65 research outputs found
One of us the mastery of Joseph Conrad
No full textJoseph Conrad has traditionally been seen as a master - a master mariner, master storyteller, master of the secrets of the human heart, master of fictional technique. Recently, however, these compliments have given way to charges that Conrad is complicit in the various masteries associated with racism, imperialism, and the patriarchy. In this book, Geoffrey Galt Harpham inquires not only into Conrad's work and reputation, but also into the idea of mastery as such
Configurations of imperialism and their displacements in the novels of Joseph Conrad.
No full textPhDThis thesis examines certain configurations of imperialism
and their displacements in the novels of Joseph Conrad
beginning from the premise that imperialism is rationalised
through a dualistic model of self/"other" and functions as
a hierarchy of domination/subordination. In chapters one
and two it argues that both Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim
configure this model of imperialism as a split between
Europe/not-Europe. The third and fourth chapters consider
displacements of this model: onto a split within Europe and
an act of "internal" imperialism in Under Western Eyes and
onto unequal gender relations in the public and private
spheres in Chance.
Each chapter provides a reading of the selected novel
in relation to one or more contemporary (or near
contemporary) primary source and analyses these texts using
various strands of cultural theory. Chapter one, on Heart
of Darkness, investigates the historical background to
British imperialism by focusing on the textual production
of history in a variety of written forms which comprise the
diary, travel writing, government report, fiction. It
considers how versions of (imperial) history/knowledge are
constructed through the writing up of experience. In
chapter two, on Lord Jim, the hero figure is analysed as a
product of the imperial ideology and the protagonist's
failure is explored through the application of evolutionary
theory.
Chapters three and four, on Under Western Eyes and
Chance, investigate displacements of the imperial model:
the failure of an "enlightened" Western Europe to challenge
Russian imperialism in Poland forms the basis for reading
Under Western Eyes with Rousseau's writings and a
nineteenth-century history of the French Revolution. Chance
presents a further displacement of this model in its
relocation of imperialist imperatives in the sexual/gender
inequalities practised in the "mother" country
Home-based high-intensity interval training for people with Parkinson’s : The HIIT-Home4Parkinson’s Study
No full textBackgroundExercise, particularly of high intensity, is considered to be important for people with Parkinson’s (PwP). However, PwP are less active than healthy individuals, and face disease specific and logistical barriers to exercise participation such as lack of outcome expectation, symptom exacerbation, travel logistics due to motor symptoms, expense and perceived lack of time. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a low volume exercise modality, evinced to be beneficial and time efficient for people within various healthy and clinical populations. HIIT therefore, particularly undertaken in the home could be apposite for PwP, although evidence is currently limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the practicality and utility of home-based HIIT for PwP, which could potentially constitute a useful long-term exercise strategy.MethodsFollowing a systematic review of HIIT for PwP, a new, home-based HIIT programme for PwP was developed through an iterative, co-creative process of focus groups and exercise testing. The new programme was then implemented as a 12-week randomised, controlled feasibility study incorporating process evaluation, to assess feasibility, acceptability and safety, identify potential primary and secondary outcomes, and clarify key methodological considerations for a definitive trial. Assessments included programme completion, adherence and adverse events, while potential primary outcomes included brain-derived neurotrophic factor, maximal oxygen uptake and the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor symptom assessment.ResultsA systematic review of literature indicated supervised HIIT in clinical settings to be feasible, safe and useful for some PwP of mild-to-moderate disease severity, although extended adherence appeared to be problematic. Co-creators then developed HIIT-Home4Parkinson’s (HH4P), a 12-week home-based HIIT programme, based on individualisation, adaptability and appropriate remote supervision. Following programme development, 13 PwP of Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3 undertook the HH4P randomised controlled feasibility study, with seven allocated to the exercise group, and six to usual care. On completion, adverse effects were minor and uncommon, while high levels of programme completion and adherence along with qualitative data indicated the programme to be practical and acceptable. However, the required exercise intensity was not uniformly achieved, and participants did not experience improvements in any of the potential primary outcomes.ConclusionsHome-based HIIT appears to be practical, acceptable and safe for some PwP of mild to moderate disease severity, although the potential benefits of this exercise modality, and the suitability for generating the required exercise intensity remain uncertain. Continuation to a full trial is not recommended with the current HH4P programme format, as results suggest that several aspects regarding intervention and study procedures, such as exercise type, model of support, eligibility criteria and outcome measures require further evaluation. Results of these evaluations could provide a potential rationale for the implementation of a full trial with long-term follow-up, providing further evidence regarding the suitability of home-based HIIT as a long-term exercise strategy for PwP
