2,584 research outputs found
Quaternary forcing of diversity in neotropical forests
No full textThe climate of the Amazon during the last northern glaciation may be taken to represent the normal climate of the basin throughout the Quaternary, since boundary conditions for Amazon and neotropical environments had not otherwise changed since the Andean orogeny and emplacment of the Isthmus of Panama late in the Teritary.The few radiocarbon dated data describing the climate of the ice age Amazon suggest that the principal climatic forcing was cooling in excess of 6 o C, associated with modest reductions in precipitation. Unlike Africa, the New World tropics were not noticeably arid. The evidence for cooling comes from paleoecological data at the foot of the Equatorial Andes, where temperature sensitive taxa had descended 1500 m into elevations that now support rain forest. Pollen data from all elevations of the Andes show that climates continued moist throughout glacial cycles, thus making appropriate the application of moist air lapse rates to substantial evidence for cooling in the high Andes also. Evidence that reductions in precipitation were modest in the lowlands come from new pollen records from 2-300 m elevation in the central Amazon of Brazil.A long record of lake sediments from lowland Panama possibly represents a complete glacial cycle. Pollen, phytolith, and other paleoecological data show both cooling and modest reductions in precipitation, in parallel with the Amazon records.At all stages in glacial cycles, neotropical forests have been subjected to intermediate disturbance tending to prevent competitive exclusion. But the forests have never been fragmented or displaced into “refugia”. Vicariance has always been provided by the scales of geography and local disturbance. The forests are dynamic systems of species whose adaptive norms are appropriate to climates of the ice age earth, but which are able to form temporary accomodations in response to climatic change.The modern Amazon rain forest was formed as an ephemeral response to the short-lived warm episode of the Holocene. Local concentrations of species, like those noted on elevated regions surrounding the Amazon basin by refugial theorists, can best be explained because occupying regions of greatest environmental change, with the consequent pattern of invasion and reinvasion necessary with each climatic shift.</jats:p
Simple drag prediction strategies for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle’s hull shape
No full textThe range of an AUV is dictated by its finite energy source and minimising the energy consumption is required to maximise its endurance. One option to extend the endurance is by obtaining the optimum hydrodynamic hull shape with balancing the trade-off between computational cost and fluid dynamic fidelity. An AUV hull form has been optimised to obtain low resistance hull. Hydrodynamic optimisation of hull form has been carried out by employing five parametric geometry models with a streamlined constraint. Three Genetic Algorithm optimisation procedures are applied by three simple drag predictions which are based on the potential flow method. The results highlight the effectiveness of considering the proposed hull shape optimisation procedure for the early stage of AUV hull desig
THE CORRELATION OF THE MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN STATE AND LAW IN THE DOCTRINE OF P.A. KROPOTKIN
No full textThe actual task of Russian state studies and jurisprudence remains the opposition to the ideological and theoretical constructions of Russian classical anarchism. Purpose: to establish the most significant features and disadvantages of P.A. Kropotkin’s interpretation of the correlation of state and law on the example of Medieval Europe. When writing the article, the author applies interdisciplinary and class approaches. General scientific and specific scientific methods are used: historical, problem-theoretical, formal-logical, textual. Materials: monuments of law, other historical sources, foreign and national historiography. The analysis shows that P.A. Kropotkin’s works are characterised not only by a pronounced anti-exploitation pathos, but also by an equally pronounced tendentiousness. Results: aprioriism, anti-statism and antilegism, radical localism, Eurocentrism, diffusionism, cyclism and catastrophism, clothed in the form of postulates, predetermined P.A. Kropotkin’s one-sided interpretations of the interaction of the medieval European state with positive and customary law. In the first case, it took a purely causative form, and in the second, it was predominantly conflictual. These are the key flaws of P.A. Kropotkin’s correlation concept
La industria lítica de Gran Coclé, Panamá, a finales del periodo Cerámico medio. Resultado del análisis de material lítico de la Operación 8 de Sitio Cerro Juan Díaz
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Flow-induced gate vibrations: Prevention of sef-excitation computation of dynamic gate behaviour and the use of models
No full textThe objective of this study is to develop design criteria for the dynamic behaviour of gates and valves. To this end, a resume of existing theories is given as well as an extended analysis of the added water mass, hydrodynamic rigidity and damping (also negative damping or self-excitation) and excitation by turbulent flow. New computation methods are presented for self-exciting vibrations: The ensuing introduction of an instability indicator permits the prediction of such vibrations in the design phase. Methods are described to calculate the added water mass and water damping in flowing water. Also treated are the instability of overflowing and falling water nappes, the response of a mass-spring system to noise excitation by turbulence, and the technique of hydroelastic models. Prior publications by the author on these subjects are to be found in the Appendices.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Quality and qualities of design studies, design research and design
No full textGreen Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Methodologie en Organisatie van Desig
Views of P.A. Krushevan on the National Problem in Russia: Moldavian or Russian Nationalist
No full textThe article deals with the national identity of P.A. Krushevan. Being of Moldavian nationality, he was a Russian conservative writer and journalist. At the beginning of the 19th century he served as a Russian nationalist in the political arena. The author shows that he was a supporter of Moldavian national traditions and a personality of the Moldavian national movement. At the same time Krushevan was an «imperial nationalist» and a Russian statesman. In behalf of Bessarabia peasants, he exposed the economic activity of «plutocracy», but he was a stranger to domestic anti-Semitism
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Climate change in the lowlands of the Amazon Basin
No full textAbout the book: The goal of this book is to provide a current overview of the impacts of climate change on tropical forests, to investigate past, present, and future climatic influences on the ecosystems with the highest biodiversity on the planet. "Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change" will be the first book to examine how tropical rain forest ecology is altered by climate change, rather than simply seeing how plant communities were altered. Shifting the emphasis onto ecological processes e.g. how diversity is structured by climate and the subsequent impact on tropical forest ecology, provides the reader with a more comprehensive coverage. A major theme of this book that emerges progressively is the interaction between humans, climate and forest ecology. While numerous books have appeared dealing with forest fragmentation and conservation, none have explicitly explored the long term occupation of tropical systems, the influence of fire and the future climatic effects of deforestation, coupled with anthropogenic emissions. Incorporating modelling of past and future systems paves the way for a discussion of conservation from a climatic perspective, rather than the usual plea to stop logging
The Nigerian Co-operative Law: Taking the Baton from P.A. Oluyede
No full textSome of the challenges hindering the development of co-operatives and their governing laws in Nigeria are the inadequacy of literature, and the lack of standardized classification on the subject of co-operative law. With the aim to identify and espouse relevant literature on the subject matter, this paper seeks to collect, collate and review the relevant literature. A classic was identified in the work of P.A. Oluyede (1988) Nigeria Administrative Law, in chapter four, entitled “Public Corporations, and Public Enterprises.” Among other findings, the learned author dedicated the chapter to the historical development of Nigerian co-operative societies and their governing laws, situated cooperatives as public enterprises, and made recommendations. Furthermore, it was observed that there have been few contributions within the annals of the Nigerian academic and research community on co-operative law. Thus, Oluyede’s classics retains its position as a primary reference material for the modernization of the Nigerian cooperative law and sets the path for its standardization. However, supposedly consequential development has remained elusive, hence the imperatives to build on some of the positions espoused in Oluyede’s chapter in view of current realities. Although P.A Oluyede’s contribution retains its position as a top-notch reference material, some of the positions canvassed are no longer applicable to Nigerian co-operatives, hence the need to review Nigerian cooperative law as recommended. 
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