content would increase the amount of time that participants were willing to physically persist at two rounds of the maintained grip task as compared to a control group. A within-subjects trial-by-prime interaction was found (the prime appeared to cause participants to persist at the task for less time during the first trial, but not the second) and a between-subjects sex-by-prime interaction was found (on average, men given the religious prime held their grip for less time than did men in the control group, whereas no differences were found between women). Findings are discussed in terms of the link between religion and self-control and future directions are suggested.</p
Ciało nadludzkie czy nieludzkie? Transgresyjne aspekty filmowych wizerunków północnoamerykańskich Indian / Human or Inhuman Body? Transgressive Aspects of Film Images of North American Indians
No full text<p>Film images of Native Americans are mostly based on the theme of boundaries, which make us think about the body; on the one hand “overhuman”, able to cross all limits, on the other “inhuman”, belonging to the world of animals. Functioning as Euroamerican fantasies they become an expression of collective anxieties. Based on works, which continue the trend such as Michael Mann’s “The Last of the Mohicans”, Mel Gibson’s “Apocalypto” or Terrence Malick’s “The New World”, the author of the<br>article shows how the stereotypes are breached in modern independent cinema represented by Randy Redroada’s “The Doe Boy”.</p
Best practice airway management for bariatric patients and morbid obesity
No full textPurpose
Airway management and assessment are the cornerstones of modern anesthesia practice. Obesity is a well-known risk factor in identifying patients with potentially complicated airways. In addition, morbidly obese patients have clinically significant reductions in functional residual capacity (FRC) that can lead to precipitous decreases in oxygen saturation during periods of apnea. Despite the knowledge of these details, there is a large variation in how anesthesia providers care for these patients. This quality improvement project sought to see if an educational presentation that presented a clinical reference tool via internet access would change how likely anesthesia providers are to use adjuncts with bariatric or morbidly obese patients.
Methodology
The investigators in this study conducted an educational intervention with a private practice anesthesia group. Investigators enrolled 17 subjects and conducted a pre-test survey. After collecting pre-test data, subjects were introduced to an educational presentation and a clinical reference tool highlighting the benefits of video laryngoscopes, aspiration prophylaxis, and ramped positioning with bariatric patients. This information was distributed via power point as well as made available online continuously at www.rampglideandreglan.com. After the distribution of the educational materials and knowledge sharing of published resources emphasizing the benefits of using adjuncts with bariatric patients. A post-test survey using a 5-point Likert scale was distributed to assess likely hood of using aspiration prophylaxis, ramped positioning, and video laryngoscopes, as well as a qualitative question assessing whether participants found the tool helpful and what improvements they might suggest.
Results
Using SPSS V28 statistical software, descriptive statistics were run on the pre and post-survey scores, with a mean score of 13.5 vs. 17.6, showing providers' willingness to change their practice. A paired t-test was also conducted since the pre and post-test data was linked. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that the subject's likelihood of using suggested changes in airway management was significant (P<0.05).
Implications
While performing this study, it is evident that the anesthesia providers do not follow a uniform method of airway management while taking care of morbidly obese patients. It is proven that utilization of best practice airway management methods like ramped positioning, video laryngoscopy, and aspiration prophylaxis could decrease the adverse airway events in morbidly obese patients to a certain degree. With statistically significant results, anesthesia providers are willing to use these practices regularly during airway management in morbidly obese patients.D.N.P.Includes bibliographical reference
Best practice airway management clinical reference tool for bariatric patients and morbid obesity
No full textAbstract
Purpose
Airway management and assessment are the cornerstones of modern anesthesia practice. Obesity is a well-known risk factor in identifying patients with potentially complicated airways. In addition, morbidly obese patients have clinically significant reductions in functional residual capacity (FRC) that can lead to precipitous decreases in oxygen saturation during periods of apnea. Despite the knowledge of these details, there is a large variation in how anesthesia providers care for these patients. This quality improvement project sought to see if an educational presentation that presented a clinical reference tool via internet access would change how likely anesthesia providers are to use adjuncts with bariatric or morbidly obese patients.