Reclamações ambientais em Aveiro, Portugal: atores, preocupações, padrão territorial e resoluções
No full textThis paper presents an environmental diagnosis based on public complaints on environmental
issues submitted to the Environmental Department of the Aveiro City Council, Portugal, between
2000 and 2005. It discusses the potential influences of these in local environmental planning
and governance. The paper has been organised into five sections. The first of these introduces
the study. The second section focuses on the conceptual approaches relating to environmental
grassroots movements, the main actors involved in these movements and the role played by
local government. It also contains a brief review of the most recent urban environmental
quality challenges in the European context together with a description of the main features of
the associated political and legal framework in Portugal. The third section describes the case
study and the methodology used. The results of the empirical study are detailed in the fourth
section. The final section critically analyses these results with emphases on the temporal
evolution of the submission of complaints, the actors involved, the local environmental problems
and their associated spatial pattern as well as the responses given by the City Council. This
information may then be used to provide a useful indicator for the perception of environmental
quality as well as a credible instrument for the visualisation and evaluation of local performance
in terms of environmental planning and management.AlBan Programme - n. E05M053040B
The effect of exercise training programs with aerobic components on C‐reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and self‐assessed disease activity in people with ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
No full textBook Reviews
No full textMilton, Poet of Duality (R. A. Shoaf) (Reviewed by Chris Kendrick, Bryn Mawr College)Paradise Lost and the Rhetoric of Literary Forms (Barbara Kiefer Lewalski) (Reviewed by Chris Kendrick, Bryn Mawr College)American Romanticism and the Marketplace (Michael T. Gilmore) (Reviewed by Elizabeth A. Meese, University of Alabama)In the Circles of Fear and Desire: A Study of Gothic Fantasy (William Patrick) (Reviewed by Patrick Brantlinger, Indiana University-Bloomington)The Theoretical Dimensions of Henry James (John Carlos Rowe) (Reviewed by Ross Posnock, University of Washington)Henry James: Fiction As History (Ian F. A. Bell) (Reviewed by Ross Posnock, University of Washington)Modernism and Authority: Strategies of Legitimation in Flaubert and Conrad (Mark Conroy) (Reviewed by Todd K. Bender, University of Wisconsin -- Madison)Coercion to Speak: Conrad\u27s Poetics of Dialogue (Aaron Fogel) (Reviewed by Todd K. Bender, University of Wisconsin -- Madison)Beasts of the Modern Imagination: Darwin, Nietzsche, Kafka, Ernst, and Lawrence (Margot Norris) (Reviewed by Irving Massey, SUNY, Buffalo)The Forms of Violence: Narrative in Assyrian Art and Modern Culture (Leo Bersani) (Reviewed by Geoffrey Galt Harpham, Brandeis University
PRE:WEL: A qualitative study of patients and health care professionals needs and preferences for weight management before surgery
No full textApproximately seven million operations take place annually within the NHS. One-third of patients on surgical waiting lists are living with obesity, which is known to be associated with multiple morbidities. People are experiencing poorer health due to the long wait for surgery which may affect surgical outcomes and quality of life (QoL). Living with obesity and undergoing surgery is also associated with greater risk of postoperative adverse events including myocardial infarction, wound infections, nerve injury, urinary infection, and longer operative time. Because of the potential risks, people who have high BMI, are sometimes prohibited from having surgery which may increase inequalities as there is a complex interaction between obesity, lower socioeconomic status and ethnicity.
Making Every Contact Count is an NHS initiative that aims to use the millions of interactions health care professionals have with patients to promote behaviour change. The pre-operative period could be an occasion where patients are particularly motivated to change behaviours. Advice to lose weight (and referral to a service) by their surgical team may motivate patients to lose weight. Qualitative studies exploring weight loss before surgery support this as they have found that patients are highly motivated to avoid complications and that a recommendation from a health professional to lose weight is a motivating and important factor.
