1,721,158 research outputs found
La storia costituzionale americana nella cultura giuridica italiana tra Otto e Novecento
Full text linkIl saggio ricostruisce la circolazione della storia costituzionale italiana nella storiografia e nella giuspubblicistica italiana tra Otto e Novecento. Risalta un ampio dibattito su una esperienza giuridica e politica cui, dall'Italia, si guarda più come ad un mito che ad un modello, fino alla Costituzione del 1948. L'dea di un ordine che non può essere importato ha per terreno soprattutto il potere costituente e la forma federale.
Nella cultura giuridica italiana l’incontro
con la storia costituzionale degli Stati uniti è
stato segnato dalla tensione tra radici locali e
cosmopolitismo. Botta, Romagnosi, Compagnoni, Balbo, Amari guardavano all’America
come Storia, nel ‘mito’ del paese più giovane
e più ricco del vecchio Continente. Grazie alla
Biblioteca di Brunialti i giuristi discutevano
La democrazia in America di Tocqueville, la
Costituzione degli Stati uniti d’America del
Maine, più tardi La repubblica americana di
Bryce. La Libertas americana era incompatibile
con la cultura statualista e legalista dei Palma,
Brunialti, Orlando; l’‘ammirare l’Inghilterra’
rendeva impensabili la supremazia della Carta
costituzionale, il controllo di costituzionalità
della legge, la cittadinanza come condivisione
di diritti, l’equilibrio e bilanciamento di poteri.
Chi evocava un ‘fare come gli americani’ guardava alla costruzione di istituzioni poggianti
sull’identità nazionale, non sul limite ad una
‘sovranità tirannica’, chiave di volta de «We
the people». L’idea del governo di gabinetto
era incompatibile con il presidenzialismo; per le
«condizioni dell’Italia» la «forma federale» era
un’opzione perdente, nonostante Cattaneo. Il
legame tra Stato, diritto e politica appariva
come un’altra ‘eresia’ per gli ‘ammiratori’ del
Rechtsstaat; nel Novecento non guardavano
all’America i giuristi della tradizione ma gli
intellettuali all’epoca engagés, quali Cantimori,
Candeloro, ed i collaboratori del Dizionario di
politica del Partito nazionale fascista. La Costituzione del 1948 non portava alcun segno della
Carta americana, discussa alla Costituente;
nel 1949-1950 Maranini trasfigurava il mito
politico in modello giuridico-istituzionale per
l’Italia repubblicana, in una sorta di ‘(ri) scoperta dell’America’.In Italian legal culture the encounter with the constitutional history of the United States has been marked by the tension between local roots and cosmopolitanism. Botta, Romagnosi, Compagnoni, Balbo, Amari looked to America as history, in the ‘myth’ of the youngest and richest country on the old continent. Thanks to
the Library of Brunialti, jurists were discussing La Democrazia in America by Tocqueville, la Costituzione degli Stati uniti d’America by Maine, later La repubblica americana by Bryce.
La Libertas americana was incompatible with
the statocentric and legalist culture of Palma,
Brunialti, Orlando; ‘admiring England’,
made unimaginable the supremacy of the
Constitution, the control of constitutionality
of the law, citizenship as a sharing of rights,
balance and balancing of powers. Those who
evoked a ‘doing as Americans’ looked to the
construction of institutions based on national
identity, not on the limit to a ‘tyrannical
sovereignty’, the keystone of We the people.
