72,148 research outputs found
Xizicus (Axizicus) furcus Cui, Liu & Shi 2020, sp. nov.
No full text1. Xizicus (Axizicus) furcus Cui, Liu & Shi sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Description. Male. Body small-sized. Fastigium verticis conical, obtusely rounded apically, with a longitudinal sulcus. Eyes hemispherical and protruding forward. Apical segment of maxillary palpi slightly longer than subapical one, apex feebly swollen. Anterior margin of pronotum comparatively straight, posterior margin obtusely rounded (Fig. 1A); lateral lobes with height nearly equal to length, humeral sinus shallow (Fig. 1B). Thoracic auditory spiracle exposed, ovoid (Fig. 1B). Tegmina extending beyond apices of metafemora remarkably; hind wings slightly longer than tegmina. Procoxae with a spine; tibial tympana open on both sides. Protibiae with 6 outer and 5 inner spines on ventral surface. Mesotibiae with 6 outer and 5 inner spines on ventral surface. Metatibiae with 22–29 outer and inner spines on dorsal surface as well as 1 pair of dorsal apical spurs and 2 pairs of ventral apical spurs. The center of posterior margin of tenth abdominal tergite concave and near area thin (Fig. 1 C–D). Cercus with basal half stout, apical half slender and elongate, apex bluntly rounded; internal margin near middle area with an inner process thin and elongate, curved ventrad and apex subacute (Fig. 1 C–E). Subgenital plate with proximal area slightly broad and distal area narrow, and with a longitudinal groove; posterior margin with a concavity (Fig. 1G). Styli comparatively short, conical and apices bluntly rounded on apices of lateral margins of subgenital plate. Colouration. Body greenish. Pronotal disc with a pair of blackish brown longitudinal stripes (Fig. 1A). Metafemoral genicular lobes with a black spot on inner and outer sides separately, and spines of metatibiae on dorsal surface blackish brown. Female. Appearance is similar to male. Ninth abdominal tergite with lateral areas extended triangularly backwards. Tenth abdominal tergite split longitudinally. Epiproct nearly circular. Cercus conical and apex thin and acute. Subgenital plate nearly trapezoid, with basal half wider and lateral margins near the middle slightly curved dorsad, apical half tapering, and with one conspicuous transverse ridge in the middle, and posterior margin feebly concave (Fig. 1I). Ovipositor slightly straight, basal area stout; dorsal valvulae with apices acute and ventral ones with apices hook-shaped (Fig. 1H). Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Gaoligongshan, Baoshan, Yunnan, Alt. 1800m, N. 25.3023º, E. 98.7952º, 20 September, 2019, coll. Peng Cui. Paratype: 1♀, other data same to the holotype. Measurements (mm). Body: ♂ 12.3, ♀ 14.1; pronotum: ♂ 4.2, ♀ 4.3; tegmina: ♂ 23.1, ♀ 25.2; metafemora: ♂ 10.9, ♀ 12.1; ovipositor: 12.1. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Discussion. The new species resembles Xizicus (Axizicus) falcata Chang, Du & Shi, 2013, but differs from the latter in male cercus with apical half slender and long, and internal margin near middle area with an inner process thin and elongate, curved ventrad, and in female subgenital plate with one conspicuous transverse ridge in the middle area. The new species is similar to Xizicus (Eoxizicus) uncicercus Mao & Shi, 2015 and Xizicus (Eoxizicus) dischidus Di, Han & Shi, 2015, but can be distinguished from them in male cerci with a long inner process and posterior margin of tenth abdominal tergite without process. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from the morphology of male cercus. Latin “ furca ” means bifurcate, indicating the bifurcate shape of cercus.Published as part of Cui, Peng, Liu, Qing & Shi, Fuming, 2020, Two new species of the genus Xizicus Gorochov, 1993 (Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae: Meconematini) from Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China, pp. 44-50 in Zootaxa 4748 (1) on pages 44-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/369757
Xizicus (Eoxizicus) gaoligongshanensis Cui, Liu & Shi 2020, sp. nov.