Effective weight management interventions are available, but these are not routinely offered to patients before surgery. There have been few studies that have investigated the effectiveness of these programmes in the pre-operative period. In one feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) (n=60) before knee replacement surgery offering weight loss via total diet replacements found that participants lost on average 11.2 kg (SD 5.6). Qualitative feedback suggested the diet was easy to implement and stick to as participants were losing weight each week and seeing the benefits, which in turn increased motivation to adhere. The qualitative feedback for suggested that excessive face to face visits was a barrier to involvement in the study. This was also found in a qualitative study exploring support for weight loss (appointments every two weeks) before colorectal surgery. These findings suggest that too many visits affect participation and should be considered in interventions that are offered prior to surgery. Another pilot study before knee replacement surgery found it very difficult to recruit participants as the research team could not identify participants in sufficient time before their surgery. This suggests that the surgery care pathway needs to be explored when determining whether it is possible to feasibly offer weight management support to patients within the NHS.
There is also very limited evidence about what weight management programmes patients would be willing to participate in, and at what point in the surgical pathway should they be offered. The views of the health care professionals on this question have also not been investigated. This is particularly important as endorsement by health care professionals (HCP’s) seems to be important for participation in weight loss programmes. Recently anti-obesity medications for weight loss have become readily available and the preferences of patients and healthcare professionals’ (stakeholders’) views of the use of these before surgery has not been investigated. The aim of this research is to explore patients and HCP needs and preferences for weight management before surgery.
Aims
To investigate needs and preferences of patients and HCPs for different weight management interventions pre-operatively and to co-produce what programmes, and when, they should be offered. A new intervention is not being designed, instead together we will decide which interventions to test in a feasibility randomised controlled trial, from those currently available.
Objectives
1. Identify which weight loss interventions would be acceptable to patients and why?
2. Explore which weight loss interventions HCPs believe are acceptable and feasible to offer in the surgery care pathway.
3. Explore pathways for when and how the weight loss interventions could be offered and by whom?
Methods and design
A qualitative interview study.
Work package 1: Understanding the experiences and needs of patients who are scheduled or had surgery, and HCP’s involved in surgical care about weight loss before surgery.
Aims
1. Explore patients and health care professionals’ views about weight loss before surgery.
2. Identify which weight loss interventions would be acceptable to patients.
3. Explore which weight loss interventions HCP’s believe are acceptable and feasible.
4. Explore pathways for when and how the weight loss programme should be offered.
Design
Qualitative semi-structured interview study.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Patients will be included or excluded if they meet the following criteria:
Inclusion
• Adults aged ≥18 years
• Referred or recently had (within the past year) for major elective surgery
• Patients living with obesity, defined as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 OR if in the past year before their surgery they report living with obesity.
Exclusion
• Bariatric surgery
• Major elective surgery for pregnancy
HCP’s will be included if they are involved in the treatment of patients who will have major elective surgery (except for pregnancy or bariatric surgery). HCPs could include but not be limited to surgeons, anaesthetist and nurses.
Recruitment
Patients will be recruited via invitations direct from their health care team (letters/phone/texts) and via advertisements at hospitals. Sites were selected as they were based in culturally and ethnically diverse cities. We will widen recruitment to other centres if we need to recruit more participants. All study documents and recruitment materials will illustrate diverse individuals and messaging tailored to ensure it is appealing to those from varied backgrounds. The healthcare team, with translators will call participants that are unable to speak English and materials will be translated to languages as required. Depending on need we will develop a video participation information sheet for those that cannot read. All study documents have been co-developed with our ethnically diverse patient advisory group in collaboration with the Centre for Ethnic Health Research (CEHR). Participants will be informed this is a study to explore patient views and choice of weight management interventions prior to surgery. If we struggle to recruit through hospital sites, we will widen our recruitment strategy and use the NIHR Be Part of Research service and use snowballing methods through existing networks, including social media.
HCP’s will be recruited through the same hospitals as patients and existing networks. As care pathways and timings may differ by surgical treatment, we may focus on specific surgical treatments such as cardiac surgery, hip and knee replacement surgery and major abdominal surgery. However, we are currently completing a review of the association of BMI and surgical outcomes and may focus on specific surgical procedures depending on the evidence.
Sample size
We will conduct up to 30 interviews with patients across the surgical specialities. Final sample size will be informed by information power i.e., the depth and quality of information held by the participant sample. After completion of ten interviews, we will review our sample and initial themes to decide who to sample next and identify if there are additional topics to explore.
