41 research outputs found
The safety and security of cultural heritage in zones of war or instability
No full textA nation's cultural heritage represents its past, its present and its path to the future, but for many
years, the cultural heritage in or adjacent to war and conflict zones has been subject to continual
assault, both deliberate and unintended.
This book presents papers delivered at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop entitled “Cultural
Heritage’s safety and security in zone of war or instability”, hosted online by the university of Rome
from 25 - 27 November 2020. NATO has always been a leading player in the protection of cultural
property (CPP) in the areas in which it intervenes, indeed, the protection of cultural property and
common heritage is part of NATO’s core values. In addition to this, the illicit trade in antiquities and
archaeological finds represents another danger to cultural heritage and can help to finance the
terrorist groups that manage to seize these assets. The workshop aimed to explore ways to protect
and safeguard cultural heritage in war zones or from terrorist attacks, and a group of international
experts were invited to contribute presentations on selected topics of direct relevance to the
processes in NATO with regard to CPP. Topics included: the experiences of international institutions;
conservation and restoration; and countermeasures, technologies and examples of successful
interventions.
The book raises awareness of the importance of safeguarding cultural heritage and sets out ways of
tackling the problem. It will be of interest to all those working in the field of protecting cultural heritage
in unstable areas
The Securization of Migration in France The shifting threat of migration: From a threat to culture to a source of terrorism
No full textThis paper seeks to assess how migration has become a matter of security in France. It will use securitization as a theoretical framework to explore how migration has become securitized in France over the past 25 years, and argue that migration has shifted from a perceived threat to societal and cultural security to a more traditional threat to security, specifically in the form of terrorism. It argues that the Syrian refugee crisis and recent terrorist attacks in France have shifted the securitization of migration from being presented as a threat to domestic culture to a traditional national security threat. Broadly, this paper will look at the refugee crisis, terrorist attacks in France and the integration of minorities and how these issues contribute to the securitization of migration. By analyzing current events surrounding the refugee crisis in France and the securitizing power of French Laws and EU treaties, it is possible to see how pervasive the securitization of migration has become in contemporary France. This paper argues that migration has become securitized through political discourse, discourse in the media, and the practices of security and policing officials. Securitization of migration in France has resulted from failed integration of the large Muslim-majority immigrant population, riots in the banlieue and the communities’ unproven links to terrorism, recent terrorist attacks, and the Syrian refugee crisis. This paper finds that securitization in France is largely directed at the significant Muslim population living in the poor banlieue outside of major cities, and more recently the refugees arriving in Europe. Linking refugees and minority populations to a terrorist threat has negative implications for these communities, and this paper finds that often these linkages are based more on perception than reality. The paper concludes that societal issues in France need to be addressed beyond the scope of security
Interactable Conflict: The Israel-Palestinian Conflict and Jerusalem Issue Examined.
No full textThe Palestinian-Israeli conflict is intractable, given its long-lasting nature and its resistance to resolution.
This paper unpacks the notion of intractable conflict. Attributing intractability to ancient hatreds, or other
meta-narratives, is not sufficient. Rather, these conflicts are rooted in issues of resource competition, and
in turn the threats to socio-economic and personal security, lack of potential prosperity, and political
restriction that the resulting conflict engenders and feeds from. This paper points to both the Palestinian-
Israeli conflict in general, as well as the specific issue of Jerusalem, to demonstrate that the efforts of the
international community have fundamentally failed to bring about resolution to the conflict. This essay
argues that the efforts of the international community have been excessively state-centric in nature,
focusing on issues of borders and political arrangement. To reach a resolution to this conflict, the efforts
of the international community need to target the people, namely the Palestinians, through efforts to
provide physical safety, economic/political opportunity, and an overall sense of future prosperity. Efforts
must provide a positive impetus not to engage in conflict for the populace in order to disempower the
cyclical nature of intractable conflict. Further research is required to understand the motivation of
empowered actors to continuously engage in conflict, though it is suspected that the drivers are also
resource and socio-economically based. The understanding of intractable conflict presented in this paper
would benefit from additional vetting against other notable areas of intractable conflict around the world
Interactable Conflict: The Israel-Palestinian Conflict and Jerusalem Issue Examined.
No full textThe Palestinian-Israeli conflict is intractable, given its long-lasting nature and its resistance to resolution.
