15 research outputs found
The development of the British army during the wars with France, 1793-1815
Get PDFThe British Army that fought the engagement at Waterloo in 1815, was outwardly little changed from that which was engaged in the initial campaigns of the Wars, twenty-two years previously. Line upon line of red-coated, musket-armed infantry, manoeuvred as chess pieces across open fields, deciding the issue by volley and bayonet, having spent a hungry night exposed to rain and cold. The cavalry were still beautifully and often impractically clad, and were always seeking the decisive charge, on their unfed and often sickly mounts. The Army's commander still viewed his troops as 'the scum of the earth', who were rarely paid, and predominantly enlisted for life. It would therefore appear that little had altered from 1793 to 1815, and that this will be a study of continuity rather than change. However, this thesis will show that despite outward appearances, the Army that took the field at Waterloo was intrinsically different from the one that entered the conflict in 1793, being modernised in line with other institutions of state, and other European armies. This thesis is first and foremost intended to be a contribution to the history of the British Army from the outbreak of war with Revolutionary France in 1793, to the reduction of the forces after the battle of Waterloo in 1815. It proceeds from an assumption that the understanding of not only that history, but the history of the developing British state, will be significantly advanced through a study of the operation of, and the changes which took place within, the Army during the Wars with France
The contribution of William, Lord Armstrong to science and education
Get PDFWilliam George Armstrong (1310-1900) is best remembered as the lawyer turned engineer who revolutionised ordnance during the Crimean War. Nonetheless, 'his researches, his evidence before Royal Commissions and his presidential addresses, (including that to the British Association for the Advancement of Science), are as relevant today as they were last century. Indeed, it could be argued that whereas George and Robert Stephenson were, essentially, men of the Industrial Revolution, Armstrong’s theories are .still appropriate in the space age. Apart from his extensive research into hydraulics and electricity, which greatly advanced the frontiers of science, his contribution to education is considerably more than a mere footnote to his more spectacular achievements. At a time when the men of theory and the men of practice despised each other, Armstrong stood athwart the debate. Instead, he built an educational and industrial complex at Elswick where theory and practice went hand in hand and which became the blue-print for successive Royal Commissions. While others argued for technical education on continental lines, Armstrong upheld the Elswick example. His reluctant involvement in the proposed College of Physical Science in Newcastle upon Tyne is the subject of some debate in this study. Nonetheless, when he was finally convinced of its efficacy, his support was unequivocal. So much so that, after his death, the resultant edifice became Newcastle's abiding memorial to him. Two recent biographies have been used as works of general reference, but the main thesis rests on extensive use of original material. This includes Armstrong's speeches and writings; his evidence before Royal Commissions and the records of the Elswick forks' Mechanics' Institute and Schools. Hitherto, Armstrong's fame has rested on his weapons which destroyed human life. His greatest weapon - his contribution to science and education - which destroyed the 'laissez faire' attitudes of his contemporaries, has been largely ignored. In an endeavour to redress the balance, this study has been attempted
Primary care in accident and emergency departments : the cost effectiveness and applicability of a new model of care.
Get PDFThe thesis describes the development, research and evaluation of the applicability of a new
model of care that involves GPs being employed on a sessional basis in A&E departments to
treat patients attending with primary care needs. The main aim of the study was to research its
cost and clinical effectiveness.
A multi-faceted approach was taken to include consideration of patients' needs and preferences,
professional concerns, organisational and structural issues within the health service, and
planning and policy issues. Clinical, sociological, epidemiological, and economic perspectives
are drawn upon, reflecting the context of the service development and to provide a firm base
for discussion about the generalisability and applicability of the findings.
The first two chapters provide a detailed review of the epidemiological, sociological,
clinical, and organisational literature relating to the primary care/A&E interface. The
incentives and disincentives that may act to increase or reduce demand and supply are
explored, in addition to issues relating to the 'appropriateness' of demand, the
organisational culture of A&E departments, and strategies used to curtail or cope with
demand. The demand for primary care at A&E departments appears to cross national
boundaries and hence, literature from other countries (particularly the USA) is included
and its applicability to the UK considered. Relevant literature relating to the quality of A&E
care, patient satisfaction, and the costing of care is also discussed.
The main study was a prospective controlled trial that was conducted at King's College
Hospital. This compared process variables, clinical outcome and costs of 'primary care'
consultations performed by senior house officers (SHOs), registrars, and general
practitioners working three-hour sessions in A&E. A new system of nurse triage was
implemented to allow the prospective identification of patients presenting with primary care
needs. A total of 27 SHOs, three registrars and one senior registrar were included, and the
patient sample comprised 1702 patients seen by GPs, 2382 by SHOs, and 557 by registrars or
the senior registrar. GPs were found to practice considerably less interventionist care than
A&E medical staff, and the resource implications were substantial.
The findings are discussed critically, and their applicability is considered drawing on empirical
data from recent evaluations of A&E Primary Care Service developments in other parts of
London. The policy and service implications of the study are considered and further research
needs identified
Neurocognitive disorders in young adults commencing highly active anti-retroviral treatment in the Western Cape
No full textIncludes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent in the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The aim of the study was to investigate whether HAND are as prevalent in South Africa as in other regions, and whether individuals with HAND in South Africa will respond to HAART. The literature was reviewed to elucidate potential mechanisms of the development of HIV-associated dementia (HAD), the most severe form of HAND, and to establish the effect that HAART has exerted on HAND across diverse studies. A prospective clinical cohort study was initiated in Cape Town, comprising 170 participants. The reviewed literature suggests that HAD is likely mediated by a range of HIV-related factors (including possible difference in HIV sub-type) and host-related factors
The local state and economic development in peripheral regions : a comparative study of Newfoundland and Northern Norway
Get PDFThis comparative study of local development initiatives is inspired by efforts to
address the chronic economic underdevelopment of Newfoundland. It explores the
combination of economic and political forces which generate and sustain regional
disparities within industrialised countries. This requires a conceptualisation of
peripherality, underdevelopment and development. In the face of global economic
restructuring, there are emerging trends which may be creating development
opportunities which peripheral regions have social and economic advantages in
exploiting. As these are rooted in the the potential of regional production systems
of interdependent small and medium sized firms, economic development strategies
must be implemented on a sub-national, and - in the Canadian context - subprovincial
level. Traditional regional development policies by higher levels of
government have failed on both political and economic grounds; a lower level of
economic decision-making must take the lead if these emergent possibilities are to
be realized.