We will conduct up to 30 interviews with healthcare teams across surgical treatments. We will follow the same procedure for assessing sample size as the patient interviews.
Sampling framework
For patients we will use maximum variation purposive sampling will capture a diverse range of experiences and perspectives. Participants will be sampled on the health inequalities identified in our equality impact assessment plan as well as the type of surgery.
For health care professionals we envisage that it will be harder to recruit participants but will try to ensure we have representation from surgical treatments.
Interviews
Potentially distressing topic
Weight and their upcoming surgery may be a distressing topic for some participants. If during the interview a participant experiences distress, we will stop the interview, offer support, and allow the person to re-group. If they are experiencing too much distress the interview will not continue at this time. We will pause and contact them again in a few days to see if continuing with the interview is the right approach for them at this time, or whether it should be discontinued. If the decision is to discontinue, we will ask them to contact their GP to seek support. We think it is appropriate that the decision is made in consultation with the participant rather than for them as they may be many reasons for the distress (e.g., bad day at work) that may or may not be related to issues of their weight and surgery. With participants’ consent the interviewer will provide a courtesy follow-up call or ask them to call the research team in a week to let them know how they are getting on.
Patient interviews
Semi-structured interviews will cover the views of weight loss, which weight loss interventions should be offered pre-operatively, when a programme should be offered, how patients should be referred and potential benefits/barriers of weight loss before surgery. Patients will be asked whether they have tried a weight management intervention before.
We will provide short anonymous descriptions of real weight management programmes (including total diet replacements and anti-obesity medications) that are available. Patients will be asked to view these before the interview. We chose the programmes based on their availability, evidence of effectiveness, considering inequalities identified in our impact assessment and in conjunction with our PPIE members. We also chose to keep them anonymous as sometimes if a brand name is heard and the participant has had previous experience of them it invokes strong emotions. Once we have discussed their thoughts and preferences, we will reveal the names to explore reactions. As anti-obesity for weight loss and total diet replacement interventions are also available, we will consider these as potential interventions.
The interviews will last approximately 20-45 minutes depending on how much the participant wishes to say.
Health care professional interviews
Semi-structured interviews will cover which weight loss programmes should be offered and barriers and facilitators to implementing weight management interventions into the care pathway. Potential adverse effects and outcomes that should be considered if weight management programmes are offered. The interviews will last 20-30 minutes be depending on how much the participant wishes to say.
Topic guides
The topic guide has been developed with our advisory group and PPIE team. Following best practice, we will conduct data collection and analysis simultaneously, to monitor learning, identify gaps, and seek further insights on less developed areas. The interviews will take place online, over the phone or in person, depending on participant preference.
Consent
Participants will be sent the participant information sheet, which details the purpose of the study. They will have the opportunity to ask questions. Patients who have had/are waiting for surgery will be asked to complete a short questionnaire about their demographics and consent to provide this information. This includes geographical area, age, sex, ethnicity, disability and type of surgery. This initial consent is to allow us to conduct purposive sampling based on the characteristics and experiences of participants. After the completion of the initial questionnaire, we will arrange an interview at a convenient time and will ask the participant to provide their consent by completing the online form. To ensure inclusivity, if a participant is unable to complete the form online, we will complete audio consent. The completed consent form will automatically be sent to the research team, who will store it in Loughborough University’s SharePoint separate from any study data. Verbal consent will also be taken at the beginning of the interview with participants.
HCP’s will be invited to contact the research team to arrange an interview and the same procedure for consent will be taken.
Analysis
Interviews will be transcribed verbatim and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. We will consider the particular socio-cultural contexts that may shape experiences. Data will follow six distinct phases: familiarisation with the data (phase I), generation of initial codes (phase II), searching for themes (phase III), reviewing potential themes (phase IV), defining and naming themes (phase V) and producing the report (phase VI)21. Data analysis will be inductive exploring from the perspective of the patients and HCP’s.
Data Management
We will use Microsoft teams/Zoom to conduct online interviews, and these will be audio recorded and transcribed automatically. These will be checked for accuracy and if the embedded transcription does not work – we will send the audio to an external transcription service approved by the University. As participants may prefer face to face interviews/ focus groups or over the phone, we will arrange these on a case-by-case basis and use an encrypted digital recorder. Files will be downloaded, and password protected with only the research team and the transcriber (access to anonymised files) having access to the files. Files will be stored on a secure Loughborough University study server. Anonymous research data will be stored on the University’s secure server for 10 years after the completion of the study. Loughborough University is the custodian of the data and data will be stored on the University’s Secure Servers in line with the University’s Privacy Statement.