Methodology
The investigators in this study conducted an educational intervention with a private practice anesthesia group. Investigators enrolled 17 subjects and conducted a pre-test survey. After collecting pre-test data, subjects were introduced to an educational presentation and a clinical reference tool highlighting the benefits of video laryngoscopes, aspiration prophylaxis, and ramped positioning with bariatric patients. This information was distributed via power point as well as made available online continuously at www.rampglideandreglan.com. After the distribution of the educational materials and knowledge sharing of published resources emphasizing the benefits of using adjuncts with bariatric patients. A post-test survey using a 5-point Likert scale was distributed to assess likely hood of using aspiration prophylaxis, ramped positioning, and video laryngoscopes, as well as a qualitative question assessing whether participants found the tool helpful and what improvements they might suggest.
Results
Using SPSS V28 statistical software, descriptive statistics were run on the pre and post-survey scores, with a mean score of 13.5 vs. 17.6, showing providers' willingness to change their practice. A paired t-test was also conducted since the pre and post-test data was linked. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that the subject's likelihood of using suggested changes in airway management was significant (P<0.05).
Implications
The data collected from this study demonstrates that anesthesia providers do not follow a uniform method of airway management while taking care of morbidly obese patients. After the researchers implemented their education with clinical reference tool a post-test survey was conducted that demonstrated a willingness to utilize adjuncts such as ramping, videoscopes, and aspiration prophylaxis as measured by a 5-point Likert scale. The results were statistically significant, and suggest that anesthesia providers are willing to use incorporate more up-to-date practices when provided sufficient education and clinical reference tools to supplement their knowledge deficit.
Keywords
Anesthesia, morbidly obese, airway management, ramping, aspiration prophylaxis, video laryngoscopy, glidescope, Reglan, intubation, best practice, clinical reference tool, obesity.D.N.P.Includes bibliographical reference
Form Follows Feeling — The Acquisition of Design Expertise and the Function of Aesthesis in the Design Process
Get PDFWhile the consideration of functional and technical criteria, as well as a sense of coherence, are basic requirements for solving a design problem; it is the ability to induce an intended quality of aesthetic experience that is the hallmark of design expertise. Expert designers possess a highly developed sense of design, or what in this research is called aesthesis. Reflection on 25 years teaching design in the USA, Hungary, and China led to the observation that most successful design students, more than intellectual ability, drawing, model making or drive, all seemed to possess what may be called an intuitive sense of good design. It is not that they already know how to design, or that they are natural designers, it is that they have a more developed sense aesthesis. This research takes a multi-disciplinary approach to build a theory that describes what is involved in acquiring design expertise, identifies how aesthesis functions in the design process and determines if what appears to be an intuitive sense of design is just natural talent or an acquired ability.
The research started with topics related to design methodology, which led to questions related to cognitive psychology, especially theories of problem-solving. An in-depth review of research in embodied cognition challenged the disembodied concept of the mind and related presuppositions and reintroduced the body as an essential aspect of human cognition. This lead to related topics including: pre-noetic (pre-verbal) knowledge, the cognitive architecture of the brain, sense mechanisms and perception, limitations and types of memory as well as the processing capacity of the brain, and especially how emotions/feelings function in human cognition, offering insight into how designing functions as a cognitive process.