This paper unpacks the notion of intractable conflict. Attributing intractability to ancient hatreds, or other
meta-narratives, is not sufficient. Rather, these conflicts are rooted in issues of resource competition, and
in turn the threats to socio-economic and personal security, lack of potential prosperity, and political
restriction that the resulting conflict engenders and feeds from. This paper points to both the Palestinian-
Israeli conflict in general, as well as the specific issue of Jerusalem, to demonstrate that the efforts of the
international community have fundamentally failed to bring about resolution to the conflict. This essay
argues that the efforts of the international community have been excessively state-centric in nature,
focusing on issues of borders and political arrangement. To reach a resolution to this conflict, the efforts
of the international community need to target the people, namely the Palestinians, through efforts to
provide physical safety, economic/political opportunity, and an overall sense of future prosperity. Efforts
must provide a positive impetus not to engage in conflict for the populace in order to disempower the
cyclical nature of intractable conflict. Further research is required to understand the motivation of
empowered actors to continuously engage in conflict, though it is suspected that the drivers are also
resource and socio-economically based. The understanding of intractable conflict presented in this paper
would benefit from additional vetting against other notable areas of intractable conflict around the world
“Law and Justice?” Understanding Poland’s asylum policy through the lens of Europeanization
No full textThis article investigates Poland’s rejection of the migrant relocation scheme that was put in place by the European Union (EU) in response to the 2015 migrant crisis. The conceptual framework of Europeanization is used to demonstrate the process of Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004, and to analyze the developments of Poland’s asylum policy. The body of literature on Europeanization highlights the power that EU acquis communautaire has in shaping candidate countries policies to match the values of the EU. This includes candidate countries adopting the restrictive nature of the EU’s migration policy. Through the implementation of the Amsterdam Treaty, the way in which policy decisions on asylum and migration were made shifted away from the intergovernmental approach towards the community method. This paper will argue that following the shift in decision-making at the EU-level, tension rose between the interests of the EU and its Member States, as not all Member State’s interests were being represented at the EU-level. This paper concludes that in the case of Poland asylum policy failed to Europeanize, and a clear divergence emerged between the interests of Poland as a Member State and the views and priorities of the EU
Power and Water in Jordan and Israel: An Exploration of Hydro-Hegemony in the post-Peace Treaty Era
No full textWater resources in the Lower Jordan Basin states of Israel, Palestine and Jordan have historically been characterized by unilateral development, competition and conflict, but have seen increasing levels of cooperation since the 1994 Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty. This new era of cooperation, however, is not immune to power relations, as Israel remains the dominant economic and military force of the region. This paper will explore how the power dynamic between Israel and Jordan has evolved in the post-Peace Treaty era, as it pertains to water-related affairs. This paper then presents the question; can Jordan’s active role in pursuing joint Jordan-Israel water projects be seen as acting in concert with or in opposition to Israeli hydro-hegemony? Ultimately, the research will present the argument that Jordanian interactions largely complied with Israeli hegemonic leadership in the fields of ideological and normative power, which are considered highly effective in generating consent. There is however also notable evidence that Jordan has strategically used counter-hegemonic mechanisms in the ‘leverage’ field, seeking to increase Jordan’s position within the existing hegemonic order, without attempting to replace it or fundamentally change it. The prevalence of these contest mechanisms demonstrates that the hegemonic order of the Lower Jordan River Basin is not complete, and that Jordan is at least partially acting as a counter hydro-hegemonic force, while primarily complying with the existing hegemonic order
The Securitization of Migration in Lebanon: Lebanese Securitization of Syrian Refugees since 2011
No full textThis paper seeks to examine the securitization of Syrian refugees in Lebanon by using securitization theory with a sociological approach, to determine the extent and success of securitization of Syrian refugees in Lebanon, since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war and mass migration of Syrians in 2011. By analyzing Lebanese history and context, and the securitizing speech acts and policy performed by government and media, the extent, success, and impact of securitization of Syrian refugees in Lebanon is demonstrated. The lack of comprehensive migration policy by the Lebanese government in combination with the greater political objectives of Lebanese politicians, has created an environment of highly politicized and
securitized rhetoric regarding Syrian refugees. The collective history and current day context of life in Lebanon has made the Lebanese public highly receptive to such narratives, ultimately facilitating the continuance of such discourse throughout Lebanese social and political arenas. This research finds that the securitization of Syrian refugees in Lebanon has been quite successful due to the overlap and intersection of several sociocultural and historical factors, along with the dynamic between different actors in the securitization process. This paper concludes that despite the framing of Syrian refugees as social and national security threats, the
securitization of this population is largely performed by political elite for greater political purposes, rather than legitimate concern for security. The Government of Lebanon has effectively used Syrian refugees as a scapegoat for social malcontent surrounding longstanding governance and development issues, and has leveraged its role as a host to secure international funding
DEFINING THE OTHER Israeli Securitization of the Palestinian population in the West Bank and Gaza since 2009
No full textThe aim of this research paper is to understand and explain a range of extraordinary policies enacted by the Israeli state towards Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip from 2009 to the present using different models of securitization. There is a relative dearth of Israeli case studies in the securitization literature, as well as a need to fully explore alternative models of securitization. This paper will therefore discuss securitization theory and its main critiques, then apply those proposed models to topics drawn from the Israel-Palestine conflict from 2009 to the present day. Doing so reveals that the original model of securitization still offers the most utility for explaining a wide range of events, though this is most likely due to the other schools being underdeveloped rather than fundamental weakness in their argument
European Union foreign policy and the Middle East process (1991-2002)
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