The idea of the cabinet government was
incompatible with presidentialism; for the
«conditions of Italy» the «federal form» was
a losing option, despite Cattaneo. The link
between state, law and politics appeared
as another ‘heresy’ for the admirers of the
Rechtsstaat; in the twentieth century the jurists
of tradition did not look to America, but
the intellectuals at the time engagés, such as
Cantimori, Candeloro, and the collaborators of
the Political Dictionary of the Fascist National
Party. The italian Constitution did not bear
any sign of the Constitution of United States,
discussed at the Constituent; in the 1949-1950
Maranini transfigured the political myth into
a juridical-institutional model for republican
Italy, in a sort of ‘(re) discovery of America’
Le Università minori. Considerazioni storiografiche
No full textThe two recent books on the University of Macerata offer a contribution for identifying the role of minor universities in Italy at the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries. We consider the legislative profile, the relationship centre-periphery, the association citynation, cornerstone of the unitary Italian state and of the polycentric university system. Attention is also given to the presence of a single faculty in Macerata, Law School, and to the limits and opportunities for Macerata in the century of the legal profession
Laser spectroscopy and imaging applications for the study of cultural heritage murals
No full textLaser induced fluorescence (LIF) associated with imaging scanning techniques has already proved to be a powerful diagnostic tool for artworks. The aim is to assess on-site and remote sensing systems and imaging measurements on murals in order to detect vulnerability and weathering forms due to the effects of environmental conditions. It also seeks to identify treatments in order to optimize interventions by restorers. Four murals (16-18th centuries) were studied using a LIF prototype remotely operating in reflectance and fluorescence mode. Relevant spectral features are identified using principal component analysis and a spectral angle mapper to assess surfaces using imaging applications. The combination of these methods makes possible to identify bio-crust, fissures and the presence of different treatments. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Laser induced fluorescence applied to diagnosis in calcareous stones
No full textThe Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique has been already proved to be a powerful diagnostic tool for artworks. The aim of this work is to validate LIF measurements to detect the different detrimental effects of the environmental conditions on the stone materials and to discriminate among different biofilms and crust from smog or pollutants, in order to optimize the restorers’ interventions. A scanning LIF system at 266 nm excitation wavelength has been employed. The line scanning system has operated in two operating mode: reflectance and fluorescence. Reflectance measurements are made by performing a scan while the laser is off and the sample is exposed to the light emitted by a NIST traceable lamp. The result gives for each pixel of the scanned area the reflectance spectrum, from which the CIE/lab coordinates can be computed once the system is calibrated against a reference surface. The samples were placed on a holder for LIF measurements. The acquisition system was placed at than 3.5 m distance from the target and several images acquired with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.0025 m. The most relevant spectral features of crusts are identified by Principal Component analysis. Three groups of samples can be detected: a) samples with blue false color in the images, that are mainly formed by biocrust, b) samples mainly composed with crust and deposits with yellow or green colour, c) samples with no difference between faces. These classifications of samples are mainly according to the results obtained by morphometric techniques. LIF and reflectance measures seems a very powerful technique in this preliminary results, to discriminate the presence of biocrust and crusts/deposits with more sensitive that a naked-eye at 2.5 m of monuments. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London
Characterization and discrimination of plastic materials using laser-induced fluorescence
No full textThe most meaningful spectral components in laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra for several different commercial plastics have been individuated and used to automatically discriminate among different plastic materials and between plastics and complex organic materials, such as woods. Starting from LIF measurements on known samples, a number of significant wavelengths have been identified by principal component analysis (PCA). These have been used to produce intensity ratios functional to the discrimination. Threshold values for such ratios have been individuated in order to obtain an automatic recognition of plastics. The work done has been preparatory to the design and development of a multispectral imaging LIF system for fast detection of plastic debris in a post-blast scene. © The Author(s) 2016
I processi ai «maggiori esponenti di idee contrarie al governo nazionale» prima dell’istituzione del Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato
No full textIl saggio ricostruisce il processo intentato nel 1923 a dirigenti e militanti del Partito comunista italiano; quello intentato ad Alcide De Gasperi per tentato espatrio clandestino; il processo celebre di Savona per i cooperatori nella fuga per mare di Turati, Si considera il ruolo della magistratura di fronte all'antifascismo- reato nella penalistica 'militante'- saminando la 'tenuta' del principio di legalità prima della giustizia politica introdotta con il Tribunale special
FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY OF METHANOL - TAYLOR COEFFICIENTS FOR THE REGION BETWEEN 8-CM-1 AND 80-CM-1
No full textToward a compact instrument for detecting drug precursors in different environments
No full textLaw enforcement agencies world-wide are keenly aware that chemical control is a crucial element to monitor the manufacture and distribution of illegal narcotics and synthetic substances. For this purpose components able to perform chemical identifications in contexts such as custom offices are needed, where inspection of trucks, cars, containers, as well as people and baggage, is required. Such components should be assembled as simple machines to be employed on-field by custom officers with no specific skill. In the following the last results of the research project CUSTOM will be presented. The work has been supported by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme through the Project SEC-242387: "Drugs and Precursors Sensing by Complementing Low Cost Multiple Techniques" (CUSTOM). © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media
Optimization of laser wavelength, power and pulse duration for eye-safe Raman spectroscopy
No full textAbstract Raising the interest in remote chemical analysis, in particular through Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy, the opportunity of increasing the exposure represents an important step for an easier and more reliable spectrum analysis. However, the European directive 2006/25/EC defines the maximum permitted exposure (MPE) to artificial radiations according to exposure duration, wavelength, coherence of the radiation and beam divergence. Though the Raman cross section scales in general according to the fourth power of the excitation wavelength, promoting the use of deep UV radiation, a synergy between wavelength and exposure time can raise the Raman signal in the near UV or in the near IR if compliance to eye-safety directives is requested. In this work we will analyze the possibilities offered by commercially available components for enhancing the Raman scattering under eye-safe conditions
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