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The importance of the scientific support to the preservation of cultural heritage: 2- The characterisation of paint binders
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Characterisation of wall painting in the Sos Furrighesos necropolis (Anela, Italy)
No full textThe Sos Furrighesos necropolis (Anela) is considered to be one of the most important funerary monuments in Sardinia. The hypogeum consists of various graves, called Domus de Janas, which are decorated with Neolithic mural paintings and sculptures. This work was undertaken in order to clarify which techniques were used in the past, through the identification of pigments and binding media. The samples, scraped off from the paint surface, were studied by using various analytical techniques in order to characterise both the pigments and the binding media. The main problems concerning the characterisation were due to the small sizes (1–5 mg) of the samples and their complex nature. As regards pigments, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analyses were performed on the samples. These techniques are well suited to the characterisation of inorganic pigments and have led to the identification of the red pigment as haematite. In order to characterise the organic binders, the samples were analysed by a procedure based on a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique, which allows proteinaceous and lipidic media determination in the same sample. In most of the samples, the presence of egg was suggested.The Sos Furrighesos necropolis (Anela) is considered to be one of the most important funerary monuments in Sardinia. The hypogeum consists of various graves, called Domus de Janas, which are decorated with Neolithic mural paintings and sculptures. This work was undertaken in order to clarify which techniques were used in the past, through the identification of pigments and binding media. The samples, scraped off from the paint surface, were studied by using various analytical techniques in order to characterise both the pigments and the binding media. The main problems concerning the characterisation were due to the small sizes (1-5 mg) of the samples and their complex nature. As regards pigments, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analyses were performed on the samples. These techniques are well suited to the characterisation of inorganic pigments and have led to the identification of the red pigment as haematite. In order to characterise the organic binders, the samples were analysed by a procedure based on a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, which allows proteinaceous and lipidic media determination in the same sample. In most of the samples, the presence of egg was suggested. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved
A first insight into the Asian clay sculptures painting technique and materials: Western and Eastern Buddhas of the Bamiyan valley (Afghanistan) and sculptures from Shuilu’an (Shaanxi Province, China)
No full textCharacterization of textile fibers by means of EGA-MS and Py-GC/MS
Full text linkTextile fibers have represented an important resource for mankind throughout all human history. In fact, ancient cultures employed them not just to produce clothes, but also for expressing their habits and traditions. Based on the chemical composition, textile fibers are classified as natural, artificial, and synthetic. The analysis of textile fibers can be very challenging, so it is crucial to find new analytical tools capable of identifying them and studying their behavior in the environment. The collected information can be transferred in many different fields, such as the industrial sector, forensic science, environmental science, and heritage science. In the present study, the capability of Pyrolysis coupled to Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and Evolved Gas Analysis coupled to Mass Spectrometry (EGA-MS) to discriminate textile fibers was tested. The first part of the study was addressed to the analysis of pure samples to build a detailed database by highlighting the main differences in the chromatographic profiles. Then, three textile blends of known composition were investigated, and the results compared with those acquired by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Eventually, the information obtained from the reference materials was exploited for the study of textile samples collected from the stage costumes of the lyrical opera 'I Puritani' directed by Franco Zeffirelli in 1961. The EGA-MS and Py-GC/MS results, integrated with those obtained by optical microscopy, allowed us to deepen the characterization of the historical samples
The characterisation of saccharide binders in paint samples: analytical problems, databases and materials identification
No full textThe binding media of the polychromy of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army
No full textThe "Terracotta Army" is a worldwide known archaeological finding in China. It is a part of the burial complex of the emperor Qin Shihuangdi (259-210 BC), which is still under excavation and study. The fact that the sculptures, chariots and weapons of the First Chinese Emperor's Terracotta Army were originally all painted in bright colours is still not widely known. The chemical characterisation of the paint medium was performed through an analytical procedure based on GC-MS. The proteinaceous binder was identified for the first time through a desalting procedure used in proteomics. The identification of egg as a paint binder is extremely interesting in terms of the historical significance of the work of art itself and important in terms of the method of conservation. Moreover it represents one of the first steps towards an understanding of the painting technique used on ancient sculptures in China, of which - despite their fame - nothing is yet known. (c) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved
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