No full text2. Xizicus (Eoxizicus) gaoligongshanensis Cui, Liu & Shi sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Description. Male. Body small. Fastigium verticis conical, apex slightly rounded, with a distinct longitudinal sulcus. Eyes semiglobular and protruding forward. Apical segment of maxillary palpi about equal to subapical one in length, faintly inflated apically. Anterior margin of pronotum nearly straight, posterior margin obtusely rounded (Fig. 2A); lateral lobes with height nearly equal to length; humeral sinus shallow (Fig. 2B). Thoracic foramen exposed, ovoid (Fig. 2B). Tegmina extending beyond apices of metafemora distinctly; hind wings longer than tegmina by approximately 2 mm. Procoxae with a spine; tibial tympana open on both sides. Protibiae with 6 outer and 5 inner spines on ventral surface, and 2 outer apical and 1 inner apical spines shorter than others. Mesotibiae with 6 outer and 5 inner spines on ventral surface, and 2 outer apical and 1 inner apical spines shorter than others. Metatibiae with 22–24 outer and inner spines on dorsal surface as well as 1 pair of dorsal apical spurs and 2 pairs of ventral apical spurs. Posterior margin of tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of small posterior processes, area between them slightly concave (Fig. 2F). Cercus with basal half stout; internal margin of basal half with a process triangularly expanded, apical area curved dorsad, apex acute; apical half slender and apex bluntly rounded (Fig. 2 C–F). Subgenital plate nearly rectangle (somewhat deformed), posterior margin feebly concave. Styli short, conical, apices rounded, inserted on apices of lateral margins of subgenital plate. Colouration. Body yellowish green (when alive greenish). Pronotal disc with a pair of blackish brown longitudinal stripes (Fig. 2A). Posterior margins of left and right tegmina with blackish brown stripes constituting about 3/4 of the whole tegmen length. Metafemoral genicular lobes with a black spot on inner and outer sides separately, and spines of metatibiae on dorsal surface blackish brown. Female. Appearance is similar to male. Ninth abdominal tergite with middle area narrower, lateral areas extended triangularly backward. Tenth abdominal tergite split longitudinally. Epiproct nearly triangular. Cerci conical and apices thin and acute. Subgenital plate trapezoid with basal half narrow and apical half wide, with one conspicuous transverse fold in the middle, and posterior margin slightly concave (Fig. 2I). Ovipositor with apical half slightly curved dorsad, basal area stout; dorsal valvulae with apices acute and ventral ones with apices hook-shaped (Fig. 2H). Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Gaoligongshan, Baoshan, Yunnan, Alt. 2060m, N. 25.2995º, E. 98.7836º, 16 September, 2019, coll. Peng Cui. Paratype: 1♀, other data same to the holotype. Measurements (mm). Body: ♂ 11.5, ♀ 14.0; pronotum: ♂ 3.8, ♀ 4.3; tegmina: ♂ 22.0, ♀ 24.0; metafemora: ♂ 11.0, ♀ 12.5; ovipositor: 12.2. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Discussion. The new species resembles Xizicus (Eoxizicus) kulingensis (Tinkham, 1943), but differs from the latter in male cercus bearing a process triangularly expanded on the base, in female subgenital plate with one obvious transverse fold in the middle. Etymology. The name of the new species is originated from the type locality.Published as part of Cui, Peng, Liu, Qing & Shi, Fuming, 2020, Two new species of the genus Xizicus Gorochov, 1993 (Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae: Meconematini) from Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China, pp. 44-50 in Zootaxa 4748 (1) on pages 44-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/369757
Youthhood
No full textTESTING-GROUND issue 03, Youthhood, examines worlds through youthful eyes, makes evident young ambitions, and questions how we can better empower young people to design cities, landscapes, and a planet that works for them. The issue includes contributions from: Carmel Keren, Jude Daniel Smith, Claire Edwards, Kazeem Kuteyi, Emmanuel Adarkwah, Reza Nik, Dan Cui, Kristofer Cullum-Fernandez, Fida Sassi, Simeon Shtebunaev, Daze Aghaji, Averill Dimabuyu, Sarri Elfaitouri, Rebecca McDonald-Balfour, and Ed Wall.
Rebecca McDonald-Balfour (Author), Jude Daniel Smith (Author), Daze Aghaji (Author), Carmel Keran (Author), Alexis Liu (Author), Dan Cui (Author), Kristofer Cullum-Fernandez (Author), Fida Sassi (Author), Averill Dimabuyu (Author), Ed
Kuzicus (Kuzicus) bicurvus Cui, Liu & Shi 2019
No full textKuzicus (Kuzicus) bicurvus Cui & Shi, 2019 (Map 1) Kuzicus (Kuzicus) bicurvus Cui, Liu & Shi, 2019. Zootaxa, 4651 (3): 556. Distribution. China (Yunnan).Published as part of Li, Yun, Chen, Chun & Chang, Yanlin, 2021, Further notes on the genus Kuzicus Gorochov, 1993 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae Meconematinae) with description of one new species from China, pp. 273-278 in Zootaxa 5067 (2) on page 275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/567799
Chamaepinnularia taihangensis N. N. Cui & Q. Liu 2023, sp. nov.