Local economic decision-making can take many forms: voluntary, third sector
bodies, regional boards or bureaucracies of higher levels of government, or elected
local government. Because only the last, the local state, can draw on the
legitimacy of local democratic accountability, combined with the authority and
resources of a state body, it is argued that it is best suited to implementing local
development strategies, particularly those which must foster the trust and
regional consensus for the delicate balance of co-operation and competition
necessary for successful inter-firm networks.
These conceptualisations provide the analytic thrust for a comparative analysis of
development efforts implemented by a range of local organisational forms in
Newfoundland and Northern Norway. Like Newfoundland, Northern Norway
depended upon resource exploitation, particularly the fishery, with similar labour
market and demographic characteristics. As part of a unitary state with weak
regional government but substantial local government autonomy, Northern Norway
provides a useful contrast in terms of local institutional forms. No assumption is
made that the findings of the four Norwegian case studies can be generalised to
the experience of the four Newfoundland cases examined. By relating the varying
forces at work in each context, however, analytic generalisation is possible, in
which the primary causal forces discerned in specific cases can inform theory,
which can in turn be related to other contexts. Only by attemptig .to discern the
substantial constraints on efforts to generate economic activity in peripheral
regions can appropriate organisational forms and development strategies be
adopted
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for postnatal depression : a systematic review of clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness and value of information analyses
Get PDFBackground:
Postnatal depression (PND) describes a wide range of distressing symptoms that can occur in women following childbirth. There is substantial evidence to support the use of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in the treatment of depression, and psychological therapies are recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence as a first-line treatment for PND. However, access is limited owing to expense, waiting lists and availability of therapists. Group CBT may, therefore, offer a solution to these problems by reducing therapist time and increasing the number of available places for treatment.
Objectives:
To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of group CBT compared with currently used packages of care for women with PND.
Data sources:
Seventeen electronic bibliographic databases were searched (for example MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, EMBASE, PsycINFO, etc.), covering biomedical, health-related, science, social science and grey literature (including current research). Databases were searched from 1950 to January 2008. In addition, the reference lists of relevant articles were checked and various health services’ related resources were consulted via the internet.
Review methods:
The study population included women in the postpartum period (up to 1 year), meeting the criteria of a standardised PND diagnosis using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition, or scoring above cut-off on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). No exclusion was made on the basis of the standardised depression screening/case finding instrument of standardised clinical assessment tool used to define PND. All full papers were read by two reviewers (AS and DS) who made independent decisions regarding inclusion or exclusion, and consensus, where possible, was obtained by meeting to compare decisions. In the event of disagreement, a third reviewer (EK) read the paper and made the decision. All data from included quantitative studies were extracted by one reviewer (AS) using a standardised data extraction form. All data from included qualitative studies were extracted by two reviewers (AS and AB) using a standardised data extraction form with disagreements resolved by discussion. Two different data extraction forms were used, one for the quantitative papers and a second for the qualitative papers.
Results:
Six studies met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative review. Three were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and three were non-randomised trials. Two studies met the inclusion criteria for the qualitative review. These were both treatment evaluations incorporating qualitative methods. Only one study was deemed appropriate for the decision problem; therefore a meta-analysis was not performed. This study indicated that the reduction in the EPDS score through group CBT compared with routine primary care (RPC) was 3.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23 to 6.73] at the end of the treatment period. At 6-month follow-up the relative reduction in EPDS score was 4.48 (95% CI 1.01 to 7.95). Three studies showed the treatment to be effective in reducing depression when compared to RPC, usual care or waiting list groups. There was no adequate evidence on which to assess group CBT compared with other treatments for PND. Two studies of group CBT for PND were included in the qualitative review. Both studies demonstrated patient acceptability of group CBT for PND, although negative feelings towards group CBT were also identified. A de novo economic model was constructed to assess the cost-effectiveness of group CBT. The base-case results indicated a cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of £46,462 for group CBT compared with RPC. The 95% CI for this ratio ranged from £37,008 to £60,728. There was considerable uncertainty in the cost per woman of running a CBT course, of the appropriateness of efficacy data to the decision problem, and the residual length of benefit associated with group CBT. These were tested using univariate sensitivity analyses. Supplementary analyses that fitted distributions to the cost of treatment and the duration of comparative advantage reported a cost per QALY of £36,062 (95% CI £20,464 to £59,262).
Limitations
The cost per QALY ratio for group CBT in PND was uncertain because of gaps in the evidence base. There was little quantitative or qualitative RCT evidence to assess the effectiveness of group CBT for PND. The evidence that was available was of low quality in the main because of poor reporting of the results. Furthermore, little information was reported on concurrent treatment used in the studies, which was controlled for in only two of the studies.
