1,721,447 research outputs found
How Much Horizontal Innovation Is Consistent with Vertical Innovation?
No full textR&D-driven growth theory emphasizes vertical and horizontal innovation activities for long run growth. In this paper, we show
that the real world co-existence of both innovative activities restricts the admissible laws of motion for horizontal innovation,
thereby allowing to test the admissible range of intertemporal horizontal R&D spillovers. Private arbitrage between manufacturing
and vertically innovating makes quality improving R&D profitable if and only if the horizontal innovation rate does not exceed the
population growth rate. Hence, the mere observation of positive vertical innovation suggests that the number of new sectors has not
been increasing faster than population
R&D and Espionage: Effects on Income Level, Growth, and Inequality.
No full textUna parte de la literatura del crecimiento considera que los recursos intangibles tales como las
ideas y el conocimiento son el motor principal de la prosperidad económica. Por su naturaleza intrínseca,
las ideas son más fáciles de robar que los factores productivos tradicionales como el capital físico
o la tierra. Consideramos una economía en la que la innovación consiste en el aumento de la calidad
de los productos existentes, y en la que la variedad del producto crece en proporción al tamaño
de la población. Basándonos en cierta evidencia reciente, suponemos que el robo de ideas puede producirse
en la fase de I+D. El artículo muestra que con una población creciente y con una tasa de crecimiento
de la población suficientemente importante, la fracción de trabajadores dedicados a actividades
de espionaje tiende a ser constante. En economías donde el proceso I+D es más vulnerable al
robo de ideas, la tasa de crecimiento es más baja. Finalmente, señalamos que los subsidios no diferenciados
a la I+D, no tienen ningún efecto a largo plazo en el crecimiento, pero afectan positivamente
a los salarios y negativamente a los niveles de renta per cápita de estado estacionario.A strand of growth literature considers intangible assets –such as ideas and knowledge– as the main
engine for economic prosperity. Because of its intrinsic nature ideas are much more easily stolen than
traditional production factors such as physical capital and land. We consider an economy in which
innovation consists in upgrading the quality of the existing products, and in which the product variety
grows in proportion to population size. Inspired by recent evidence, we assume that ideas theft can
occur at the R&D level. We show that with growing population and with a large enough population
growth rate, the fraction of labor engaged in spying activities tends to be constant. In economies
where the R&D process is more vulnerable to idea theft, growth rates are lower. Finally, we show that
undifferentiated R&D subsidies have no long run growth effects, but subsidies positively affect wages
and negatively affect steady state per-capita income levels
Intellectual appropriability, product differentiation, and growth
No full textIn the modern world, the main assets are immaterial ideas. Such assets are much more easily stolen than traditional factors such as physical capital and land. In this paper, we investigate the long-run growth effects of intellectual misappropriation at the R&D level. We adopt a generalized framework with both vertical and horizontal innovation. Inspired by recent evidence and by the patent law, we assume that only vertical innovations can be spied, because they are less easily patented than horizontal innovations. The main results are: (1) despite growing population, the fraction of labor engaged in spying activities tends to be constant; (2) in economies in which the R&D process is more vulnerable to ideas theft, growth rates are lower but product differentiation will be more intense; (3) intellectual misappropriation neutralizes the positive growth effect of R&D subsidies but not their positive level effects
Che cosa c’è a monte di un formaggio a Denominazione di Origine Protetta? Uno sguardo alla filiera produttiva dell’Asiago DOP
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Are we mislabelling long covid in children and adolescents?
No full textIn their commentary on the Norwegian cohort study by Magnusson, Zimmerman and colleagues point
out that what is labelled as “long covid” in many children and adolescents seems to have no clear relation
to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Recent population studies conducted in Denmark and Germany found that the prevalence and type of
symptoms reported during the pandemic were similar in children with and without a recent verified
SARS-CoV-2 infection. The first showed that school children without SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced
significantly more concentration difficulties, headaches, and muscle and joint pain than their peers with
infection.
Several other studies have reported that the pandemic has led to a worsening of anxious, depressive, and
post-traumatic symptoms in children and adolescents.5 Forced isolation, familial difficulties, concerns for
relatives’ and friends’ health, loss of structures of support, and school closures are considered responsible
for the increase in mental health problems that we are experiencing.
We are not suggesting that everyone who continues to experience symptoms after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection
has mental health problems. Nevertheless, we should consider that the pandemic brings a huge burden of
emotional distress and suffering to children and adolescents. By uncritically applying a label of long covid,
we risk mislabelling patients with mental health problems and, even worse, perpetuating and strengthening
symptoms in people predisposed to such problems. Describing new medical conditions and labelling patients
should not be considered without risk
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