No full textChamaepinnularia taihangensis N.N. Cui & Q. Liu sp. nov. Figs 2–20 LM (Figs 2–11):— Large specimens, linear-lanceolate valves with capitate apices and margins with distinct triple curvatures (Figs 2–8). Small specimens, valves elliptic-lanceolate with capitate apices and with or without distinct triple curvature (Figs 9–11). Length 10–14 μm, width 3.0–3.5 μm. Axial area narrow, rhombic, widening toward the middle of valve and nearly reaching the valve margins. Central area rhombic. Striae slightly radiate in the central area and convergent toward the ends, 20–21 in 10 μm. Raphe straight, proximal raphe ends expanded and bent slightly to the same side, the terminal raphe fissures deflected to the same direction. SEM (Figs 12–20):— Externally, striae composed of elongated chamber-like areolae and covered by vela (Figs 12–16). Raphe straight and filiform. Proximal raphe ends expanded and unilaterally deflected (Figs 12, 14). Terminal raphe curved to hook-shaped and continuing onto the mantle (Figs 12, 13, 16). Axial area narrow, rhombic. Fascias present, forming rhombic central areas (Fig. 12). Internally, areolae openings interrupted by siliceous bridge that divides striae in two parts (Fig. 17), one small, rounded and located on the valve face-mantle junction, whereas the other elongated and located on the valve face. Proximal raphe ends unilaterally hooked (Fig. 19). Terminal raphe ends weakly deflected and terminated as well-developed helictoglossae (Figs 18, 20). Type:— CHINA. Taihang Valley, Shanxi Province, epiphyton, 35°12’ N, 113°20’ E, 1760 m asl., June 2020 (holotype SXU! slide THS202006086 = Fig. 3, Freshwater Algal Herbarium of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; isotype: COLO slide, J.P. Kociolek Collection). Etymology:— Named for the region in which it was found. Ecology and distribution:— C. taihangensis sp. nov. was found in Eight spring gorge, Taihang Valley. Conditions in the type material were as follows: Temperature 17.2 ºC, pH = 8.32, EC = 318.6 µs̽ cm-1, AT = 679.4 mm Hg, dissolved oxygen = 9.57 mg ̽L- 1 and total dissolved solids = 279.50 mg ̽L- 1. Associated diatom species: — The type population of C. taihangensis sp. nov. was found in samples associated with other species. In THS202006086, two dominant species were Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki (1994: 157) (25.8 %) and Delicata sinensis Krammer & Metzeltin (2003: 121) (Krammer 2003) (24.0 %). Diatoma moniliformis (Kützing) D.M. Williams (2012: 260) represented 7.5 % of the community with Cymbopleura kuelbsii (Krammer 2003: 94) (5.8 %), Achnanthidium rivulare Potapova & Ponader (2004: 36) (4.0 %), Achnanthidium pyrenaicum (Hustedt) H.Kobayasi (1997: 148) (3.8 %), Denticula elegans Kützing (1844: 44) (3.0 %), Navicula antonii Lange-Bertalot (2000: 155) (Rumrich, U., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Rumrich, M. 2000) (2.8 %), and Chamaepinnularia taihangensis sp. nov. (2.0 %).Published as part of Cui, Nini, Liu, Qi, Liu, Xudong, Nan, Fangru, Kociolek, John Patrick & Xie, Shulian, 2023, Chamaepinnularia taihangensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new diatom species from Taihang Valley, Shanxi province, China, pp. 184-192 in Phytotaxa 587 (2) on pages 185-186, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/773195
Kuzicus (Kuzicus) bicurvus Cui & Liu & Shi 2019, sp. nov.
