24,011 research outputs found
L'autonomia individuale e l'autonomia collettiva nella previdenza complementare riformata
Get PDFLa “nuova” disciplina in materia di previdenza complementare, introdotta dal D. lgs. 5 dicembre 2005, n. 252, “Disciplina delle forme pensionistiche complementari”, in attuazione della delega conferita dalla L. 23 agosto 2004, n. 243 “Norme in materia pensionistica e deleghe al Governo nel settore della previdenza pubblica, per il sostegno alla previdenza complementare e all'occupazione stabile e per il riordino degli enti di previdenza ed assistenza obbligatoria”, è caratterizzata da alcuni elementi tipici del modello originario di derivazione (e, cioè, da quanto previsto dal D. lgs. 21 aprile 1993, n. 124 e, soprattutto, dalle successive modifiche ed integrazioni), ma anche da significative innovazioni rispetto al passato.
Il tema d’indagine sarà limitato all’analisi del ruolo rivestito dalla autonomia individuale ed dalla autonomia collettiva nel sistema della previdenza complementare riformata.
Invero, la nuova disciplina ha modificato, su alcuni aspetti di assoluta rilevanza, l’equilibrio precedentemente fissato tra il ruolo rivestito dall’individuo (inteso come aderente) e dai sindacati.
La previdenza complementare che, con la disciplina dettata dall’originario D. lgs. n. 124 del 1993, sembrava essere un fenomeno prettamente sindacale, si è via via (ed anche con interventi legislativi “intermedi”) andata ad “individualizzare” e, cioè, il Legislatore ha cercato, in modo sempre più manifesto, di rendere “partecipe” l’aderente (o meglio il potenziale aderente, atteso che - nonostante gli originari principi espressi nella prima versione della legge di delega - anche con la L. 243 del 2004 e con il D. lgs. n. 252 del 2005, non si è “optato” per un sistema “obbligatorio” di previdenza complementare).
Tale (innegabile) scelta di fondo è stata compiuta dal Legislatore del 2005 con scelte spesse poco nette (o, perlomeno, in modo certamente meno coerente rispetto a quanto stabilito dalla stessa L. 243 del 2004) e, in numerose occasioni, contraddistinte da tentennamenti, ripensamenti e contraddizioni.
È quindi opportuno procedere ad un’analisi degli “attuali” equilibri sui ruoli dell’autonomia collettiva e dell’autonomia collettiva in alcuni punti “cruciali” della riforma e, cioè, quello relativo al “momento” istitutivo dei Fondi, ai compiti di controllo, vigilanza, informazione e normazione della COVIP (se non altro perché l’individuo potrà “effettivamente partecipare” solo se il sistema è trasparente), alle modalità di finanziamento, alla “portabilità” della posizione individuale, oltre che in tema di prestazioni, di riscatti e di anticipazioni.
Se, invero, l’intenzione del Legislatore del 2005 è stata quella di far finalmente “decollare” (o meglio di tentare di fare decollare) il secondo pilastro previdenziale, sembrerebbe possibile, ad una prima (e forse approssimativa) lettura del D. lgs. n. 252 del 2005, ritenere che “la” soluzione sarebbe stata quella di investire l’individuo del ruolo di protagonista del “mercato”.
Il Legislatore avrebbe così affidato all’autonomia individuale il compito di stimolare la concorrenza e di determinare un miglioramento dell’ “offerta” di “mercato”, gestita non più (o, perlomeno, non in modo gerarchicamente sovraordinato) dall’autonomia collettiva, ma da una serie (piuttosto variegata) di soggetti.
D’altronde la necessità di offrire una “strumento” più appetibile per l’individuo (che, come detto, dovrà decidere “se” fare ingresso nel secondo pilastro previdenziale) è dovuta all’ormai fin troppo nota crisi della previdenza di base che, già dagli anni novanta, ha determinato (secondo una parte della dottrina “naturalmente”, secondo un’altra “per necessità”) l’ideazione di un sistema di previdenza complementare posto a sostegno di quello pubblico.
