1,721,120 research outputs found
Between the Doctor and the Patient: The Role of the Unconscious in the Relationship
No full textEffective communication between the doctor and the patient is considered the core element within the clinical care setting, as it can contribute to greater understanding of medical information, resulting in a significant level of engagement, awareness, general competence, and empowerment of the individual, which is personally involved in the decision-making process. From this perspective, the doctor-patient relationship may have significant implications on health outcomes and medical care. Here, we begin by providing a brief overview of the main interpersonal communication skills and contexts in which the doctor-patient relationship occurs. We will continue by summarising the most significant changes in the doctor-patient relationship over the last few decades, as well as the main theoretical models implicated. The rest of the chapter will focus on social cognition (a complex set of mental abilities) with reference to the Theory of Mind (ToM) and Empathy, highlighting the human disposition to mentalize and the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, which is necessary at all stages of the care processes. Finally, we will discuss the brain areas activated and implicated in response to the patients’ needs and possible future direction
Mindfulness per i disturbi del comportamento. Modelli di intervento e attività per bambini e genitori
No full textStudi scientifici mostrano come le pratiche mindfulness possano avere effetti significativi sui processi di regolazione delle emozioni e dell’attenzione nonché sulle capacità di fronteggiare lo stress. Se adeguatamente strutturate, le pratiche mindfulness possono essere un ottimo supporto a integrazione di un percorso terapeutico volto a migliorare l’adattamento anche in individui giovani, come bambini e adolescenti. Anche i genitori, attraverso la pratica, possono trovare un nuovo modo di percepire le proprie difficoltà.
Frutto di un progetto clinico di ricerca creato dalla collaborazione fra Università di Pisa e IRCCS — Fondazione Stella Maris, il volume propone due programmi mindfulness pensati specificamente per i bambini in età evolutiva con difficoltà di comportamento e per i loro genitori.
Ciascun programma prevede meditazioni, discussioni e momenti di gioco, momenti di pratica formale e informale da svolgersi in piccoli gruppi e a casa, in famiglia.
Completa il manuale un’Appendice con un approfondimento illustrato sulle pratiche yoga da proporre ai bambini e un prontuario sulle pratiche meditative rivolto ai genitori, per aiutarli ad affrontare stress e affaticamento, e ancora, più in generale, ad apprendere una nuova modalità di vivere le emozioni con curiosità
Decisional processes with boolean neural network: The emergence of mental schemes
No full textHuman decisional processes result from the employment of selected quantities of relevant information, generally synthesized from environmental incoming data and stored memories. Their main goal is the production of an appropriate and adaptive response to a cognitive or behavioral task. Different strategies of response production can be adopted, among which haphazard trials, formation of mental schemes and heuristics. In this paper, we propose a model of Boolean neural network that incorporates these strategies by recurring to global optimization strategies during the learning session. The model characterizes as well the passage from an unstructured/chaotic attractor neural network typical of data-driven processes to a faster one, forward-only and representative of schema-driven processes. Moreover, a simplified version of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is introduced in order to test the model. Our results match with experimental data and point out some relevant knowledge coming from psychological domain
Machine learning in psychometrics and psychological research
Full text linkRecent controversies about the level of replicability of behavioral research analyzed using statistical inference have cast interest in developing more efficient techniques for analyzing the results of psychological experiments. Here we claim that complementing the analytical workflow of psychological experiments with Machine Learning-based analysis will both maximize accuracy and minimize replicability issues. As compared to statistical inference, ML analysis of experimental data is model agnostic and primarily focused on prediction rather than inference. We also highlight some potential pitfalls resulting from adoption of Machine Learning based experiment analysis. If not properly used it can lead to over-optimistic accuracy estimates similarly observed using statistical inference. Remedies to such pitfalls are also presented such and building model based on cross validation and the use of ensemble models. ML models are typically regarded as black boxes and we will discuss strategies aimed at rendering more transparent the predictions
The psychosocial impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: A lesson for mental health prevention in the first severely hit European country
Full text linkItaly was the first European country severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. While the containment measures were relatively effective in the acute phase, the current postemergency phase addressing the long-term psychosocial consequences is the key challenge for our healthcare system, where the importance of mental health prevention is not sufficiently recognized
Il lutto complicato nell’era del DSM-5 [Complicated Grief in DSM-5 era]
No full textAn increasing number of data has been recently focused on recognizing pathological grief reactions and on the distinction from physiological processes. Particularly, several studies have supported Complicated Grief (CG) as an independent disorder, in order to define the failure of spontaneous physiological mourning resolution. Upon these studies, the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) with the name of "Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder". This article aims at retracing the history of clinical research about the physiological and psychopathological processes related to grief and aims at presenting the main scientific studies that have described the features of the CG defining it as a distinct disorder. Similarities and distinctions among CG and Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Adjustment Disorder were also reported
Prevalence and clinical setting of SIADH in neurosurgery: comparison between subarachnoid haemorrhage and head trauma
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