1,721,018 research outputs found
Risk of bladder, kidney and prostate cancer from occupational exposure to welding fumes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textBackground Our aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of cohort studies on risk of genitourinary (GU) cancers in workers exposed to welding fumes (WF).Methods We performed a systematic review of studies published on Pubmed, Scopus and Embase following PRISMA criteria. Two researchers selected cohort studies on WF exposure. From 2582 articles, 7 non-overlapping studies were included. Quality of studies was scored according to CASP. We run a random effects meta-analysis to calculate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of GU cancer, overall and stratified by cancer, country, and quality score.Results We included seven studies reporting results on GU cancers, including prostate, bladder and kidney cancer (PC, BC, and KC). The RR was 1.19 (95% CI = 1.07-1.32, 16 risk estimates) for GU cancer; 1.13 (95% CI = 0.90-1.42, 4 risk estimates) for PC; 1.26 (95% CI = 0.98-1.60, 7 risk estimates) for BC and 1.28 (95% CI = 1.12-1.47, 5 risk estimates) for KC. Heterogeneity was present in all meta-analyses (p < 0.001). The increased risk was more pronounced in North American than in European studies (respectively, OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.18-1.55; OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01-1.27 p heterogeneity = 0.03). There was no heterogeneity according to quality score (p = 0.4). Data were insufficient to investigate associations by industry or welding type. Publication bias for each cancer was excluded.Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests increased risk of KC and BC, but not of PC, in workers exposed to WF. Confounding by other occupational and non-occupational risk factors could not be excluded. Data were not adequate to address the risk of specific exposure circumstances
Risk of Gynecological and Breast Cancers in Workers Exposed to Diesel Exhaust: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Of Cohort Studies
Full text linkBackground: This study aimed to explore the association between occupational exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and gynaecological and breast cancers. Methods: A systematic review was performed to identify cohort studies reporting results on the association between occupational exposure to DE and risk of gynaecological and breast cancers. STROBE guidelines and PECOS criteria were followed. We identified 6 studies for breast cancer (BC), 4 for cervical cancer (CC), 4 for endometrial cancer (EC) and 7 for ovarian cancer (OC). Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on the relationship between DE exposure and BC, CC, EC, and OC risk; 95% confidence intervals (CI) and prediction intervals (PI) were reported. We investigated between-study heterogeneity and potential publication bias using Egger's test. Results: No associations were observed between occupational DE exposure and risk of BC [RR=0.93; CI: 0.77-1.13; PI:0.50-1.73, I2=80.31%], EC [RR=0.89; CI: 0.75-1.05; PI:0.61-1.30, I2=0.78%], and OC [RR=1.08; CI: 0.89-1.32, PI: 0.76-1.56, I2=11.87%]. A weak association was observed for CC [RR=1.41; CI: 1.17-1.17; PI:0.85-2.30, I2=6.44%]. No between-study heterogeneity or publication bias was detected. Conclusions: This study identified an association between DE exposure and CC, which was not adjusted for potential confounders. No evidence of an association was found with BC, EC, and OC
Risk of Skin Cancer in Workers Exposed to Diesel Exhaust: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
Full text linkBackground: Our objective was to study the association between occupational exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and skin cancer. Methods: A systematic review following STROBE guidelines and PECOS criteria was conducted to identify cohort studies describing the association between occupational DE exposure and the risk of skin cancer. We extracted 12 independent risk estimates for melanoma skin cancer (MSC), 8 for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and 3 for skin cancer not otherwise specified (SC-NOS). Random effects meta-analyses were performed, site-specific and stratified by geographic region and quality score. 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Between-study heterogeneity and potential publication bias were investigated. Results: There was no overall evidence of an increased risk of MSC [RR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.73-1.11; I2=92.86%, 95% CI: 82.83-97.03%], NMSC [RR=1.04, 95% CI: 0.88-1.23; I2=60.79%, 95% CI: 0-87.34%] or SC-NOS [RR=0.72, 95% CI: 0.54-0.97; I2=26.60%, 95% CI: 0-94.87%] in workers exposed to DE. No difference between low-quality and high-quality studies was found. A stratified analysis by geographical region did not reveal any significant differences. There was no evidence of publication bias. Conclusions: No evidence of an association between skin cancer and occupational DE exposure was found. Residual confounding and other sources of bias cannot be ruled out
Occupational exposure to diesel exhausts and liver and pancreatic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Full text linkBackgroundDiesel exhaust (DE) is human carcinogen with sufficient evidence only for lung cancer. Systematic evidence on other cancer types is scarce, thus we aimed to systematically review current literature on the association between occupational DE exposure and risk of liver and pancreatic cancers.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature review to identify cohort studies on occupational DE exposure and risk of cancers other than lung. We computed pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for liver and pancreatic cancers using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model.ResultsFifteen studies reporting results on pancreatic cancer and fourteen on liver cancer were included. We found a weakly increased risk of pancreatic cancer in workers exposed to DE (RR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.14), mainly driven by results on incidence (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.22). As for liver cancer, results were suggestive of a positive association (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.19), although a significant estimate was present in studies published before 2000 (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.82). We found no compelling evidence of publication bias.ConclusionsOur findings suggest an association between occupational DE exposure and liver and pancreatic cancer. Further studies with detailed exposure assessment, environmental monitoring data, and appropriate control for confounders are warranted
Occupational-related exposure to diesel exhaust and risk of leukemia: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