Ed è forse questo legame con la previdenza pubblica (o, a dir si voglia, la funzionalizzazione della previdenza complementare a quella di base) a non avere permesso ed a non rendere neanche opportuna (come, peraltro, ritenuto dallo stesso Legislatore della riforma), una mortificazione del ruolo della autonomia collettiva che, comunque, dovrebbe continuare a fare da “garante” del fine mutualistico e solidaristico che deve continuare a caratterizzare la previdenza complementare.
Se questo è vero, è altrettanto vera la sussistenza del rischio di avere “creato” una disciplina caratterizzata da forti momenti di tensione e di contraddizione tra le “due” differenti “anime” della previdenza complementare, divisa tra uno “spirito” mutualistico e solidaristico (anche di sostegno alla previdenza pubblica) ed una “vocazione” maggiormente egoistica e mercantilistica (vicina ad uno strumento di investimento a carattere individuale).
Il D. lgs. 252 del 2005 intervenendo sugli equilibri tra autonomia individuale ed autonomia collettiva è andato ad incidere, in modo ancor più sensibile, su tali criticità di fondo, mostrando, ancor più palesemente, la sussistenza di un sistema “ibrido” e per molti aspetti insufficiente.
La coppia di direttrici guida relative all’ autonomia individuale e all’autonomia collettiva ha poi rilevanti conseguenze su un tema che, nonostante una parte della dottrina tenda ora a minimizzare, continua ad essere di centrale importanza e, cioè, quello dell’incerta collocazione costituzionale della previdenza complementare, anche al fine di definire quali siano gli strumenti necessari per assicurare mezzi “adeguati” alle esigenze di vita.
Se, invero, dopo le note decisioni della Corte Costituzionale, il tema della collocazione costituzionale della previdenza complementare sembrava essersi (almeno parzialmente) risolto, la disciplina del D. lgs. n. 252 del 2005 impone ulteriori riflessioni, atteso che un’ “esaltazione” dell’autonomia individuale (soprattutto con riferimento alla possibilità di “fuoriuscita” dal sistema attraverso scelte devolute all’autonomia individuale) mette in crisi un assetto che si ispirava ad un modello volto alla tutela anche (e soprattutto) dell’interesse collettivo e generale.
Il tema di analisi relativo al ruolo rivestito dall’autonomia collettiva e dall’autonomia individuale si intreccia, quindi, necessariamente anche con quello relativo alla “natura” ed alla “funzione” delle medesima previdenza complementare.
D’altronde, solo accettando una previdenza complementare “libera” sarà possibile ridurre “al minimo” i vincoli legislativi posti sia all’autonomia individuale sia all’autonomia collettiva, mentre una previdenza complementare “funzionalizzata” anche ad interessi collettivi e generali permette (rectius: impone) un intervento normativo del Legislatore certamente più invasivo e volto a limitare gli spazi lasciati all’individuo (il cui interesse si contrappone, spesso, a quello collettivo e generale) e ad investire l’autonomia collettiva del ruolo di garante del fine mutualistico e solidaristico nell’ambito del quadro normativo di riferimento.
Orbene, il D. lgs. n. 252 del 2005 è una disciplina che risente innegabilmente di tutte le esposte criticità e contraddizioni e cerca - attraverso una ridefinizione dei ruoli dell’autonomia individuale e dell’autonomia collettiva - un significativo sviluppo del secondo pilastro previdenziale, senza, però, riuscire (ma, forse senza avere neanche l’ambizione) di risolvere alcune problematicità di fondo del sistema che, sotto numerosi profili, risultano essersi addirittura accentuate rispetto alla disciplina precedente.The "new" discipline on complementary pensions, introduced by D. lgs. December 5, 2005, No 252, "Regulation of supplementary pensions, pursuant to authority granted by Law August 23, 2004, No 243 "rules on pensions and the government delegation in the field of public security, to support additional security and stable employment and the reorganization of security agencies and assistance required", is characterized by some typical elements of the original model of derivation (and, namely, to the D. Lgs. April 21, 1993, No 124 and above by subsequent modifications and integrations), but also by significant innovations in the past.
The theme will be limited to the investigation of the role played by individual autonomy and collective autonomy in the system of complementary pension reform.