Conclusions:
Evidence from the clinical effectiveness review provided inconsistent and low quality information on which to base any interpretations for service provision. Although three of the included studies provided some indication that group psycho-education incorporating CBT is effective compared with RPC, there is enough doubt in the quality of the study, the level of CBT implemented in the group programmes, and the applicability to a PND population to limit any interpretations significantly. It is also considered that the place of group CBT in a stepped care programme needs to be identified, as well as there being a need for a clearer referral process for group CBT
Trust and transformation in the water sector in South Africa
No full textWater policy under the 1956 Water Act actively discouraged participation and water was managed centrally. The principles enshrined in the National Water Act (no 36 of 1998), designed in line with international sustainable development goals that actively encourage participation of a wide range of stakeholders operating closest to the resources that are being used, require a shift from governing through direct controls to governance where the state interacts with a wide range of interest groups. Although policy seemingly embraces a new water management paradigm, the old is being resurrected with all the contradictions and contortions that precipitated the shift in focus from the old to the new in the first place. There is on the one hand an undeveloped notion of what participation should entail, but there is also a culture in the domain of water that negotiates meanings around technical rather than social discourses. It is the absence of knowledge, the unequal power relationship between water users and the inhibition of agency that makes participation so difficult and keeps those who have knowledge, in - and those who do not have knowledge, out, with the unintended consequence of strengthening bonds between those who have had, in the past, privileged access to water. Those who suffer water deprivation have not been able to use their franchise to improve their access to water and their access to decision-making bodies in the water sector. Repeated failures to achieve reform are costly in terms of finance, and they are costly because they affect the production of trust and make it difficult to retain the 'spirit of the law.' The changing role of the state and the influence that state policy and intervention has in developing or hindering the production of trust and the perpetuation or production of shame is pivotal. Trust is a valuable but volatile resource and the broader set of analytic tools have provided a scafIold using the following set of analytic themes: style of government, way in which bureaucrats accept or resist change, ability of non-state and state actors to develop synergistic relationships, equalising of power, meaningful transfer of knowledge and creation of an agency-enhancing and agency-enabling environment. Trust is a product of a set of 'ideal' conditions, public officials being trustworthy, trading credit slips between water users, having a sense of agency and being able to trust. The ideals of trust present trust as a product of democratic processes and in these ideal conditions trust, as an experience, is reproduced and smoothes relationships. The study expands on the theme of trust by introducing the idea of shame as an inhibitor of trust and examines conditions that activate shame based feelings
Cultural heritage discourses and Europeanisation : discursive embedding of cultural herigate in Europe of the regions
No full textIn dit onderzoek wordt erfgoed gezien als objecten waar een zekere betekenis aan wordt toegekend. Die betekenissen staan hier centraal en niet de objecten zelf. Sommige objecten krijgen die Europese relevantie, omdat ze vaak als Europees erfgoed worden bestempeld, voor andere objecten is dat bijvoorbeeld minder duidelijk en hebben de betekenis van nationaal of regionaal erfgoed. Dit proces van betekenisgeving staat centraal in dit proefschrift. Een drietal INTERREG projecten is geselecteerd als case studies (uit Litouwen, Griekenland en Nederland
2
No full textEnglish Club Elects Two
Women and Eight
Men
Fauna Fairis of Palo Alto la
Among Neophytes of .Campus
Organization.
The Stanford Bna-llsb Club an-
-torint-e*- Hie election of the following undergraduate*, to membership:
Harold Chester Hoyd of I-:*, sum.
Miss Oladys llrl*;*> of Santa. Ana,
Miss Eleanor P. Walls of ten* Ao*
■**.#**. Frank 1. Carmody of Klmlra.
X V.. Fauna W. Farrla of Palo Alio.
MUton Ilngeu of l,os Anrteles. Itoh*
eit Iligglus of Santa Maria, Glenn
llugbe> ...' I.-.* Angele*. Pick Morgan «f !■"- AoKeies and Paul fltanl-
ford of Fresno.
Mo*! of (he neophytes bavrt writ*-
ten fur the Stt*uoia or other collsge
ptiblitallon*. and all have done rrsd-
liable-llteiaiy work Hoyd Is a rlr-;
U engineering tdodenl und Is Ilia!
Kitttpii* rone* pond ent for the Sim j
' Fram-iiwo Coll. He belong* to Del-)
ta Kappa Kpslton. .Ml** Ilrfgg* is in
tin- Kngllsh department and a mem*!
ber or Knpim Alpliu Tin-in.
Mis* Wall* majors In history. Hhe'
i* j Deltj Gamma Carmody I* anj
• tilotiiotoRli.1 He I* Hie Associated j
Press 'representative and Is a m*m*|
ber of Km-ltia Club. Karris Is an
i'nglhh tnajui and a rormer smdent t
In the Palo Alto High School. Ha!
gen [s an eioiiotnlr* student *«nd|
Uvea tn KiH-Hia He I* op the Clmp-i
urrnl staff
Hlggln.* I* an Kngllsh major and;
l.rnltia man. Hughes t* Mudylng In]
tin* education deiiailmnnl and be-!
long* to Cardinal Club Morgan I*
iniother Kngllsh mr.|or and belong*
lo K-tppa Alpha Slanlford Is a'
j.tefesal -Indent on the flatly Palo'
AKo staff ami In « Sigma Chi.
Tim'SS St PIMA KI.F.ITHIC1TV.
illt Kdward I' K Trot .
It 1* now
tpat plant*-
Stanford Committee Asks Book Cost Still
State University for Further Reduced
an Explanation
'New Appointments Made I Board of Education
by Board of ' Holds Regular Meeting'
Sacramento. Nov 13.—Today
| State Printer friend W. Hlcbardson
Utter* Exchanged by Two Uni-j.^,^ a ,.,., lMrther redaction la
manufsriurlns cost of school
versitiea Regarding Extra
Substitutes.
