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    Peribulbar tramadol, clonidine, and ropivacaine in blind and seeing painful eyes

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    PURPOSE. To report on the treatment of painful eyes by peribulbar injection of tramadol, clonidine, and ropivacaine. METHODS. The authors treated a 72-year-old woman with chronic prephthisical pain in the left eye secondary to graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty and an 81-year-old woman with severe ocular pain in her left eye for neovascular glaucoma secondary to an ischemic central vein occlusion. They were treated with a medial canthus injection of tramadol (100 mg/2 mL ampules), clonidine (0.15 mg/1 mL ampules), and 1% ropivacaine. RESULTS. Both injections were very well tolerated and neither transient nor lasting complications were reported. Complete pain relief was obtained in both patients within 1 day and was maintained throughout the follow-up (11 months and 7 months). CONCLUSIONS. Peribulbar tramadol, clonidine, and ropivacaine injection may represent a safe and effective treatment modality in the management of chronic ocular pain

    Racing car design using Knowledge Aided Engineering

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    William P. Birmingham, Editor, Cambridge University Pres
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