The research provides evidence that more than technical rationality, expert designers rely heavily on a highly developed embodied way of knowing (tacit knowledge) throughout the design process that allows them to know more than they can say. Indeed, this is the hallmark of expert performers in many fields. However, this ability is not to be understood as natural talent, but as a result of an intense developmental process that includes years of deliberate practice necessary to restructure the brain and adapt the body in a manner that facilitates exceptional performance. For expert designers it is aesthesis (a kind of body knowledge), functioning as a meta-heuristic, that allows them to solve a complex problem situation in a manner that appears effortless. Aesthesis is an ability that everyone possesses that expert designers have highly developed and adapted to allow them to produce buildings and built environments that induce an intended quality of aesthetic experience to the user. It is a cognitive ability that functions to both (re)structure the design problem, evaluates the solution and allows the designer to inhabit the design world feelingly while seeking aesthetic resonance that anticipates the quality of atmosphere another is likely to experience. This ability is critical to the acquisition of design expertise
Why do conflict-generated diasporas pursue sovereignty-based claims through state-based or transnational channels? : Armenian, Albanian and Palestinian diasporas in the UK compared
Get PDFOver the past decade, diaspora mobilization has become of increasing interest to International Relations scholars who study terrorism, civil wars and transnational social movements and networks. Nevertheless, an important area remains under-researched: conditions, causal mechanisms and processes of diaspora mobilization vis-a-vis emerging states, especially in a comparative perspective. This article asks why diaspora entrepreneurs in liberal states pursue the sovereignty goals of their original homelands through the institutional channels of their host-states, through transnational channels or use a dual-pronged approach. Empirically, the article focuses on a comparison between the Albanian, Armenian and Palestinian diasporas in the UK and their links to the emerging states of Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh and Palestine. Two variables act together to explain differences in mobilization patterns: the host-state’s foreign policy stance towards the homeland’s sovereignty goal; and diaspora positionality, the relative power diaspora entrepreneurs perceive as deriving from their social positions in a transnational space between host-state and homeland. If a host-state’s foreign policy stance is closed towards the sovereignty goal, but diaspora entrepreneurs experience their positionality as relatively strong vis-a-vis the host-state, they are more likely to mobilize through host-state channels, as in the Armenian case. If the foreign policy stance is closed towards the sovereignty goal, but the diaspora positionality is weak, activists are more likely to pursue transnational channels, as in the Palestinian case. If the foreign policy stance is open towards the sovereignty goal, but the diaspora positionality is weak, entrepreneurs are likely to engage with both channels, as in the Albanian case
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Collaborative Interactions of Secondary Mathematics Student Groups Using a Distributed Technological Environment
Get PDFIn this dissertation, I examine the nature of collaboration within groups of secondary mathematics students as they complete tasks within a novel technological environment named MathNet. MathNet was developed by White and colleagues (White, Brady, Huang, & Stevens, 2019) and is the latest iteration of networked technological spaces conceived by White and colleagues (Lai and White, 2014; White, 2006). MathNet is based on White and Pea’s (2011) distributed-by-design principle, which calls for an intentional division of labor among collaborators in which elements are distributed within the shared workspace such that input is required from everybody in order to complete a task, and no single person can complete the task by themselves. MathNet was coded to allow elements of the GeoGebra dynamic geometry environment, such as objects, tools, or representational views, to be distributed among collaborators in various ways. The overarching research question for this dissertation is: What is the nature of collaboration during group work involving a distributed technological environment?Dillenbourg’s (1999) three criteria for collaborative interactions, interactivity, synchronicity, and negotiability, provide the theoretical backbone of this dissertation. In my framework, I nest those criteria within each other, with negotiability nested within synchronicity nested within interactivity, as a means of suggesting a relationship between the three. I then treat these nested criteria as a single analytical dimension as a means of setting up potential intersections with other analytical dimensions; such intersections are explored in the analysis chapters.The participants for this study came from a Northern California charter high school mathematics class. The author and the classroom teacher worked together across two school years to co-develop and implement MathNet activities. The participants were placed into either dyads or triads, depending on the activity. I collected data in the form of recordings of the groups’ interactions; I captured both audio/visual recordings and computer screen recordings, and I synced them to provide a comprehensive record of each group’s collaboration. I then qualitatively coded and