In answer lo a cotniuuulcatluii r»*-
celveti from the California atudeal
eiecutlv* cotnttltte-e In esplaaatloo
or the substitution of foar players
Into III* recent Intercoll**.!*.* name
between Stanford and California,
the Cardinal authorities have mailed
a re-ntiest lo California asking that
some definite assurance lie given
that surh a break will not occur In
tbe future. The Callforala committee has given as an eicuse aa "unfortunate error" on the |iart of the
coaches. Htsufor.l has naked thst a
recurrence ot a similar violation he
made |ni|tos*lble
The Stanford committee did not
consider the letter sent by their rival* sal I* factory, ao the following
ninitniinicaiion wa* sent from the
eampu* )e»terday afternoon:
•■Stanford University;, Nov, ic—
Kiecullve Committee. University ot
California. Berkeley-, Cat.—-Gentlemen: Your letter of eiplanation In
regard to (be Infringement or the
Intori-olb'giale agreement h*H been
received as an expression of regret
of the California eseculiv* commit-
tee. and also or tbe California student bod) al large We appreciate
your ptMltion In this matter and are
positive that (he California student
leod) deep!] regret* Ihe un for lunate
error on (he pari of the coach.
"However. II Is ibe opinion of Hie
Stanford executive committee, that
the action of the California coach In.
Median In (he fourth sub»fi(u(e was
deliberate because or ihe rad that
till-, fourth player did not report to
relei
* Ihal
We
■ loal
at there e*<*ted -u. h
f nMrhlnrt aotboiitj tb*
mild j-i-iui it Mihalltulo
epostiltlag
| Week, liefo
bull Mill- w
tint
Kilt*
d la-
tents pe
tlm Par,
wllh a. i-oitiilatiou ot 1(13,
liilleul town will. a.mould*
i< plant It ha. hut new
cotwimers, and charge. S
I. (IU* mid Klet-lti. Coni-
iint-elitim coii-umer- to pay
iti.t-... where it ba* 1.000
■tt..-- a- man; c*ot-*amer* m* ihi* lit-
'.• villas.. The total population of
In- It- iminlctpii! ownt-mbtp town*'
- 'iT.oiiit. Nine of them are selling
a-.trt.-itv „t a ie-** rate titan the
'.,-Hi. Con-pen) U ibtirglng fu San
'rnnrisio. wher.- the (inpiiltttlon Is
When Patadenn pwposed to build
municipal plant the 1.0* Angele*
Idifott fooipnttv, then ah Urging M*
■*j.|..|i... r. rentti. induced mien to
.' I-.' rents! after the plant wa* tn
;.-*..tinji to if, ; nd now to t cent*.
muted 1|V Ibe 1 ■.pr--*.|.|ilrtMv e*-,
...til ttlilven'tle. It till lilt- illHI-e
-arditut sub-dilute* was made it
vpiLit in it" wonline Tbl- lm
*-—lf should have precluded
nlatintlemlandlng between the
daelte* with regard to the sub*titvi-
i«n of ittayer* .
'■In view of (be fact thai this ron-
rov*>rs) Tut.*-, arisen It I* the opinion
<f Hie si.infotd t*s*ciillre committee
bat Mate .i—uraii.i- *bould I*e glveu
•1 tour conitnlttee Ihat the rule* a*
Haded bv the football rule* com-
tlillee be Mricllv adhered to Hi the
boobs. On eight lots of books turned on 1 of Ihe Hinte printing plant
durlnc tbe past two months the aver-
aae reduction la cost from tbe COM
under the former administration is
*>; per cent.
"Th* reduction in the cost of
manufacturing tbe Advanced 0*o-
Xraphy. while less In percentage
than tbe other books, Is a remarkable showing*." say* Itlchardson
Thl* book contains 7-1*8 pages, large
number of maps ln several colors
and l* a difficult book (o produce, as
It require* much hand work.
The name ol (be book. Shannon'*
it-act, Richardson's cost, and (be percentage t>f reduction t* shown bein* :
Hook* Shannon Hlcbardson.P.t
101 80
Trustees
1
Th* board of education met In
■ '■'-*—— j regular session Wedr*e*day evening
Student. Selected, aa Aeelaunu,.,,,, .„ „, „,, „„,.,„ nreeeat.!
in Van-Hie Deparanenta at >n, „,„„,„ „f lb, ,„ ,„„„„
Stanlord Univerany. roe-lla., were reed an! approtel.
r'-.tl.»n
, -.up.rlnt.ni1.nl Temnl.ton report*
appolnlmaa-al, (1M ^ >f|l ^^ llnHj „.
■..»<■ been made or II. Board or|,„r^ kridm, midT.„ r„n.oeore-j
Tro.we. aa tollowa: i „.„, .„,„„, b.r^rter al lh, end
-.real J. Naw-emer, u> Ike Ber- „, ,„, ^.„on Mo„ «,. bonder ,.-!
nard Keeaarrt 9cbol.r,hlp I. E»-,,..„„„. on „,„,,„„ ,b, reromman-'
.......:.,.". tor tb, Mirr.nl ,.-,rt,m:r ., ... ,,,.. ,.„,. ... .,,,„.,..,.
.d.tl'.i
of tbe raeolir wa. approved
**ar- U (be future pollrr of tb. board
Jame, I. Ad.m, and IHiauopal: ,„».td mU,„r to«|.,.n-ernent e»-
Muk.rll lo I* .indent ...l.l.nl. In!„.,„. ,„, ,h, h„b „boo| ct„„
PaitoaophT I graduating at thai time.
Carol «re.n. A. J. Het«.a.r. Ed-; ■,„,,,, ,,,, .„„ th, d„ ,„.,„„.
car <- Smith. Mabel Newcomer a.d.(D, ,Tb,nk«l.ln«. war derlared e
"" bolld.r. IP a-rordanre wnu lb. rua-
er One
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A KIMI OK HKI.IellltOTH.