No full text1. Kuzicus (Kuzicus) bicurvus Cui & Shi sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Description. Male. Body small, medium-large size for the tribe Meconematini. Fastigium verticis conical, apex bluntly rounded, with a median sulcus (Fig. 1C). Eyes semiglobular and distinctly protruding outward. Apical (fifth) segment of maxillary palpus equal to subapical (fourth) one in length, slightly swollen apically. Pronotal disc curved into lateral lobes, posterior transverse sulcus in mid length (Fig. 1C); anterior margin of pronotum nearly straight, posterior margin triangularly rounded (Fig. 1C); lateral lobes longer than deep, posterior margin slightly undulated, humeral sinus indistinct. Thoracic auditory spiracle (= thoracic foramen) large, oval and exposed (Fig. 1A). Tegmina extending beyond apices of hind femora, anterior and posterior margins parallel, apices obtusely rounded; hind wings distinctly longer than tegmina. Procoxae with a spine; tibial tympana open on both sides. Protibiae with 6 outer and 5 inner spines on ventral surface. Mesotibiae with 6 outer and 5 inner spines on ventral surface. Posttibiae with 26–34 outer and inner spines on dorsal surface separately as well as 1 pair of dorsal apical spurs and 2 pairs of ventral apical spurs. Posterior margin of tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of generally symmetrical and long posterior processes, faintly bent ventrad and caudad, split from the base (Fig. 1B, F); proximal half broad, irregular, expanded outward and with a concavity on outer margin; in the middle with a deep concavity connected with distal half; distal half narrow, dorsal and ventral margins lamellate, expended outward, and curved dorsad and ventrad distinctly with apices obtusely rounded (Fig. 1B, F). Cercus stout and short; basal area with a blunt protuberance externally; internal margin feebly longitudinally concave; apex with a curved spine directed mediad on interodorsal margin (Fig. 1E); middle area on internal surface with a process, apical area spine-shaped, apex acute visible from dorsal view (Fig. 1 E–F). Genitalia long and stout, symmetrically arranged and typical of the genus, base broad, slightly thin in the middle area, each lateral margin of dorsal surface expanded outward and folded ventrad (forming a groove respectively), subapical area at lateral margin on dorsal surface with a pair of triangular sclerotized processes, apices acute; subapical area on ventral surface with a pair of pyramid-shaped sclerotized spines; apical area with a pair of nearly bulbous sclerotized titillators, covered with dense thin teeth on the surface, area between them tongue-shaped (Fig. 1 D–E, G–H). Subgenital plate broader than long, with some folds and a pair of sinuate ridges near lateral margins, posterior margin with a broad and shallow excision, slightly produced in the middle (Fig. 1D, G). Styli short and conical, curved ventrad and outward (Fig. 1D). Colouration. Probably yellowish green when alive; whitish to ochre in alcohol (Fig. 1B, D–H), yellowish brown when dried and pinned (Fig. 1A, C). Eyes reddish brown. Fastigium verticis with lateral margins black, median sulcus pale (Fig.1C). Internal margin of antennal socket with lamellate eminentia blackish brown. Apical internal margin of scape black. Pedicel yellowish brown and apically blackishly annulated (Fig. 1C). Antennal flagellum with sparse black markings. Disc of pronotum with a median carina pale and inconspicuous on metazona, a pair of stripes near median carina light brown on prozona; disc with anterior and posterior margins black in the middle (Fig. 1C). Left tegmen with stridulatory field light brown; tegmina with some small rounded light brown spots, randomly and widely scattered; with cells near posterior margin faintly infumated. Hind wings hyaline-colourless. Female. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Mangkuan, Baoshan, Yunnan, 18 August, 2018, coll. Peng Cui. Paratype: 1♂, Mangkuan, Baoshan, Yunnan, 18 August, 2018, coll. Yuanhe Liu. Measurements (mm). Body: ♂ 11.1–12.5; pronotum: ♂ 4.6–4.7; tegmina: ♂ 19.5–20.0; postfemora: ♂ 13.2– 14.2. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Discussion. The new species slightly resembles Kuzicus (Kuzicus) scorpioides Sänger & Helfert, 2006, but it differs in male by: the middle of posterior margin of tenth tergite with one pair of morphologically complex posterior processes, and the distal area without a conspicuous spine like a “scorpion’s poison sting” (Fig. 1B, F); genitalia and cerci are obviously different (Fig. 1D, G–H). Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from the morphology of posterior processes of male tenth abdominal tergite. Latin “ bi- ” means dorsal and ventral margins; Latin “ curv -” means curved.Published as part of Cui, Peng, Liu, Yuanhe & Shi, Fuming, 2019, Notes on the genus Kuzicus Gorochov, 1993 (Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae Meconematini) in China with description of one new species, pp. 555-564 in Zootaxa 4651 (3) on pages 556-558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/336345
Xiphidiopsis (Dinoxiphidiopsis) bifurcatis Cui & Liu & Chang 2020, sp. nov.