Indeed, the new regulations has changed some aspects of absolute importance, the previously established balance between the role played by the individual (as a member) and the unions.
Complementary pensions that with the aforementioned rules from the original D. lgs. No 124, 1993, appeared to be a phenomenon purely trade union, has gradually (and also through legislation "intermediate") went to "individualize" and, say, the Legislator has sought ever more manifest, to make "participant" the member (or potential member, since - despite the original principles expressed in the first version of the Law of delegates - even with the 243, L. 2004 and with the Legislative Decree no. No. 252 of 2005, there was "opted" for a "mandatory" additional security).
The (undeniable) basic choice was made by the Legislature in 2005 with choices often little net (or at least so certainly less consistent than that established by the same 243, L. 2004) and, on numerous occasions, marked by hesitation , thoughts and contradictions.
It is therefore appropriate to analyze the "current" balance the roles of collective autonomy and collective autonomy in some areas "crucial" and reform, namely, those relating to "time" establishing funds, the monitoring tasks , supervision, information and standardization of COVIP (if only because the individual can "effectively participate" only if the system is transparent) mode of financing, the "portability" of the individual position as well as in terms of performance, purchase and advances.
If indeed the intention of the legislature of 2005 was to be finally "take off" (or rather groped to take off) the second pillar pension, it would seem possible at first (and perhaps approximate) reading D. lgs. No 252 of 2005, believing that "the" solution would be to invest the individual of the title role of "market".
The legislator has thus given the task of individual autonomy stimulate competition and bring about an improvement of the 'offer "to" market ", operated no more (or at least not in a hierarchically higher-level) collective autonomy, but a series (rather diverse) of subjects.
Besides the need to provide a "tool" more attractive to the individual (which, as mentioned, will have to decide "whether" to enter the second pillar pensions) is due to the now all too familiar crisis of basic security, since the nineties, led (according to some legal "course", according to another "necessity") to design a security system in place additional support from the public.
It is perhaps this link with the public welfare (or, if you prefer, the functionalization of the supplementary pension to the basic one) not to be allowed and not even make appropriate (as, however, felt the same legislator of the reform) a mortification of the role of collective autonomy, however, should continue to act as "guarantor" of mutual purpose and solidarity which must continue to characterize the complementary pensions.
If this is true, it is equally true that real risk of having "created" a discipline with strong moments of tension and contradiction between the "two" different "souls" of the supplementary pension is divided between a "spirit of solidarity and mutual (including support for public welfare) and a "calling" the most selfish and mercantile (close to an investment on an individual basis).
D. lgs. 252 of 2005 acting on the balance between individual autonomy and collective autonomy has been an influence, even more sensitive about such critical background, showing even more clearly, the existence of a hybrid system and in many respects inadequate.
The pair of driving guidelines relating to 'individual autonomy and collective autonomy has also significant impact on an issue that, despite the doctrine now tends to minimize, continues to be of central importance, that is, the constitutional position of the uncertain complementary pension schemes, even to define what are the tools needed to ensure means "adequate" to the needs of life.
If, indeed, after the notes of the Constitutional Court decisions, the issue of constitutional position of the supplementary pension seemed (at least partially) resolved, the discipline of D. lgs. No 252 of 2005 requires further consideration, since an 'exaltation of individual autonomy (especially with reference to the possibility of "leakage" from the system through individual choices devolved autonomy) puts a strain on a structure that was inspired by a model face protection also (and especially) the collective and general.
The subject of analysis on the role played collective autonomy and individual autonomy is intertwined, therefore, necessarily with that on the "nature" and "function" of the same supplementary pension.
Moreover, only by accepting a complementary pension "free" will reduce "the minimum" legal constraints placed both individual autonomy and collective autonomy, and a supplementary pension "functionalized" also allows the general and collective interests (or rather : Force) regulatory intervention of the legislator certainly more invasive and to limit the spaces left to the individual (whose interest is opposed, often, the collective and general) and to invest the autonomy of the role of guarantor of the collective end mutual and solidarity within the regulatory framework.
