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Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes Responses to Casts of Video Game Characters
No full textPrior research has established a relationship between playing video games containing stereotyped representations of traditionally marginalized groups and resulting negative attitudes towards those groups. Yet, very little work has examined video games containing more positive, non-stereotyped representations and whether these diverse casts have inverse effects resulting in positive attitudes following exposure, an effect demonstrated in television media. The current study makes use of two paradigms, one based on short-term priming theory concerning immediate exposure to media, and one on long-term cultivation theory dealing with the overall media diet, and the relation to attitudes towards Blacks including symbolic racism, colorblindness, and implicit bias. In Study 1 (n = 31), Black and White participants reported how much time weekly they spent playing a popular game with positive representations of People of Color before completing measures. In Study 2 (n = 91), Black and White participants were exposed to one of three games, one with positive representation, one with negative representation, and a control game before completing study measures. Findings suggested that participant race was related to pro-Black attitudes (p = .009), but that direct exposure to a game with positive representation (p = .13) as well as playing the game during the week (p = .25) was not, while controlling for participant interracial contract. Despite this, discussions are made in face of interesting patterns of results that could be expanded upon in future work to explain the present findings. Furthermore, practical applications of the present study are made for both non-academic creators and consumers of video games
Individualism-collectivism, values, and help seeking attitudes among Indian and American college students
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Effects of Bodily Arousal on Desire to Drink Alcohol among Trauma-Exposed Emerging Adult College Students
Get PDFAlcohol consumption on college campuses is a major public health concern, particularly among emerging adults. Extant literature has identified trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress as robust risk factors for problematic alcohol use. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are less well-studied. Research indicates that bodily arousal is a fundamental feature of trauma exposure and posits that internal stimuli (e.g., heart pounding) at the time of trauma may manifest into conditioned cues that can trigger posttraumatic responding and related symptomatology, including alcohol use. However, past work supporting these assertions have used paradigms purposefully designed to evoke memories of the trauma, making it difficult to conclude whether the subsequent alcohol craving was due more to the explicit memory cue or the associated bodily arousal. The current study examined whether an implicit, trauma-relevant cue of bodily arousal (via hyperventilation) – independent of any explicit memory cue – would elicit increased desire to drink among 80 (Mage = 20.34; 63.8% female) trauma-exposed, emerging adult students. Results found no statistically significant difference in change in alcohol craving between the hyperventilation and control tasks. However, exploratory analyses indicated that trauma type (i.e., interpersonal/non-interpersonal) may moderate this relationship; more specifically, individuals reporting interpersonal trauma as their most traumatic event evidenced a significantly greater increase in desire to drink following hyperventilation compared to the non-interpersonal index trauma group. Generally, results suggest that bodily arousal, without an explicit trauma reminder, is not a specific and/or powerful enough trauma-relevant cue to reliably influence alcohol cravings across all trauma exposed emerging adult students. Suggestions for future directions to help in identifying at-risk subgroups, as well as methodological and procedural improvements, are discussed
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Survivor vs. Victim: Self-Labeling of Trauma Victims and Its Implicit Impact on Resilience and Recovery
Get PDFPast research demonstrates that participants who label themselves as ‘victims' experience worse trauma-related outcomes than those who label themselves as ‘survivors.' Self-labeling in trauma research is typically measured using a dichotomous measure where participants choose either victim or survivor, but this construct may be better conceived as more continuous. The current study assessed self-labeling as a possible continuous construct and explored its predictive validity. To capture self-labeling as a continuous construct, we created and utilized a new scale, the Trauma Self-Labeling Measure. Two hundred eleven participants completed a battery of questionnaires to measure self-labeling and four trauma-related outcomes: posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression, anxiety, and resilience. When tested on the continuous trauma self-labeling measure, an overwhelming number of participants chose in-between victim and survivor (78.9%) which suggests self-labeling is better assessed using a continuous measure than dichotomous. However, correlation analyses revealed that the continuous self-labeling measure was not significantly correlated to the four trauma-related outcomes, whereas the dichotomous self-labeling, continuous victim, and continuous survivor measures were. When conducting post-hoc analyses, we found an unexpected positive correlation between the continuous victim and survivor self-labeling measures. This unexpected positive correlation suggests that self-labeling is not a singular construct, as previously assumed, but rather is composed of separate victim and survivor constructs. In conclusion, the current study provides the first empirical evidence to support the idea that self-labeling is more continuous than dichotomous and composed of two separate constructs of victim and survivor
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The Role of Combat Exposure, Moral Injury, and Trauma Symptoms in the Lives of Military Families
No full textThe current study used a sample of service members and veterans to explore the association of combat exposure and perceptions of the family system using a moderated mediation model. Combat veterans over the age of 18 with a family of creation (N = 154) completed an online survey through which they were administered a background information questionnaire, the Combat Experiences subscale of the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory – 2, the Moral Injury Events Scale, the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the McMaster Family Assessment Device, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale – Revised. Results of six moderated mediation analyses revealed that exposure to potentially morally injurious events (pMIEs) moderated the relationship between (1) combat exposure and couple relationship satisfaction and (2) combat exposure and family functioning, both via PTSS, anxious symptoms, and depressive symptoms. To our knowledge, the empirical models presented in this paper are the first to model the role of pMIEs in SMV literature, and provide a foundation for other models to emerge moving forward. Implications and limitations are discussed
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The Effect of Trauma Experiences and PTSD Severity on Positive Memory Recall and Memory Phenomenology