No full text1. Xiphidiopsis (Dinoxiphidiopsis) bifurcatis sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Description. Male. Body small. Fastigium verticis conical, apex rounded, with a thin longitudinal sulcus. Eyes oval. Apical segment of maxillary palpi slightly longer than subapical one, apex slightly swollen. Pronotum with anterior margin comparatively straight, posterior margin obtusely rounded (Fig. 1A); lateral lobes longer than deep and humeral sinus shallow (Fig. 1B). Thoracic auditory spiracle exposed, ovoid (Fig. 1B). Tegmina long, with anterior and posterior margins nearly parallel, apices bluntly rounded and extending beyond apices of metafemora; hind wings slightly longer than tegmina. Procoxa with a spine; protibia with 4 long and 2 short apical spines of outer side and 4 long and 1 short apical spines of inner side on ventral surface; tibial tympana open on both sides. Mesotibia with 4 long and 2 short apical spines of outer side and 3 long and 2 short apical spines of inner side on ventral surface. Metatibia with 26–32 outer and inner spines on dorsal surface respectively, as well as 1 pair of dorsal apical spurs and 2 pairs of ventral apical spurs. Median process of tenth abdominal tergite symmetrical, pointing slightly upward and posteriorly, basal half feebly stout and longitudinally concave on ventral surface, apical half about cylindrical and slightly thin, with apex bluntly rounded (Fig. 1 C–D). Both cerci symmetric, base with a circular lobe of inner side on ventral surface; apical half compressed and longitudinally concave on inner side; apical half divided into 2 branches, dorsal branch lamellar, curved interiorly and shorter than ventral one, and ventral one finger-like, slightly narrower, with apex subacute and curved interiorly (Fig. 1 D–E). Subgenital plate nearly rectangular, with basal half slightly broad and apical half narrower, two thirds base slightly longitudinally concave, lateral margins feebly folded dorsad, apex widely rounded, and styli thin and long on lateral margins of subapical area on ventral surface. Genitalia completely membranous. Colouration. Body greenish. Genicular lobules of metafemur with a black spot on inner and outer sides respectively. Apical area of tegminal stridulatory field light brown. Female. Unkonwn. Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Nabang, Yingjiang, Yunnan, 2 November, 2019, coll. Peng Cui. Paratypes: 1♂, Banhong, Cangyuan, Yunnan, 5 August, 2016, coll. Baojie Du and Xinghui Zhu; 1♂, Mengsong, Menghai, Yun- nan, 18 August, 2019, coll. Qidi Zhu and Yun Li. Measurements (mm). Body: ♂ 10.5; pronotum: ♂ 3.8–4.1; tegmina: ♂ 17.0–18.1; metafemora: ♂ 10.0–10.2. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Discussion. The new species is most similar to Xiphidiopsis (Dinoxiphidiopsis) jacobsoni Gorochov, 1993, but distinguished by unpaired hind median process of tenth abdominal tergite with apex obtusely rounded; apical half of cercus divided into 2 branches, dorsal branch lamellar, and shorter than ventral one finger-like, slightly narrower, both curved interiorly; and male subgenital plate nearly rectangular. Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from the morphology of apical half of male cercus bifurcate.Published as part of Cui, Peng, Liu, Qing & Chang, Yanlin, 2020, Two new species of the genus Xiphidiopsis Redtenbacher, 1891 (Tettigoniidae Meconematinae: Meconematini) from Yunnan, China, pp. 127-132 in Zootaxa 4845 (1) on pages 127-129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4845.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/440606
Liu Kang
No full textLiu Kang: Essays on Art and Culture is a testament to the inexorable passion of an artist who knew no boundaries. This collection of essays, which Liu Kang wrote over 44 years, offers an insight into the artist’s myriad interests as well as his contributions as a first generation Nanyang artist and art educator. Translated into English for this volume, Liu Kang’s essays are accompanied by commentaries and photographs of the artist-author and his subjects
Pieneräoppiminen kuvan luokitteluun
