1,721,060 research outputs found
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Simultaneous Effects of Sleep Disturbances and Negative Emotions on PTSD Symptom Trajectories: From Early to Chronic Trauma Response
No full textThe present study aimed to investigate sleep disturbances and negative emotions as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom trajectories in a publicly available longitudinal dataset of patients (N = 1127; mean age = 36.53; SD = 13.29; 65.5% women) who presented to a U.S. emergency department (ED) in the early aftermath of a trauma exposure. Latent growth curve models were fitted iteratively to characterize PTSD symptom trajectories over 1-year. Models then examined the simultaneous influence of sleep disturbances (i.e., insomnia symptoms, nightmares, and sleep duration) and negative emotions (i.e., feelings of anxiety and depression) on PTSD symptom trajectories, as well as whether negative emotions mediate the link between sleep disturbances and PTSD symptom trajectories. Results indicated that (a) PTSD symptom trajectories reflected a quadratic trend across time, although there was variability between individuals, (b) both sleep disturbances and negative emotions were uniquely associated with PTSD symptom trajectories, and (c) negative emotions partially explained associations between sleep disturbances and PTSD symptom trajectories. The results from this study can potentially aid detection of modifiable risk factors during the early course of PTSD and inform cognitive-behavioral intervention efforts
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Exploring the Connections Between Personality, Social Cognition, and Prejudice
No full textVery few studies have attempted to directly explore the relationship between psychopathic traits and prejudice. Among the scant studies that do exist, interpretation is often clouded by measurement limitations. The current study surveyed a large sample of adults from the general U.S. population to further our understanding of the associations between psychopathic traits and prejudicial attitudes, as well as critical constructs linked to prejudice. By using modern and well-validated measures of the target constructs new relationships were documented for the first time. A path analytic framework was utilized to represent the network of construct inter-relations. Finally, the current study examined the relationships between psychopathic traits, in relation to the other members of the Dark Triad and positive human traits, referred to as the Light Triad, as well as how the latter may serve as ‘buffers' from prejudicial attitudes
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An Investigation of the Influence of Attributional Complexity, Intolerance, Optimism, and Experiential Avoidance on Personal Psychological Distress
No full textThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of low attributional complexity, intolerance, optimism, and experiential avoidance (EA) on psychological distress (stress, anxiety, and depression); specifically, the mediating role of EA in these relationships was examined. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to test the hypothesized model. The overall model accounted for 62% of the variance in psychological distress. The direct negative effect of intolerance on psychological distress and the mediator effect of EA on the relationship between optimism and psychological distress were found. These results and their implications, along with study limitations and future directions are discussed
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The Impact of a Peer Mentor Intervention on Internalized Stigma, Mindfulness, and Adherence to Antiretroviral Medication among Adolescents Living with HIV in Zambia
Full text linkBased on a step-wedge randomized control trial (intervention n = 136; comparison n = 137), this study investigated the impact of a peer mentor intervention for youth living with HIV aged 15-24 years in Ndola, Zambia. Using piecewise hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), change in internalized stigma predicted change in mindfulness, and mindfulness was a significant predictor of better self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) across both intervention groups. Intervention group membership did not predict rate of change in mindfulness, but predicted a reduction in internalized stigma and an increase in self-reported ART adherence. Following the peer mentor intervention, internalized stigma was significantly lower in the intervention group than the comparison group. Findings highlight the need to develop and implement interventions specific to adolescents living with HIV with a biopsychosocial approach that attends to both the physical and psychological needs specific to adolescents. Our findings support the inclusion of mindfulness-based components in interventions targeting ART adherence for adolescents living with HIV
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Relation between lifespan polytrauma typologies and post-trauma mental health
No full textThis article considers the count and types of traumas (polytraumatization) in relation to post-trauma mental health by conducting a study on the relation of polytraumatization patterns to PTSD clusters, depression, and impulsivity facets. Results indicate that individuals exposed to multiple PTE (potentially traumatizing event) types, particularly interpersonal traumas, may be at risk for more severe post-trauma symptoms
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Examining the Role of Emotion Dysregulation and Rumination in the Relationship between PTSD Symptom Severity and Sleep Disturbances