Reimbursement
Patients who take part in interviews will be given a £25 shopping voucher. HCP’s workplaces will be reimbursed for their time.
Co-design workshops
Aim
To co-decide on weight management interventions that could be made available to patients waiting for major elective surgery and when they should be offered.
Design
We will follow the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) guidance on co-production in research. This guidance sets out five key principles of co-production including the sharing of power, including all perspectives and skills, respecting and valuing the knowledge of everyone involved, reciprocity, and building and maintaining relationships. Key features involve establishing ground rules, ensuring a continuing dialogue and continuous reflection, amongst others.
Participants
We will ask for expressions of interest (when taking part in the interviews) to take part in a co-design workshop alongside targeted recruitment. Participants will be selected using a co-designed sampling framework (with our PPIE group) to identify diverse experiences and views. Approximately 30 participants will take part. We aim to involve up to 15 people with diverse lived experience, five PPIE representatives and up to 15 members from the healthcare professionals.
Consent
Prior to commencement of the co-production workshops, participants will be sent via email or post (if they would prefer) a participant information sheet describing the aims of the workshop in which they will participate, along with an overview of the findings (of the previous work package). Participants will be asked if they have any questions prior to participating in the workshop. Informed consent will be obtained by way of a signed e-consent form as per the previous work package unless participants require a paper copy (to be inclusive).
Workshops
The exact content of the workshops will be decided based on the previous work package, but the activities are proposed below.
An independent experienced chair will deliver the workshop to promote sharing of power.
A full day’s workshop will take place in-person or if we struggle as the health care team may find it difficult, we will consider undertaking shorter online workshops on multiple occasions. Or we will conduct separate workshops. The workshop will start with icebreakers and introductions, followed by PPIE representatives sharing their stories. The research team will share the findings of the interviews with each stakeholder i.e., patients, health care teams and weight loss providers. The first activity will involve working in small groups to discuss and then rank the weight management interventions available. We will then come together to have a summary of what programmes should be offered.
The second activity will involve exploring barriers and enablers for implementing the weight management intervention. In real time using Vevox (polling software) we will rank the barriers. Depending on the poll, participants will then work in small groups with sets of cards (including blank ones) to add to, discard or combine potential solutions for the issues identified. The groups will move around the room covering the different issues. We will then resume to discuss the issues and solutions. It is likely solutions will also have some barriers and thus as a team we will discuss those barriers. The second half of the session will involve working in small groups on issues yet to be solved. We will then resume to rank solutions that are considered most important to inform how and when to offer weight management interventions. Facilitators (one per group) will take detailed notes at each session. Audio recordings of small group sessions will be recorded and after the session notes will be made about the discussions. The audio recordings and notes taken by the facilitator will enable an audit trail and reporting of when, how, and why key development decisions were made.
Second co-design workshop
We have planned one co-design workshop as there is a very specific question about which weight management programmes to test. We are not designing new programmes. However, if there is a need for further discussion, we will arrange an online workshop to discuss any items that need further clarification.
Reimbursement
Patients will be reimbursed for their time through vouchers. We have costed in using the SOECAT for clinician’s time for the workshop day.
Inclusivity
To ensure that we are being inclusive and offering opportunities to participate without having to physically attend the workshops we will provide opportunities to join online, provide a brief plain English summary of the activities, discussions, outcomes, and actions. We will also provide options so that participants can contribute to the conclusions of the co-design workshop before or after if they wish, by providing them with the materials and questions we are hoping to review and gain consensus about. We will also use Padlet (https://padlet.com) as a method to engage with the questions and to see other participant’s anonymous responses. If there are a group of people who can only meet online, we may run separate workshops.
Research governance and ethical considerations
Loughborough University has a Data Protection Office that provides support and information to staff in ensuring they are fully compliant with all Information Governance requirements. All investigators are aware of and will work in line with the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research and have completed GCP training in line with NIHR requirements. All data will be handled in accordance with the latest data protection legislation. Participation in the proposed research has very limited risks. Consenting to participate will require participants to complete an interview and/or attend a co-design workshop.