No full textAbstractHumans, even children, can acquire abundant information from limited data, while current deep learning techniques are data-hungry and cannot rapidly generalize from a few samples. Inspired by human intelligence, Few-Shot Learning (FSL) has emerged, aiming to solve target tasks with only a few labeled examples. As a hypothesis in FSL, a large auxiliary labeled dataset is required for offline training first, and then the acquired knowledge is transferred to the downstream FSL task. Notably, another gap between humans and machines is that humans can constantly perceive and learn new concepts without forgetting previous knowledge. Even using FSL techniques, the trained model still suffers the catastrophic forgetting issue. This thesis contributes to the research on Few-Shot Learning (FSL) for image classification from two aspects: 1) Unsupervised FSL (UFSL): How to transfer prior knowledge learned from a fully unlabeled auxiliary dataset to novel tasks with a few examples? 2) Few-Shot Continual Learning (FSCL): How to continually learn FSL tasks?In the first part of this thesis, one meta-learning-based method is proposed to explore the coarse-to-fine pseudo supervision from the unlabeled auxiliary dataset for the downstream FSL task, which is deemed as more comprehensive supervision than previous methods. This method aims to optimize the meta-task sampling process in the unsupervised meta-training stage, which is one of the dominant factors for improving the performance of meta-learning-based FSL algorithms.In the second part of this thesis, the research on FSCL mainly focuses on three aspects: (1) The configuration of Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning (FSCIL). Targeting the unresolved issues, the FSCIL is reconfigured with the open-set hypothesis by reserving the possibility in the first session for incoming categories. (2) Semi-supervised FSCIL (Semi-FSCIL). The pioneering Semi-FSCIL work is conducted, which requires CNN models incrementally to learn new classes from very few labeled samples and a large number of unlabeled samples. To handle the adaptability issue brought by unlabeled data, two uncertainty-aware methods are proposed to explore the upper bound of performance improvement with unlabeled samples. (3) Generalized Few-Shot Continual Learning (GFSCL). A more practical protocol is set up considering both class- and domain-incremental situations together with the domain generalization assessment. Subsequently, a rehearsal-free framework for GFSCL based on Vision Transformer (ViT) is further established.Original papersOriginal papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.Cui, Y., Liao, Q., Hu, D., An, W., & Liu, L. (2022). Coarse-to-fine pseudo supervision guided meta-task optimization for few-shot object classification. Pattern Recognition, 122, 108296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2021.108296Self-archived versionCui, Y., Yu, Z., Peng, W. & Liu, L. (2023). Rethinking few-shot class-incremental learning with open-set hypothesis in hyperbolic geometry. Manuscript submitted for publication.Cui, Y., Xiong, W., Tavakolian, M., & Liu, L. (2021). Semi-supervised few-shot class-incremental learning. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 1239–1243. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP42928.2021.9506346Self-archived versionCui, Y., Deng, W., Xu, X., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Pietikainen, M., & Liu, L. (2022). Uncertainty-guided semi-supervised few-shot class-incremental learning with knowledge distillation. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2022.3208743Self-archived versionCui, Y., Deng, W., Chen, H., & Liu, L. (2023). Uncertainty-aware distillation for semi-supervised few-shot class-incremental learning. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2023.3277018Cui, Y., Yu, Z., Cai, R., Wang, X., Kot, A., & Liu, L. (2023). Generalized few-shot continual learning with contrastive mixture of adapters. Manuscript submitted for publication.TiivistelmäIhmiset, jopa lapset, kykenevät hankkimaan laajan määrän tietoa rajatusta datasta, mutta tämänhetkiset syväoppimistekniikat vaativat paljon dataa eivätkä pysty generalisoimaan muutamasta näytteestä. Inspiroituneena ihmisen älykkyydestä on kehitetty pieneräoppimista, jonka tarkoituksena on ratkaista ongelmia vain muutamalla näytteellä. Pieneräoppiminen käyttää hyödykseen suurta ylimääräistä tietolähdettä esiopetukseen, josta tieto siirretään haluttuun ongelmaan. Toisena ongelmana ihmisten ja koneiden välillä on se, että ihmiset voivat jatkuvasti havainnoida ja oppia uusia konsepteja ilman vanhojen unohtamista. Koneoppimismallit kärsivät katastrofaalisen unohtamisen ongelmasta, vaikka käytettäisiin pieneräoppimista. Tässä väitöskirjassa esitetään seuraavat ratkaisut pieneräoppimisen tutkimukseen. Ensimmäiseksi esitellään ohjaamaton pieneräoppiminen: miten siirtää ennalta opittu tieto luokittelemattomasta tietolähteestä uuteen tehtävään käyttäen vain muutamaa näytettä? Toiseksi jatkuva pieneräoppiminen: miten oppia jatkuvasti eri pienerätehtäviä?Ensimmäisessä osassa tätä väitöskirjaa esitellään metaoppimiseen perustuva tekniikka, joka käyttää hyödykseen karheasta yksityiskohtiin lähestymistapaa esiopetuksessa, mikä on kattavampi edellisiin tekniikoihin verrattuna. Esitetty tekniikka pyrkii optimoimaan metatehtävän näytteistystä esiopetus vaiheessa, mikä on yksi hallitsevista tekijöistä meta-pieneräoppimistekniikoiden suoritustehokkuuteen.Väitöskirjan toisessa osuudessa esitellään jatkuvaa pieneräoppimista kolmesta eri näkökulmasta. 