However, D. lgs. No 252 of 2005 is a discipline that undoubtedly affected all exposed weaknesses and contradictions and seeks - through a redefinition of roles of individual and collective autonomy - a significant development of the second pillar pension, without, however, succeed (but perhaps without even the ambition) to solve some problematic background of the system, a number of respects, appear to have widened even compared to previous arrangements
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
Language Change and SA-OT: The case of sentential negation
No full textSimulated Annealing for Optimality Theory (SA-OT) updates Optimality Theory by adding a model of performance to a theory of linguistic competence. Our aim is to show that SA-OT can contribute to language change simulations. Performance "errors" are considered to be one of the causes of variation and change. We have chosen to model the evolution of sentential negation (SN). The descriptive background adopts Jespersen's Cycle, according to which the evolution of sentential negation follows three main stages (1. pre-verbal, 2. discontinuous, and 3. post-verbal). Therefore, we advance a novel model for SN, based on SA-OT. It reproduces the three pure and the two observed mixed stages, whereas it correctly predicts the lack of an intermediate stage between 3 and 1. The success of the approach corroborates the computational, performance-based approach to the data. Finally, we employ the iterated learning paradigm to reproduce historical changes in a "simulated corpus study". This enterprise turns out to be more difficult than one would naively believe.Appeared open access as: Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Journal (CLIN), vol. 1 (2011), pp. 21-40, and is available at http://www.clinjournal.org/sites/default/files/Lopopolo.pdfA. Lopopolo and Biró, T., “Language Change and SA-OT. The case of sentential negation”, Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Journal, vol. 1, pp. 21-40, 2011.Peer Reviewe
Speed agility trends in children according to growth
Get PDFBackground
Speed agility is considered as the whole assessment of speed of movement, agility and coordination. The 10x4m test has been broadly used to evaluate physical fitness and overall health in children of developmental ages. A myriad of studies have investigated the ecology of speed agility (SA). However, body dimensions are rarely appraised, and this is a weakness because body shapes are affected by growth.
Aim
This study aimed to model SA-specific allometric equations, and develop an approach objectively predictive for performance while controlling for maturity through age at peak height velocity (agePHV).
Subjects and methods
A total of 7317 (3627 girls) children aged 8–11 years were SA-tested. Multiplicative models with allometric body-size components, agePHV, and categorical differences, were implemented to evaluate SA performance.
Results
Model 1 accounted for body-size and shape only, whereas Model 2 included agePHV and Model 3 considered standing broad jump (SBJ) as a surrogate marker for explosive strength. An ectomorphic dominance was revealed across all the models.
Conclusion
The explosive strength resulted in influencing SA per height-to-weight ratio. Further, positive exponent of agePHV suggested that the late maturers were likely to show better SA performances. Predictive equations modelled on developmental factors are fundamental to scrutinise performances as valuable health and fitness outcomes in childhood
Speed agility trends in children according to growth: A new approach to evaluate speed agility in children
No full textBackground: Speed agility is considered as the whole assessment of speed of movement, agility and coordination. The 10x4m test has been broadly used to evaluate physical fitness and overall health in children of developmental ages. A myriad of studies have investigated the ecology of speed agility (SA). However, body dimensions are rarely appraised, and this is a weakness because body shapes are affected by growth. Aim: This study aimed to model SA-specific allometric equations, and develop an approach objectively predictive for performance while controlling for maturity through age at peak height velocity (agePHV). Subjects and methods: A total of 7317 (3627 girls) children aged 8–11 years were SA-tested. Multiplicative models with allometric body-size components, agePHV, and categorical differences, were implemented to evaluate SA performance. Results: Model 1 accounted for body-size and shape only, whereas Model 2 included agePHV and Model 3 considered standing broad jump (SBJ) as a surrogate marker for explosive strength. An ectomorphic dominance was revealed across all the models. Conclusion: The explosive strength resulted in influencing SA per height-to-weight ratio. Further, positive exponent of agePHV suggested that the late maturers were likely to show better SA performances. Predictive equations modelled on developmental factors are fundamental to scrutinise performances as valuable health and fitness outcomes in childhood
Stakeholder research CoVE Water SA: CoVE Water SA the umbrella for all stakeholders