No full textEmotion dysregulation and rumination are involved in the development, maintenance, and treatment of both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep disturbances. We examined if and how these factors influenced the nature of the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and subjective sleep disturbances among trauma-exposed individuals. Using data gathered from a community sample of 199 trauma-exposed individuals (Mean age = 35.48; 59.80% female), we examined whether there were stronger significant associations between greater PTSD symptom severity and poorer sleep quality/lower sleep quantity at higher (vs. lower) levels of (1) negative emotion dysregulation and positive emotion dysregulation (both included in the same model) and (2) rumination. Participants recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Positive, Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire, and sleep quality/quantity items from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results of simple and additive multiple moderation analyses showed that neither negative/positive emotion dysregulation nor rumination moderated the relationships between PTSD symptom severity and sleep quality/quantity. Exploratory analyses showed that negative emotion dysregulation (when examined independently) moderated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and sleep quality. There were also significant associations between poorer sleep quality/lower sleep quantity and greater PTSD symptom severity at low to average levels of negative emotion dysregulation coupled with any level of positive emotion dysregulation. Findings inform theoretical perspectives on the PTSD-sleep relationship and clinical applications of targeting emotion dysregulation and rumination in the treatment of PTSD symptoms and sleep disturbances for trauma-exposed individuals
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Examination and Refinement of a Novel Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Processing of Positive Memories Technique (PPMT)
No full textData management plan for the grant, "Examination and Refinement of a Novel Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Processing of Positive Memories Technique (PPMT)." The study aims to examine effects of and targets underlying a novel technique for posttraumatic stress disorder focused on positive memories (Processing of Positive Memories Technique; PPMT). Specific aims include (1) examining PPMT’s effects; (2) examining mechanistic targets such as improved affect underlying PPMT’s effects; and (3) refining PPMT
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The Sleepy Haze: Disentangling the Link Between Sleep and Cannabis Use Among Trauma-Exposed Individuals
Full text linkA growing body of research suggests a link between sleep difficulties and problematic cannabis use, particularly among trauma-exposed individuals. Preliminary data further suggest that such sleep problems may heighten the risk of cannabis use as individuals seek to self-medicate by alleviating negative emotions and using cannabis as a sleep aid. However, significant limitations remain in understanding of the daily interactions between sleep patterns and cannabis use, motives, or cravings, particularly among trauma-exposed populations. Accordingly, this study recruited 50 trauma-exposed adults (Mage = 24.62 years, SD = 9.59; Range = 18-64 years; 62.0% women; 58.0% White) who used an intoxicating cannabis product at least once per week in the past month. Participants completed surveys twice a day for one week to evaluate their sleep patterns, cannabis use, motives for use, and immediate cravings. Findings partially supported hypotheses. First, sleep efficiency (e.g., previous night’s sleep) was not associated with next-day average cannabis cravings. Second, there was no association between average cannabis cravings and cannabis use across the same day. However, morning cannabis cravings were associated with increased odds of cannabis use that day (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.0005, 1.0543], p = .046). Lastly, among those who used cannabis at any point during the study, both cannabis sleep and coping motives were included in the model predicting the frequency of cannabis use days. Cannabis sleep motives, but not coping motives, were positively associated with the frequency of cannabis use days (IRR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.004, 1.244], p = .040). Future research, powered for more sophisticated analyses, also should examine these relations in clinically symptomatic populations (e.g., PTSD), to clarify the links between sleep, cravings, and use patterns
Relations between PTSD and Distress Dimensions in an Indian Child/Adolescent Sample following the 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attacks
No full textPTSD's relation with problematic smartphone use: Mediating role of impulsivity
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occurs with addictive behaviors. Recently, the addictive behavior of excessive smartphone use is being widely researched. Impulsivity commonly relates to PTSD severity and problematic smartphone use. However, unexamined is the mediating role of impulsivity facets (lack of premeditation, negative urgency, sensation seeking, and lack of perseverance) in the PTSD-problematic smartphone use relationship; this was the purpose of the current study. We used data collected from 346 participants recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. PTSD severity, impulsivity facets, and problematic smartphone use were assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV), respectively. Negative urgency and lack of perseverance had significant positive correlations with both PTSD severity and problematic smartphone use. Results of mediation analyses indicated that negative urgency significantly mediated the relationship between PTSD severity and problematic smartphone use. Findings support the underlying role of negative urgency in the relation between PTSD severity and problematic smartphone use. Thus, treatments targeting negative urgency may potentially serve to reduce problematic smartphone use among individuals experiencing PTSD symptoms. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p
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