1) Inkrementaalisen pieneräoppimisen asetelma määritellään uudelleen käyttäen avoimen joukon hypoteesia, mikä mahdollistaa uusien luokkien käytön ensimmäisessä tilanteessa. 2) Osittain ohjatussa inkrementaalisessa pieneräoppimisessa malli oppii inkrementaalisesti uusia luokkia hyvin pienestä määrästä luokiteltua dataa ja suuresta määrästä ei-luokiteltua dataa. Luokitellun ja ei-luokitellun datan sopeutuvuus ongelmaan esitetään kaksi epävarmuutta huomioivaa tekniikkaa. 3) Käytännöllisempää protokollaa käsitellään generalisoidussa pieneräoppimisessa, jossa ongelmana on sekä luokkien että alueiden inkrementaalinen oppiminen. Sen lisäksi esitellään harjoitteluvapaa viitekehys generalisoituun pieneräoppimiseen.OsajulkaisutOsajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon.Cui, Y., Liao, Q., Hu, D., An, W., & Liu, L. (2022). Coarse-to-fine pseudo supervision guided meta-task optimization for few-shot object classification. Pattern Recognition, 122, 108296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2021.108296Rinnakkaistallennettu versioCui, Y., Yu, Z., Peng, W. & Liu, L. (2023). Rethinking few-shot class-incremental learning with open-set hypothesis in hyperbolic geometry. Manuscript submitted for publication.Cui, Y., Xiong, W., Tavakolian, M., & Liu, L. (2021). Semi-supervised few-shot class-incremental learning. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 1239–1243. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP42928.2021.9506346Rinnakkaistallennettu versioCui, Y., Deng, W., Xu, X., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Pietikainen, M., & Liu, L. (2022). Uncertainty-guided semi-supervised few-shot class-incremental learning with knowledge distillation. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2022.3208743Rinnakkaistallennettu versioCui, Y., Deng, W., Chen, H., & Liu, L. (2023). Uncertainty-aware distillation for semi-supervised few-shot class-incremental learning. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2023.3277018Cui, Y., Yu, Z., Cai, R., Wang, X., Kot, A., & Liu, L. (2023). Generalized few-shot continual learning with contrastive mixture of adapters. Manuscript submitted for publication.Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Programme Committee of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP auditorium (L10), Linnanmaa, on 17 October 2023, at 12 noonAbstract
Humans, even children, can acquire abundant information from limited data, while current deep learning techniques are data-hungry and cannot rapidly generalize from a few samples. Inspired by human intelligence, Few-Shot Learning (FSL) has emerged, aiming to solve target tasks with only a few labeled examples. As a hypothesis in FSL, a large auxiliary labeled dataset is required for offline training first, and then the acquired knowledge is transferred to the downstream FSL task. Notably, another gap between humans and machines is that humans can constantly perceive and learn new concepts without forgetting previous knowledge. Even using FSL techniques, the trained model still suffers the catastrophic forgetting issue. This thesis contributes to the research on Few-Shot Learning (FSL) for image classification from two aspects: 1) Unsupervised FSL (UFSL): How to transfer prior knowledge learned from a fully unlabeled auxiliary dataset to novel tasks with a few examples? 2) Few-Shot Continual Learning (FSCL): How to continually learn FSL tasks?
In the first part of this thesis, one meta-learning-based method is proposed to explore the coarse-to-fine pseudo supervision from the unlabeled auxiliary dataset for the downstream FSL task, which is deemed as more comprehensive supervision than previous methods. This method aims to optimize the meta-task sampling process in the unsupervised meta-training stage, which is one of the dominant factors for improving the performance of meta-learning-based FSL algorithms.