K*-Preaident Tart has be*m talking 1o a convention of manufacture!*
on the "value of coifservailon in
government." A very Interesting '"
topic and one be wa* well riuallfled '
to handle. Ilr Harrej IV. Wiley,
who wa* lor niainv ve.ir* bead ol Ibe ''r
lleparlmetil of Chemlwtry* in the «"
ntitlonal government. hn« recent'v '"'
'•■■< 11 it-!!.ns )u*t why Ihe al-omloable »'
poison known ns "nigger whisk*}"
!» aim so raxtensivtab-. sold ihrougii
Din South. OtHtor Wiley I* a res|Mm-
sJble aotaaOrlty. ami ihe record* in
(hi* tase bark blm up * Tbe rob
tie lion Itolw i-i-n hi* ullaranre ami
Hmt of Mr. Tnft 1* remote perhapn
ants In re*ronomlcs.
James li. Marshall to be asslslant
la the l-a» Library
J. M. IK"1.1 to be regent assi
ant in Ihe Chemical l^iboralory
(j A Cook to be temporary assistant In (he Mechanical shop.
II W Maloney lo be assistant In
Fencing In Hold* Oymnaslum.
Marcella C. Duff to be cataloguer
In the library.
The realgantlon of Dr. V. O.
Camptiell. a-*l*tant In Medicine was
accepted, Ihe government having re*
i-uired blm to return to his atatlon
la Alaska.
Dr. Mllllcent Cosgrave. aaslatant
In obstetric* and xyne-r-ology In the
medicine M'boot. was granted leave
ol aheene* tor nfv week* for purpose
llldv
tha 1
FRANKS' FUNERAL IS
HELD IN SAN FRANCISCO
.eate
ol a
•ertce
was
granted
r. 1.
K II
»**ett.
or the
Deita rt-
nt of
Kuril
h. to
deliver
ledures
»re r
■tint}
Inst
lutes
In Lo*
tele*
Count
f, Nov
I oth
to ITU.
The funeral
hut st'l
li Wiley (ell
lb*
No'
HoilM-kei-tilttg " Ivt.'i
large (mil or Ihe Hltc
.ommitled by the ft-ni
tbe south I* lo t-e |i
i-eilaln brand- or \U\\
Mild titer* In great ut
ly in the wet district
blind tlget*. In the d
sold a* whlakev I* n
ur*.
lure Wry tr.ilv
MtTllI'It HALM. I
"HAY C. M.M'I.K See
idei
the
letter lei-i-lved by
■cnlhe .oiomltd'-- (to
IrilBthS. pre.ident
1* Miiderit lnt.lv. in ■
Hit* action of tin* c.i
(otlovv*.
v"-""1 """"••"
.*,! studenu ni c>
■>ti:
id
Ihe
mission loknottiedgpi
itin iiiuhlrlpal nlitnt
• tl* rate In "hiterveu
adjacent «*> th* cltv ot
ta-llt*","
till, bill n
and dung-
in at* rials
tended to
nitins.
oh.
following.
licadlui sltov
or "dood
inn* know* .1
tiintiblc erinic
ant uegrtM ol
d dltectly to
11 Ihat at-
itiltif--- open-
nnd through
y.' The stuff
I* not Whiskey at
dop,-d with tlavorr.
Irna*. .Koine or the
are deliberately Hi-
late the basest i-ar*
morning
Knttt'efseti
and In llv
of (he late John C.
il suddenly Thursday
-Id rtiitunlat In dan
:, t-'ratik* t-arue to
IfJS I'riim Ihe linn-
3 wa* active In bu*l-
polltlcal life 'if tho
*(a
Dr. Wile) loll* its that In ll1
In* undertook to get un exact nil1
from the administration as to wl
ta,bl«k--v" tag*, with,a view lo sli
1 iiit: oitl these vt|laMiuuR rone
ilons- HI* effort let IiHtse an :t
t.tn.he of protest from (be dtstlli
who were puttlllK up Hicm* drill
Mo*l or them located In Clin
mitl. Keep Hint place In inirid
tremendoti* niiiount of luftueuti- v
Hi- serte-d as sberllt of Sononu
Coui.iv abofllv after hi* arrival, and
tbs-.ii tteiil to Moiitetev county, wliere
ho wa* sheriff for three terms. In n
period sin-it to be * her iff or some of
the ...unite-, of California raited for
a high lb-glee of |wr>oua1 courage
In \hs;, he wa* appointed Waited
states mnrahall for the nbrthern di.
irlct or California, and serve
lhf*aa«hottl l-reafitent Cleveland's ad
iuini*-lfation and two veai* under
i*i.>-.i,|.'in ilarrfson.
Ijiter In* served na mnrshiill of Ihe
I'nilfd Sttate* Circuit Couit of Ap*
|teal-. until (he office was abollahed
torn of tbe school* In tbe county.
Tl.e president of tbe board and'
-Ibe auperlmeedent were apt>olBt*d a
j committee to arrange Ihe program'
ror commencement to b* h*ld on
Friday, 'December 1Mb. al th* sin*
dlo
Mr Bodley reported on Are e*-l
cap** The cheirman Informed him'
that (he board a( l(a previous meet-,
log had fffe-n-ti the matter to him
with pow*r to act
- reported tor lb* com-
lUpplle* that Htoel log's
bid on chemicals, and Hyde's bid oa
;b*a*rlptlon list of periodicals
had been accepted and orders
Placed £ . I
The super,ntendea( rejattrted the
■gram for vocational tail* to th*
boa* by business and professional
1 the towa, the aeries to betjla
on lb* 12tb Instant and be given
every lour weeks from ** to 3 p. tn.
