1,721,154 research outputs found
A unified framework to catalogue and classify digital games based on interaction design and validation through clustering techniques
Full text linkThe digital games industry has grown exponentially due to the diversification of games and the increasing multiplicity of the user target base. The market explosion and the great variety make digital game cataloguing and classification challenging issues whose effectiveness can advance scientific research and address design, development and distribution. Firstly, the present study reviews previous cataloguing for video and serious games through systematic literature review and, joining together the findings from the literature review, develops a unified cataloguing model based on five definitions. This model can aid designers in tailoring their applications and contribute to disseminating game design knowledge in academic research. Then, a matrix that correlates design principles and the cataloguing model’s metadata is applied to the cataloguing model, obtaining a unified classification system. Together, they offer a comprehensive framework for understanding the multifaceted landscape of digital games, addressing the limitations of existing domain-specific approaches and providing a versatile tool for game designers. Research validation exploits a two-stage cluster analysis using agglomerative hierarchical and k-means clustering on the data extracted from a sample of digital games. The results show the framework's effectiveness in categorizing digital games without a clear-cut distinction between video and serious games. The system's application in real-world scenarios suggests its potential to guide game development. Future work will refine the proposal based on feedback from digital game designers, expanding the research scope to include a broader range of games
Integrating the PD-L1 Prognostic Biomarker in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer in Clinical Practice-A Comprehensive Review on State-of-the-Art Advances and Critical Issues
No full textBladder cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), comprising the majority of initial BC presentations, requires accurate risk stratification for optimal management. This review explores the evolving role of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a prognostic biomarker in NMIBC, with a particular focus on its implications in the context of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy. The literature suggests a potential association between elevated PD-L1 status and adverse outcomes, resistance to BCG treatment, and disease progression. However, conflicting findings and methodological issues highlight the heterogeneity of PD-L1 assessment in NMIBC, probably due to the complex biological mechanisms that regulate the interaction between PD-L1 and the tumor microenvironment. The identification of PD-L1 as a prognostic biomarker provides ground for tailored therapeutic interventions, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nevertheless, challenges such as intratumoral heterogeneity and technical issues underscore the need for standardized protocols and larger, homogeneous trials. This review contributes to the ongoing debate on the personalized management of NMIBC patients, focusing on the advances and perspectives of incorporating PD-L1 as a biomarker in this setting
Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer with Variant Histology: Biological Features and Clinical Implications
No full textExploring game design approaches through conversations with designers
Full text linkThis paper explores game designers’ attitudes and praxis through a Grounded Theory analysis of data collected from interviews with 11 game design professionals. The aim of the research is to investigate and map possible shared approaches and strategies. The study presents a theoretical framework based on the core category “Balancing permanence and change”. Designers appear to build and maintain elements of stability, and contemporarily ensure the process’ flexibility and adaptability to possible constraints through collaborative approaches and iterative methods. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of game design practices and provide a theoretical framework for interpreting designers’ choices. Future research should assess the adaptability of the framework across game genres and cultural backgrounds of designers
ORAL PROPHYLAXIS WITH FOSFOMYCIN TROMETAMOL IN TRANSURETHRAL PROSTATECTOMY AND UROLOGICAL MANEUVERS - LITERATURE-REVIEW AND PERSONAL-EXPERIENCE
No full textA method to formalise game design praxis
No full textThe present study employs the qualitative method of Grounded Theory to analyse insights from interviews with 11 game design professionals, with the aim of investigating possible shared approaches and practices. The paper proposes a preliminary comprehensive theoretical framework centred on the core category "Balancing Permanence and Change", revealing designers' nuanced approach to simultaneously maintaining stability and flexibility in their creative process. Collaborative and iterative methods allow them to construct and sustain stable elements while preserving adaptability to potential constraints. The framework can deepen the understanding of game design practices, offering a comprehensive perspective on designers' decision-making processes. In addition, a Pearson's chi-square test was performed to assess the framework's coherence. Future works should evaluate framework's applicability across genres and different cultural contexts
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