In the second part of this thesis, the research on FSCL mainly focuses on three aspects: (1) The configuration of Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning (FSCIL). Targeting the unresolved issues, the FSCIL is reconfigured with the open-set hypothesis by reserving the possibility in the first session for incoming categories. (2) Semi-supervised FSCIL (Semi-FSCIL). The pioneering Semi-FSCIL work is conducted, which requires CNN models incrementally to learn new classes from very few labeled samples and a large number of unlabeled samples. To handle the adaptability issue brought by unlabeled data, two uncertainty-aware methods are proposed to explore the upper bound of performance improvement with unlabeled samples. (3) Generalized Few-Shot Continual Learning (GFSCL). A more practical protocol is set up considering both class- and domain-incremental situations together with the domain generalization assessment. Subsequently, a rehearsal-free framework for GFSCL based on Vision Transformer (ViT) is further established.Tiivistelmä
Ihmiset, jopa lapset, kykenevät hankkimaan laajan määrän tietoa rajatusta datasta, mutta tämänhetkiset syväoppimistekniikat vaativat paljon dataa eivätkä pysty generalisoimaan muutamasta näytteestä. Inspiroituneena ihmisen älykkyydestä on kehitetty pieneräoppimista, jonka tarkoituksena on ratkaista ongelmia vain muutamalla näytteellä. Pieneräoppiminen käyttää hyödykseen suurta ylimääräistä tietolähdettä esiopetukseen, josta tieto siirretään haluttuun ongelmaan. Toisena ongelmana ihmisten ja koneiden välillä on se, että ihmiset voivat jatkuvasti havainnoida ja oppia uusia konsepteja ilman vanhojen unohtamista. Koneoppimismallit kärsivät katastrofaalisen unohtamisen ongelmasta, vaikka käytettäisiin pieneräoppimista. Tässä väitöskirjassa esitetään seuraavat ratkaisut pieneräoppimisen tutkimukseen. Ensimmäiseksi esitellään ohjaamaton pieneräoppiminen: miten siirtää ennalta opittu tieto luokittelemattomasta tietolähteestä uuteen tehtävään käyttäen vain muutamaa näytettä? Toiseksi jatkuva pieneräoppiminen: miten oppia jatkuvasti eri pienerätehtäviä?
Ensimmäisessä osassa tätä väitöskirjaa esitellään metaoppimiseen perustuva tekniikka, joka käyttää hyödykseen karheasta yksityiskohtiin lähestymistapaa esiopetuksessa, mikä on kattavampi edellisiin tekniikoihin verrattuna. Esitetty tekniikka pyrkii optimoimaan metatehtävän näytteistystä esiopetus vaiheessa, mikä on yksi hallitsevista tekijöistä meta-pieneräoppimistekniikoiden suoritustehokkuuteen.
Väitöskirjan toisessa osuudessa esitellään jatkuvaa pieneräoppimista kolmesta eri näkökulmasta. 1) Inkrementaalisen pieneräoppimisen asetelma määritellään uudelleen käyttäen avoimen joukon hypoteesia, mikä mahdollistaa uusien luokkien käytön ensimmäisessä tilanteessa. 2) Osittain ohjatussa inkrementaalisessa pieneräoppimisessa malli oppii inkrementaalisesti uusia luokkia hyvin pienestä määrästä luokiteltua dataa ja suuresta määrästä ei-luokiteltua dataa. Luokitellun ja ei-luokitellun datan sopeutuvuus ongelmaan esitetään kaksi epävarmuutta huomioivaa tekniikkaa. 3) Käytännöllisempää protokollaa käsitellään generalisoidussa pieneräoppimisessa, jossa ongelmana on sekä luokkien että alueiden inkrementaalinen oppiminen. Sen lisäksi esitellään harjoitteluvapaa viitekehys generalisoituun pieneräoppimiseen
L’eresia della coerenza – Liu Xiaobo e la Cina del benessere economico
No full textIntroduzione al saggio di Liu Xiaobo La filosofia del maiale in cui viene delineata quell’”eresia della coerenza” che ha portato l'intellettuale a seguire l’imperativo morale di rispettare i propri principi fino all’autodistruzione e al sacrificio. Un'eresia che ha finito per rafforzare, anche sul piano intellettuale, quell’isolamento fisico e sociale imposto a Liu Xiaobo dalle autorità giudiziarie
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