analyzed the synced videos to see how collaboration played out in various mathematical tasks that employed different distributed environments. In the first analysis chapter, the research question was: How do distributed technological environments mediate collaborative interactions? I examined the nested criteria crossed with different types of distributed environments, categorized according to the relative range of actions one has to the others in the same group. The data consisted of the same triad performing three different tasks, each with a different distribution type. On the surface, the findings demonstrated Dillenbourg’s (1999) criteria in action, thus validating his theory. Digging deeper, however, I also found how the various distributed environments mediated the interactivity, synchronicity, and negotiability of the collaborators. In other words, MathNet was not just used solely as a referent, but rather, also as an active component of students’ thinking processes by serving as either a visualization of students’ ideas or as an exploratory means to develop their spatial reasoning. One of the findings in this chapter demonstrated the potential for distributed environments to support student agency and voice within a negotiation, and that aspect was examined further in the next chapter.In the second analysis chapter, the research question was: In what ways does a tool distribution provide opportunities for students to exercise agency and voice their mathematical thinking during a negotiation? I expanded on a finding from the first analysis chapter and examined the emergence of student agency and voice within a specific distributed environment. The data consisted of negotiations of different groups all performing the same task within the same distributed environment. Findings showed how students used MathNet to create mathematical objects that served as evidence or justification for their thinking; thus, MathNet served as a conduit for students’ voices. One finding also demonstrated how a group of students navigated uncertainty by electing to halt their process altogether and seek assistance from another student group; once the group saw what another group had done, they collectively voiced the same thinking and completed their task.In the third analysis chapter, the research question was: In what ways does a distributed environment support democratic and mathematically productive negotiations? I examined negotiability crossed with positional identities (Esmonde, 2009) as a means of determining democratic and mathematically productive negotiations. The data consisted of 15 negotiations across 3 triads, all working on the same task and within the same distributed environment. Initial findings showed no particular pattern in negotiations that were democratic and/or mathematically productive; in other words, some negotiations were both democratic and mathematically productive, some were only democratic, some were only mathematically productive, and some were neither. These findings, however, demonstrate that democratic or mathematically productive collaborations, or both, are possible within distributed environments. Furthermore, a deeper analysis yields cases where MathNet played an integral part of democratic and/or mathematically productive collaborations, suggesting that there may be design considerations for increasing the likelihood of both kinds of collaboration happening.Throughout my analyses and summary chapters, I discuss next steps, which include research and design considerations. Further research is needed to explore and expose the nature of collaboration in various distributed environments across multiple groups and settings in order to establish any generalizability of the findings. More work can be done to also illuminate the mechanisms behind the technological mediation of collaborative interactions. Student agency and voice needs to be explored in other distributed environments to, again, establish any generalizability. I make suggestions regarding the next iteration of design in distributed environments, and further exploration into these considerations would lead to a deeper understanding of how distributed environments can further support democratic and mathematically productive collaborations
Estimating the effect of mortgage foreclosures on nearby property values: a critical review of the literature
Get PDFIn response to the wave of residential mortgage foreclosures in the past few years, federal, state and local government intervention programs have aimed to reduce the presumed social costs of foreclosures. Before the recent crisis, there was little economic research documenting foreclosure spillover effects. ; This article takes a critical look at the recent literature that seeks to estimate the negative effects of residential mortgage foreclosures. This review suggests that foreclosed properties sell at a discount, likely because such properties are in worse condition than surrounding properties. What's more, very nearby foreclosures appear to depress the sales prices of nondistressed properties, but this effect diminishes rapidly over physical distance and time ; The author suggests that the considerable variation in foreclosure discount and spillover estimates that occurs from study to study may be related to data limitations (specific places and times) and poorly specified empirical models in some studies. He notes that studies using a repeat-sales approach seem to hold greater promise than those using hedonic regressions; the former approach is more likely to hold property and neighborhood characteristics constant and make it easier to examine multiple geographies and longer time periods.
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