A Favourable Ethical Opinion will be obtained from the Health Research Authority Research Ethics Service (REC) and Health Research Authority (HRA) Approval. No potential participants will be contacted until all ethical and R&D approvals are in place.
Assessment and Risk Management
Risks associated with interviews are in line with normal everyday risk. If a participant reveals a safeguarding issue for themselves or others, we will contact their healthcare team to discuss appropriate next steps.
Amendments
If the Chief investigator would like to make an amendment, this will be submitted to the sponsor for approval before submission to the REC for approval. After approval, the patient identification centres will be sent the revised documents.
Protocol Compliance
Serious breaches will be reported within 24 hours to the sponsor as per the standard operating procedure of the sponsor. Minor breaches will be recorded in the study master file.
Peer Review
The study has been reviewed by peer reviewers during the NIHR grant application process.
Patient and Public Involvement (PPI)
Our PPI group have been involved in the design of the study, developing the patient materials and will help signpost potential participants. They will also co-analyse the interviews and interpret the qualitative themes. Our PPI group will also participate and deliver the co-production day and interpret findings. Finally, they will co-produce dissemination materials and help disseminate findings such as blogs.
End of study definition
The end of study will be once the final co-design day has been completed.
Dissemination
We will work with our marketing and engagement manager at the Centre for Lifestyle Medicine and Behaviour
Book Reviews
No full textAmbition and Privilege: The Social Tropes of Elizabethan Courtesy Theory (Frank Whigham) (Reviewed by Jonathan Goldberg, Brown University)Love Known: Theology and Experience in George Herbert\u27s Poetry (Richard Strier) (Reviewed by Ilona Bell, Williams College)The Sacred Complex: On the Psychogenesis of Paradise Lost (William Kerrigan) (Reviewed by William G. Riggs, Boston University)Realism, Myth, and History in Defoe\u27S Fiction (Maximillian E. Novak) (Reviewed by John Richetti, Rutgers University)Defoe and the Idea of Fiction, 1713-1719 (Geoffrey M. Sill) (Reviewed by John Richetti, Rutgers University)Romantic Contraries: Freedom versus Destiny (Peter L. Thorselv) (Reviewed by Stephen C. Behrendt, University of Nebraska)Robert Browning: His Poetry and Audiences (Lee Erickson) (Reviewed by John R. Reed, Wayne State University)True Correspondence: A Phenomenology of Thomas Hardy\u27s Novels (Bruce Johnson) (Reviewed by Mary Childers, Vanderbilt University)The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A Study in Art and Ideas (William E. Buckler) (Reviewed by Mary Childers, Vanderbilt University)Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle (Zdsislaw Najder) (Reviewed by Todd K. Bender, University of Wisconsin, Madison)Conrad Under Familial Eyes (Zdsislaw Najder) (Reviewed by Todd K. Bender, University of Wisconsin, Madison)The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad: 1861-1897, vol. 1 (Frederick E. Karl and Laurence Davies) (Reviewed by Todd K. Bender, University of Wisconsin, Madison)Emily Dickinson and the Problem of Others (Christopher E. G. Benfey) (Reviewed by Karl Keller, San Diego State University)The Transparent Lyric: Reading and Meaning in the Poetry of Stevens and Williams (David Walker) (Reviewed by Milton J. Bates, Marquette University)Quixote Scriptures: Essays on the Textuality of Hispanic Literature (Elias L. Rivers) (Reviewed by David William Foster, Arizona State University)On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature (Geoffrey Galt Harpham) (Reviewed by Irving Massey, State University of New York, Buffalo)Three Sad Races: Racial Identity and National Consciousness in Brazilian Literature (David T. Haberly) (Reviewed by Renata Wasserman, Wayne State University
Violence and social capital among young men in Beirut