No full textPurposeDiesel exhaust (DE) is an established lung carcinogen. The association with leukemia is not well established. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies to determine the association between occupational DE exposure and risk of leukemia.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed to identify all cohort studies on occupational exposure to DE and associated risk of leukemia. STROBE guidelines and PECOS criteria were followed. Meta-analyses with fixed effects (and random-effects model in cases of high heterogeneity) were performed to calculate summary relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), including subgroup analyses by outcome (mortality or incidence), sex, geographic region, industry type, and study quality. Study quality was assessed using the the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for cohort studies.ResultsOf the 30 studies retained, 20 (8 from North America, 12 from Europe) reported a total of 33 estimates of the risk of leukemia. Overall, the relative risk (RR) of leukemia was 1.01 (95% CI = 0.97-1.05, I2 = 21.2%, n = 33); corresponding results for leukemia incidence and mortality were RR = 1.02 (95% CI = 0.98-1.06, I2 = 27.9%, n = 19) and RR = 0.91 (95% CI = 0.81-1.02, I2 = 0.0%, n = 15), respectively. The main results were confirmed in analyses by sex and geographic area. A statistically significant association was detected for miners (RR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.15-2.15, I2 = 77.0%, n = 2) but not for other occupational groups. Publication bias was not detected (p = 0.7).ConclusionOur results did not indicate an association between occupational DE exposure and leukemia, with the possible exception of miners. Residual confounding cannot be excluded
Occupational Diesel Exposure and Brain Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
No full textDiesel exhaust (DE) is recognized as a carcinogen for the lungs, although evidence linking it to adult brain tumors is limited. We aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding the association between occupational DE exposure and adult brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify cohort studies on occupational DE exposure and the risk of adult cancers other than lung cancer. We metaanalyzed relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for brain or CNS tumors using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed no increased risk of brain or CNS tumors among workers exposed to DE (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.07). Findings were consistent when analyzing studies based on incidence (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.03; six studies) and mortality (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.37; nine studies) separately, as well as in subgroup analyses based on sex, publication year, geographic region, and study quality score. No evidence of publication bias was found (p=0.244). The findings of our meta-analysis suggest that occupational DE exposure is not associated with adult brain or CNS tumors. Given the limitations of the included studies, these results should be interpreted with caution
Occupational Cancers among Employed Women: A Narrative Review
Full text linkThe facts that occupational cancer in women is under-investigated, with few in-depth analyses are well known. In recent decades the workforce has changed, with an increasing number of women employed. Therefore, the inclusion of women in occupational cancer studies has become more urgent and feasible than in the past decades. The difficulties to evaluate occupational causes of female gynecologic tumors in most past cohorts and the potential variation in outcome responses between men and women must be taken into consideration. This narrative review discusses women’s occupational cancer as a current area of research, focusing on three groups of workers characterized by peculiar exposure to occupational carcinogens and where women are often employed: beauticians and hairdressers; farmers; and healthcare workers. We discuss the most relevant cancers in each working category, with a particular focus on female breast cancer. In the three industries reviewed in detail, there are some risk factors which may affect primarily women, inducing breast cancer and cervical cancer, as well as risk factors that are carcinogenic in both genders, but whose effects are less well known in women
Cigarettes and waterpipe use and risk of colorectal cancer in Iran: the IROPICAN study
No full textWe aimed to investigate the association between cigarettes and waterpipe use and colorectal cancer (CRC) in an Iranian population. We analyzed data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study in Iran (IROPICAN). Data on tobacco smoking, including cigarettes, and waterpipe smoking, were collected in detail. Multivariate logistic regressions estimated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between cigarette and waterpipe smoking and CRC, accounting for confounders including age, sex, socioeconomic status, opium use, marital status, family history of cancer, red meat, fiber, body shape at age 15 and perceived physical workload, and each other of the two exposures. The study population consisted of 3215 controls and 848 cases, including 455 colon and 393 rectum cancers. We found no association between CRC and cigarette smoking (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6-1.0) or waterpipe smoking (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9-1.5). Analysis by categories of cigarette pack-year and frequency of waterpipe smoking (head-year) did not show associations. We observed an inverse association between colon cancer and cigarette smoking (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9). There was, however, no significant association by pack-year categories. Cigarette and waterpipe smoking was not associated with CRC in the Iranian population. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of waterpipe on CRC
The role of chance in cancer causation
No full textIn the last years, the discussion about the role of chance in the causation of cancer has generated a large scientific and public debate. The concept that chance, or “bad luck”, as responsible for a majority of the variation of cancer incidence, may be misleading, possibly causing an underestimation of the role played by known risk factors. In this commentary we discuss how host and external factors interact with chance in cancer causation in different ways, and provide examples of situations where chance appears to play only a minor role on cancer onset
Occupational exposure to arsenic, mercury and UV radiation and risk of melanoma: a case-control study from Italy
No full textMelanoma is mainly caused by sunlight radiation, but other environmental risk factors are not well known. We investigated the association between cutaneous melanoma and occupational exposure to arsenic, mercury and UV radiation
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