He also reported tbe satisfactory
progtrs* of the tennis courts now
tinder construction and (he work
that Mr. Mercer la doing on them.
Other report* rendered by th*
superintendent were as folio**;
...-- Fiance* Dudley ba* been appointed to the rlerlral force on
(rial.
Un all the high nchool activities
and their satlsrartorr condition.
The monthly registration—*tS0 in
high school and fit a In tbe ele*
ntetttary echool*.
The' result uf Ibe cafeteria luncheon—1101.30 gross receipt*. fSO.te
n*t lOCelpt*.
gratileit to the
Ivt? Its r*trular
Own W*vr.'* oa
Afli-
bl*
tight, to
up*.
ll..
pit and hi- \llo
n].:i
A hot
ent
1)11
i>i- lo-Kiin to (,'■•• dlsli
it-lli inti nilglil b.ipiH'tt
plan*. KtKJsevell seal fo
er the ground vt
lUfthndsa, giving Or
, the
bualnet
! Within
f'tlt.-mrlll be took
■•r dredging und the
*wnmp und 0vetrl.1t
tbe pioiu-er In the In
Htxe-Kful reclatnadnti
da within 1 In- slate
. and Itl* laige relation
oclt bit*1m-M.. he was a
e in the iotiKlrurt-011
circles of the Mate.
-and hi* busluesi
held In Ihe hlKli.-*'
•tot^l high
Wile-;
'Idy
vprj
1.1-
do
-it 1.0- \i,-:.-t.-, ti..- Kdlson Company -
tharee* 6 vrni*. ;t rate t-.*ja| to isi 1
I»-i .ent of the Pasadena rate— *
In San l'i.iii.i*>o ibe Pat-Ulc Oa* ■
ittid Kierlrlf Compitnv compel* the '
people to pav s cent*, the higheajl
tat* It chaige-f in an* • tt» or town
In ibe state Tht- Alamcdn mtinlrt* '
pal plant, tii-i gents* the bay. Jibs ;
b.*en aelling current for many year* '
.at T rent-, even'while Oakland.
Iteikeley and Sun Fram-Wco weie ;
bad lied tht*]
*..«
i-uti-
Tbe Tnitel ttiates .ivll service
.nnii--l»ti niinoiinrett that the es*
[tinslltins ilstnl Mow will b.< held
Sail pr.ui.-i-i... :.t .tit earlv date:
Supt'tlnt.ndeat of machinery. 1*.
mint. Philadelphia. Pa.: salary
'.loo per .itltlHlll.
When Mnvor Stilt Wilson ' pro-
l-oae.| to build a munlr-lp.il electric
1 ..tin iu Iterkelej be itoinled to the
■"■'Vr of, ibe .Atamet|n_.rHv-.,.p,latit.
As ft rwiitl Hie Municipal owner-hip
seetlment became Mt wtrong that'thf"
fompaav baa*been <omiH-l!ed to veil t* it- uie to ; *H*ni*-. ibe -.amc
as Hie Aliimedn ' rule, not only In
Berkeley nntl Oakland, but in the
little towns and even to tho farmers
in alt of Alameda county, saving
them hundreds of thousand., of dol-
!nr* every year. The submissive,
people 'of Sail Francisco meekly pay
a rate 11 per rent higher than Ala-
Died*. * *
While iligg*. with but 403 Inhabitant**. Is Hie smallest place In California with a publicly owned plant.
(irldle-r. which aho owns Its lighting plant, has * population or hut
frill. Aiiif.i 1.117* and IlQaldsburn
2.060. Of the flfteen towns, eleven
have less than *>,000 people, a ium-
ittoty aid. bit
!*a
ala
of mine-*,
to to l-.it'-il
K*.|->trt i*-a»>
nntitr
:er rale clerk, tiuar-
St Ural*. Mo : salary 91,300 (tor iintium
tin il-ni.ni. bureau of iinlmnl In*.
dustry. deparlment or agrlrultut-e;
salary |*«o per annum.-' * *
Application blanks and further
Information relative n> these examination* umy l.i- obialned from the
sea-relary. twelfth civil service district, room . r-tl postofSc building,
San Francisco. ,
• • **«*t>*«*aA*«**e>**t>a.**«*«
ber of tl.ese municipal plant* purchase a part or all the current from
large electric companies. And thej*
sen at a I**-* rate than these sum*
rompanle* charge email consumer*
'i-- neighboring; towns.
the distiller* advanced. PiesentW
Ihere tame ilttoiigh a mlitig entint*
lv in uiTordnnce with Dr. Wlh-y's
wishes and that Just abotit put tho
t*'nclnm.H Co\-rlng dlntlllcr* out of
bnslntt**. The. Istter. of course.
look the matter Into the court*.
where Hu'V lost on every count, and
they then appealed 10 tb*. Supreme
ranti of (be Cnlted Stale*
While the appeal wa* .tending
i[oo*cvt-lt went mi! of ihe pre-ddent-
lal otlh-e ..nd (tn* famous riiRttervg.
tlve from Cincinnati, W. II. Tafl,
came In. He lmmedlatel> ordered
the whole subject rixipened and »!►*
pointed Solicitor tleneral Howent
hear and decide Hie matter. He-
fore Howers the whole case, which
ever)one had Mll'InMcd wit* finally
\Z-JL •■' i! U-.1. o: . ..i 1. lei:-.t ■ r:' 1 111 t li« Jmii.1 h
yjof the Supreme ("ouri, was threshed
{out In full, the distillers predentin*-,
their *lde and Dr. Wiley and numerous chemist* nnd the representatives or civic bodies presenting Ihe
Sid*-of ihe people* Interest. Of lh*
»1t. |*)lnts involved llowers divided
the four vital ones for Dr. Wiley
nnd the two minor item* he gave wi
ihi* dltnlltem. Thl# tvii* n cieat
victory Tor the ■ ..'■-.- of deaVncy and
hu*lne*s morality.