No full textPositive memories play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, there are potential clinical benefits of recalling positive memories on affect, cognitions, and behaviors. However, most research/clinical work has focused on the role of traumatic memories in PTSD's symptomatology and treatment. The current study examined positive memory recall difficulties and positive memory phenomenology among 185 trauma-exposed individuals with varying PTSD severity. Participants completed the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Autobiographical Memory Test, Memory Experiences Questionnaire – Short Form, Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale – Brief 16-Item Version, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale – Positive Emotions, the Positive Affect subscale of the Affective Control Scale, and two items from the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Results showed that (1) greater PTSD severity was a marginally significant predictor of fewer recalled positive memories; (2) greater positive emotional dysregulation predicted fewer recalled positive memories controlling for PTSD severity; and (3) increasing PTSD severity predicted more negative valence, less vividness, less coherence, less accessibility, less clear time perspective, fewer sensory details, and greater distancing ratings of the recalled positive memory, controlling for sleep quantity/quality. Such findings add to the PTSD-positive memory literature by informing PTSD theoretical perspectives; enhancing an understanding of if/how positive memories may be incorporated into PTSD treatments; and highlighting potential clinical targets, such as positive emotional regulation skills, when integrating a focus on positive memories into PTSD intervention
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Examining the Role of Emotion Dysregulation in the Association between Interpersonal Trauma and Impulsivity
Get PDFThe current study assessed the moderating effects of emotion dysregulation (ED) on associations between physical/sexual assault experiences and five components of impulsivity (negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking). I hypothesized an amplifying effect; stronger positive associations would be found between the presence (vs. absence) of physical/sexual assault and the five impulsivity factors at higher (vs. lower) levels of ED. A sample of 176 participants in a community mental health center completed the Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – 16 item version, and the UPPS-P Impulse Behavior Scale. Five simple moderation models using the PROCESS macro software were conducted to examine the hypothesized interaction effects. Results showed ED moderated the relationship between interpersonal trauma (IPT) endorsement and negative urgency (b = 0.17, p = .003); participants with IPT experiences (vs. no IPT experiences) reported higher negative urgency at lower (vs. higher) levels of ED (b = -4.90, p < .001). Results provide a greater understanding of the role impulsivity plays in IPT survivors’ reactions to negative emotions, despite their ability to regulate negative affect; these reactions may relate more with survivors’ motor readiness to avoid possible threat and less with their levels of emotion (dys)regulation. Findings contribute to research focused on identifying underlying factors that relate to survivors’ poor psychosocial functioning following IPT experiences, as well as provide possible avenues for intervention
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Contribution of Psychopathic Traits in the Prediction of Generalized Prejudice in Males
Get PDFVery few studies have investigated how psychopathic traits might contribute to our understanding of prejudicial attitudes. Moreover, previous studies involve a number of limitations which cloud interpretation of their findings. The current study examined the relationship between prejudice and a number of its predictors (e.g., social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)), while also including psychopathic traits and an innovative new measure of empathy using an online sample. A path analytic framework was employed to comprehensively model relations among psychopathic traits, SDO, RWA, and affective empathy domains in the prediction of generalized prejudice. Overall, there was support for certain psychopathic traits being modest predictors of racial prejudice, although more proximal measures were much stronger predictors. The results revealed a number of novel relationships that may help in further understanding the links between psychopathic propensities, empathy, and social-cognitive variables predictive of racial prejudice
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Simultaneous Effects of Sleep Disturbances and Negative Emotions on PTSD Symptom Trajectories: From Early to Chronic Trauma Response
No full textThe present study aimed to investigate sleep disturbances and negative emotions as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom trajectories in a publicly available longitudinal dataset of patients (N = 1127; mean age = 36.53; SD = 13.29; 65.5% women) who presented to a U.S. emergency department (ED) in the early aftermath of a trauma exposure. Latent growth curve models were fitted iteratively to characterize PTSD symptom trajectories over 1-year. Models then examined the simultaneous influence of sleep disturbances (i.e., insomnia symptoms, nightmares, and sleep duration) and negative emotions (i.e., feelings of anxiety and depression) on PTSD symptom trajectories, as well as whether negative emotions mediate the link between sleep disturbances and PTSD symptom trajectories. Results indicated that (a) PTSD symptom trajectories reflected a quadratic trend across time, although there was variability between individuals, (b) both sleep disturbances and negative emotions were uniquely associated with PTSD symptom trajectories, and (c) negative emotions partially explained associations between sleep disturbances and PTSD symptom trajectories. The results from this study can potentially aid detection of modifiable risk factors during the early course of PTSD and inform cognitive-behavioral intervention efforts
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Suicidality Among Service Members and Veterans: Moral Injury, Attachment, and Social Support
Get PDFSince 2009, the suicide completion rate for military service members and veterans (SMVs) has exceeded rates in civilian populations, with risk highest among young, male veterans. Suicide risk factors include psychiatric illness, low social support, and repeated or prolonged exposure to traumatic events. Recent research further suggests that the experience of unresolved morally injurious events (MIEs) may create lasting feelings of guilt and shame that contribute to psychiatric illness. Additionally, adult attachment plays an important role in coping responses and relational strategies and may influence the degree to which SMVs experience helplessness and isolation that foster suicidal ideation. Protective factors such as social connectedness are important mitigating factors, substantially reducing the risk of suicidality. In the present sample of 206 combat SMVs, higher suicidal ideation was directly correlated with more MIEs, higher attachment avoidance and anxiety, and lower social support. Although neither social support nor attachment anxiety moderated the link between MIEs and suicidal ideation, a significant interaction between attachment avoidance and MIEs emerged, suggesting that higher attachment avoidance increases the risk for suicidal ideation among SMVs reporting more experiences of moral injury. Additionally, findings suggest that higher levels of social support buffer the detrimental effects of attachment anxiety, but not attachment avoidance, on suicidal ideation
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