No full textBackground Research on the links between violence and social capital has produced mixed results and is mainly limited to Western countries. Aims To assess the relationship of social capital to physical fights among unmarried boys aged 13e19 years living in three disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the outskirts of Beirut, controlling for variables associated with youth violence. Lebanon has a history of civil and cross-border war, which may influence the production of violence at the individual level. Methods 674 boys were interviewed. The dependent variable was being involved in a physical fight in the last 3 months. The independent variable was social capital, classified into six categories: civic engagement and community development; locational capital; trust; reciprocity; hypothetical social support; and social network. Results One fifth (20percent) had been in a fight in the last 3 months. Youth who were members of a group, who had been victimised, who could ask for help from a family member-friend-neighbour when they had a problem, and who liked living in their neighbourhood were more likely to be involved in a fight. Conclusion This research supports the literature that indicates that physical fights are positively related to both individual and social capital variables. Social capital had a detrimental effect on physical fights. This may be related to bonding in a gang-like way. While high levels of social capital are good for other health outcomes and thus should not be reduced, interventions that channel youth energy in positive ways are needed.Amin A, 2005, ECON SOC, V34, P612, DOI 10.1080-03085140500277211; CRPH, 2004, The Urban Health Study: Design and Methodology; Dahlberg LL, 1998, AM J PREV MED, V14, P259, DOI 10.1016-S0749-3797(98)00009-9; Dallago L, 2009, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V44, P148, DOI 10.1007-s10464-009-9250-z; Eaton Danice K., 2008, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, V57, P1; Fields SA, 2003, AGGRESS VIOLENT BEH, V8, P61, DOI 10.1016-S1359-1789(01)00054-4; Galea S, 2002, SOC SCI MED, V55, P1373, DOI 10.1016-S0277-9536(01)00274-X; Gofin R, 2000, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V27, P218, DOI 10.1016-S1054-139X(00)00095-1; Grunbaum Jo Anne, 2002, MMWR Surveill Summ, V51, P1; Harpham T, 2004, SOC SCI MED, V58, P2267, DOI 10.1016-j.socscimed.2003.08.013; Holtgrave DR, 2003, SEX TRANSM INFECT, V79, P62, DOI 10.1136-sti.79.1.62; Howell JC, 1998, OJJDP bulletin-NCJ 167249; Kawachi I, 1999, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V89, P1187, DOI 10.2105-AJPH.89.8.1187; Kawachi I, 1997, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V87, P1491, DOI 10.2105-AJPH.87.9.1491; Khawaja M, 2006, SOC SCI MED, V63, P1304, DOI 10.1016-j.socscimed.2006.03.047; Kim YS, 2006, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V63, P1035, DOI 10.1001-archpsyc.63.9.1035; KODJO CM, 2004, J ADOLESCENT HLTH, V0035; Laufer Avital, 2003, Int J Adolesc Med Health, V15, P235; Limbos MA, 2007, AM J PREV MED, V33, P65, DOI 10.1016-j.amepre.2007.02.045; Lindstrom M, 2003, PREV MED, V36, P177, DOI 10.1016-S0091-7435(02)00049-X; Lovell AM, 2002, SOC SCI MED, V55, P803, DOI 10.1016-S0277-9536(01)00204-0; Lynch J W, 1997, J Health Psychol, V2, P297, DOI 10.1177-135910539700200303; Makhoul J, 2003, ENVIRON URBAN, V15, P249, DOI 10.1177-095624780301500213; McKenzie K, 2002, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V181, P280, DOI 10.1192-bjp.181.4.280; Muula A, 2009, Ital J Pediatr, V35, P1; Ngo Hieu M, 2007, J Immigr Minor Health, V9, P75, DOI 10.1007-s10903-006-9018-6; Pickett W, 2005, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, V111, P855; Quinn GP, 2007, PUBLIC HEALTH, V121, P357, DOI 10.1016-j.puhe.2006.11.012; Rosenberg M, 1965, Self-Esteem Scale; Rudatsikira E, 2007, ANN GEN PSYCHIATR, V6, P1, DOI 10.1186-1744-859X-6-18; Sampson RJ, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P918, DOI 10.1126-science.277.5328.918; Sibai T, 2009, J PUBLIC HEALTH-UK, V31, P39, DOI 10.1093-pubmed-fdn100; Stickley A, 2010, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V64, P902, DOI 10.1136-jech.2009.092031; United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), 2003, Annual report of the Department of Health; USCR, 2003, WORLD REF SURV; Valois RF, 2002, AM J HEALTH BEHAV, V26, P454; WHO, 2002, WORLD REP VIOL HLTH; Williams K, 2007, ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH, V28, P195, DOI 10.1146-annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144111; Wright DR, 2006, SOC FORCES, V84, P1435, DOI 10.1353-sof.2006.0077; Youssef R M, 1999, East Mediterr Health J, V5, P28244
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