Then what bappenodr It Is a
Mirrowful thing lo tell hut It Is history. President Taft arbitrarily took
tht* ra*-*.- In his own hand*, overruling his own sele-tinn of au love*
tlgator, .reversed his decision, Ignor*
*d the Jurisdiction of the eupreme
Court—-to the openly- expressed in
dlfcoalloa of that bo-iy~aad gav*
grwitjtwin* 11 Kntgiit Templar.
umeitt'COLI-KCIATK AI.UMNAE
HAVE LUNCHEON
Lieutenant G. V. Hayes
Presented With Testimonial of Esteem
Retiring Officer of Company L,
N. G. C. Bid* Men
Farewell.
An Interesting paper waa read at
tbt Armory Monday evening by tb*
compaay commaoncr. Captain C. C.
Anthony. The subject taken Was
Outpost Duty." and war. Illustrated.
A splendid attendance was evident
and Included some ot o.ar ettlssa*
Wh( eiprea.ed .ttirlr plesa-jre at h*v-
10. been preseat for this lostrucUe*
talk.
I**otlowiaa tbe tastractloa Corporal V. K More, on behalf of th*
boy* of tha* company. pr**eat*d
Lieutenant 0 V. Hayes with a hand-
anas* *ofd "ssrvtce fob," suitably
eanrared. Tbe rotnpany *>il| f**l
tn* lo*s of Ueutenant Hsyes' aervtre
heenly In recelvlna this temem-
brsnee al the hands of the men In
the company Lieutenant Hayes .aid
"I am nnlte reluiiaat to l*ar*
you and have only the pleasanteet
r*cotlections of my association with
tbe officers and m*a - I want to
thank you tor tbe hearty support
ton have aiven me. snd take tbia
occasion of eipressina my appre-rl*-
tton. 1 only bo****-ihat sometim* In
lh* fature I can see my way cl*ar
to affiliate with Company L and to
continue "tt. / 'work In the National
Guard I wish you every success In
your work " ftefre-ahraents followed
Amob-c tbe men who bave receut-
I*- t-e--ii diacbar*ed from the com-
paiiy ar* fierffeant W J. Crook aad
Print* I'- K Anderson, both on ne*
Pn-
ol
-ii;.'
at from
nra
vate A K Kelt reported ror duty
ln»l ei.-iiljiic bavin* Iteen absent
with furtoiiah tn Seattle and different sound mil- fur tbe past sit
raontb* The promotion -if Private
C V Williams to the tirade of *er-
sesnl. and l'rlvaie F' 8 Mulock (o
the grade of t*ot*fadral ha* Iteen MM*
ftruied in *-ene-*l orders No « from
the headguarter. of the Fifth Infantry, n, a b
MttnFiiv rr:*tiiM-;\r i»..v|\iv
iKll\ KMI
t'l'MlllK*tOII
Thespian Club
semester piav.
Deceinlter *e|b.
The reftula'r inonthly bill* were
audlled and warrant* drawn on tit*
treasurer lor the amount*. The
meeting then adjourned
VtATItl'ilOW AND ITS 1 KDI'ISLI-:-.
To sever the sacred bond* of matrimony Karne*t brine** *ui( a*-aia*t
his onre Itelovrd Daisy, in Miller
its.-itr.Kt Milter. He alien** various
mt* of cruel and Inhuman treatment. Int'tttdio** Bitch loader* a*
thte-atcntnr, to kill him. tbrowtn*
thf.be* and (tlns*-w»re at him. strik*
tut! hint with dish-M and other artl-
rie-i of iiou-ehold lurniture. attesc*
Inc hint on deilrate |»ar(* of hi* aa*
admit, and thereby pertaenentll in-
jiit-inc bun. sml entntttlitlnn other
dtv*eei*atlon* of hi* manly person,
wherebv he was *>crm-.neatlv injured and hi"-, life wa* tendered mis*
erable and unlvenrable. Dalai an*
swered denyfn* the soft Impeach-
meats of plnltittiT and altes-lntt
J-it-ton*-, other (bins*, thai plaintiff
■ bad been sc*u«tomed to luaat. k'tk.
jeurs* ami ttlnmc defendant' thai he
[had spit tobacco juice on her tloth*
; Ilia and had become affe.te.1 with
; lies* and oilier . re-rpin*- itas*Ct* of the
[louse fanillr, *nd called h«r ail
{kinds ot vile nnme* and had 'made
u bruie or himself generally. Plain*
■ (Iff replied, den*in*, all the alien*
atton* of th* answer.
; lite circuit itidrte takln* (he matter in hi* own band* and without
[heard.*; any lewtlnr-any*. mad* 3 deck j cree h.-or the pleadlnn*. crantlnc
■r Lu-|iila!nlln* Ihe divorce, and deete**!**
' Mill*'the pro|teriy held in the name of
patwr[defendant to helium to plaintiff the
Work i custody of the two children, issu*
'of the ntarrla-ce, and aivin* defend*
.♦♦♦ilaSt.. *! I. !<"!Hi™nL Abe-X*Uii.^LJ^_4»»*ar.
ie dlr-. tuiuith. After p.tyin* alliiiony ror *.
■ went! ■'♦■** mouthy pLVnittr tern*.*.] to, pay
;.»*.-!. looser and now applies fur a mod!-
aaaln :«*ure*I onl or Cincinnati to he-i hVat.on of tbe-deepen on the nrounda
Mlaltxe tuittrly the low nejtroa of the, tn*t I*"*1 I'art of th* decree nraatm*
south. Prow Ibis decision came a' alimony Is void. Tbe supreme court
volume of crime and misery and un*'°' Drenon concur* tn ht» ittnlendon
bappines* ureater i«eihait* lhan any-and leverse-s an order deaytan tb*
tnd'vhlunt human- inianlnatlon «*n wnUtw on the nrounds that tbe court
picture. 1 ***d no Jurisdli lion to *rant a-dl-
Wh'at I* the answer** This wa*.' ■"r''*' on ln* l,lMdln*** without hear-
no doubt an example of conaerval-,iBS lh* **l***<*- ■**l-f» «w «««•
ism pnliln* down fad* and radical j *-*■"»««• >" "hsolutely void, and re-
notions, j wands the case lo the loiter court,
with dire.*-!.,.:, fv bear
mc-ny.--Ii*rkeley (iaiette.
Tb.
the theott of the rltcht- of properi>
h) SecreUt) of Labor William It.
Wilson in hi* stiee.lt before the
Amerlrau Federation of l.*bor ..invention al Seattle re.ei.tl> Is etclt-
in* f*v*otable rommej.t amorsr (*•'
drleicntes Takln*. us bis tell the
»(rlke in the Calumet copper district and selecting one mlnlnc company a* an esan.pl*. he satd that
Hie iarae-t corttorallon enss*:*d ln
(he production of copper In tb«
Mlchittan district wa* ors-anl.etl .n
l*;o under the taw* of the state of
Mlchlcan; that it* Capital t-tock- -tb.*
f*re value of |t* capital stuck u
I-' I
ll;.-
■hare
e*'h. Tbe> were : r ■ •■ .••■-'■ ^t II : '■■'
e.t.h. *o thst tbe a.tua! ta*r
Methods of prediction and prevention of pre-eclampsia: Systematic reviews of accuracy and effectiveness literature with economic modelling
Get PDF© Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO 2008. This monograph may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and may be included in professional journals provided
that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising.Objectives: To investigate the accuracy of predictive tests for pre-eclampsia and the effectiveness of preventative interventions for pre-eclampsia. Also to assess the cost-effectiveness of strategies (test-intervention combinations) to predict and prevent pre-eclampsia. Data sources: Major electronic databases were searched to January 2005 at least. Review methods: Systematic reviews were carried out for test accuracy and effectiveness. Quality assessment was carried out using standard tools. For test accuracy, meta-analyses used a bivariate approach. Effectiveness reviews were conducted under the auspices of the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group and used standard Cochrane review methods. The economic evaluation was from an NHS perspective and used a decision tree model. Results: For the 27 tests reviewed, the quality of included studies was generally poor. Some tests appeared to have high specificity, but at the expense of compromised sensitivity. Tests that reached specificities above 90% were body mass index > 34, α-foetoprotein and uterine artery Doppler (bilateral notching). The only Doppler test with a sensitivity of over 60% was resistance index and combinations of indices. A few tests not commonly found in routine practice, such as kallikreinuria and SDS-PAGE proteinuria, seemed to offer the promise of high sensitivity, without compromising specificity, but these would require further investigation. For the 16 effectiveness reviews, the quality of included studies was variable. The largest review was of antiplatelet agents, primarily low-dose aspirin, and included 51 trials (36,500 women). This was the only review where the intervention was shown to prevent both preeclampsia and its consequences for the baby. Calcium supplementation also reduced the risk of preeclampsia, but with some uncertainty about the impact on outcomes for the baby. The only other intervention associated with a reduction in RR of pre-eclampsia was rest at home, with or without a nutritional supplement, for women with normal blood pressure. However, this review included just two small trials and its results should be interpreted with caution. The cost of most of the tests was modest, ranging from £5 for blood tests such as serum uric acid to approximately £20 for Doppler tests. Similarly, the cost of most interventions was also modest. In contrast, the best estimate of additional average cost associated with an average case of pre-eclampsia was high at approximately £9000. The results of the modelling revealed that prior testing with the test accuracy sensitivities and specificities identified appeared to offer little as a way of improving cost-effectiveness. Based on the evidence reviewed, none of the tests appeared sufficiently accurate to be clinically useful and the results of the model favoured no-test/treat-all strategies. Rest at home without any initial testing appeared to be the most cost-effective 'test-treatment' combination. Calcium supplementation to all women, without any initial testing, appeared to be the second most cost-effective. The economic model provided little support that any form of Doppler test has sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity to be cost-effective for the early identification of pre-eclampsia. It also suggested that the pattern of cost-effectiveness was no different in high-risk mothers than the low-risk mothers considered in the base case. Conclusions: The tests evaluated are not sufficiently accurate, in our opinion, to suggest their routine use in clinical practice. Calcium and antiplatelet agents, primarily low-dose aspirin, were the interventions shown to prevent pre-eclampsia. The most cost-effective approach to reducing pre-eclampsia is likely to be the provision of an effective, affordable and safe intervention applied to all mothers without prior testing to assess levels of risk. It is probably premature to suggest the implementation of a treat-all intervention strategy at present, however the feasibility and acceptability of this to women could be explored. Rigorous evaluation is needed of tests with modest cost whose initial assessments suggest that they may have high levels of both sensitivity and specificity. Similarly, there is a need for high-quality, adequately powered randomised controlled trials to investigate whether interventions such as advice to rest are indeed effective in reducing pre-eclampsia. In future, an economic model should be developed that considers not just pre-eclampsia, but other related outcomes, particularly those relevant to the infant such as perinatal death, preterm birth and small for gestational age. Such a modelling project should make provision for primary data collection on the safety of interventions and their associated costs.National Institute for Health Researc