No full textThe water and sanitation sector faces well-documented issues that are challenging to address, leading to the establishment of the Platform of Vocational Excellence (PoVE) Water. This platform brings together five regional Centers of Vocational Excellence (CoVE) Water in Europe and South Africa to ensure high-quality skills and competencies in the water sector. These CoVEs facilitate collaboration among stakeholders, enabling the development of vocational education and training programs to increase awareness, responsiveness to industry needs, and address sector challenges. A few months ago, CoVE Water SA was established in South Africa to achieve the previously mentioned goals. Therefore, it is important that the following research question is answered in this initial set-up phase: What actions need to be taken to enhance the effectiveness of the CoVE Water SA? To answer this research question, several important stakeholders were interviewed. Subsequently, the interviews were analysed thematically in order to extract the most important themes and quotes, PI grids were created to assess power and interest dynamics among stakeholders, and a Social Network Analysis was conducted to understand the CoVE Water SA network and potential clusters.The research findings have unveiled key aspects for enhancing the effectiveness of CoVE Water SA. The current network in the water sector has a low density, implying that many collaborations are lacking. This leads to a high degree of interdependence within the network, resulting in a non dynamic system. The lack of collaborations, such as connections with TVET colleges, schools, farmers and local communities, results in a lack of knowledge, funding and connection to the labour market. Governmental stakeholders, like DWS, EWSeta, and BGCMA, have been identified as influential players with extensive networks and important resources, Local Authorities and Research Organizations also play important roles. Universities exhibit substantial international links, making them crucial contributors. These stakeholders have the potential to provide knowledge, collaboration, and power. These are valuable insights for CoVE Water SA, fostering network growth and effectiveness in the water sector. Furthermore, six key themes have been derived from the conducted interviews, addressing the needs of stakeholders and where CoVE can make a valuable contribution. These themes include raising awareness, reducing the skills gap in the water sector, fostering international collaborations, mitigating the labour shortage in the water sector, improving education material and establishing desired collaborations. For each theme, the interviewed stakeholders have presented their views and numerous suggestions on how CoVE Water SA can assist in addressing these issues. Additionally, stakeholders have also mentioned possible failures of CoVE Water SA, which can aid in preventing any shortcomings of the platform. Furthermore, stakeholders mentioned ongoing initiatives related to the six themes, through which they can contribute to the platform. From the Thematic Analysis, PI Grids and the SNA, a set of actions have emerged that are essential for enhancing the effectiveness of CoVE Water SA. These actions revolve around expanding and enhancing the network, organising activities and contributing to educational improvement. In terms of broadening and strengthening the network, the platform should focus on enhancing the collaborations among educational groups, building stronger relations with international institutions in Europe and Africa, involving TVETs and schools within the water network, improving stakeholder involvement and encouraging the involvement of Local Communities to increase awareness and knowledge about water issues. Furthermore, CoVE Water SA should play a role in organising activities to raise awareness of Water Resource Management. Additionally, it should assist in improving curricula, supporting students’ preparation for the workforce and making the education more practical instead of only theoretical. CoVE Water SA should also provide training and learning resources as well as comprehensive courses.However, this study recognizes several limitations that should be considered in future research and when implementing recommendations for CoVE Water SA. These limitations encompass factors like a limited scope due to resource and time constraints, minimal varied interviewee responses, and potential biases in responses. Addressing these limitations will be crucial in guiding future research and actions for CoVE Water SA.CEGM3000Civil Engineerin
Interview with Erica Jolly - teacher, author and founding member of SA Social Studies Teachers Association
No full textErica is a teacher and author who was a founding member of the SA Social Studies Teachers Association (contributing to its text books) and the SA History Teachers Association. She took her Masters in English Literature at Flinders University and taught in Girls and Boys Technical Colleges for 40 years. Erica's published works include a history of vocational education in South Australia from 1897 - 2001, We Came to Marion 1955 - 1995 (1995), A Broader Vision: Voices of Vocational Education in SA (2001), Challenging the Divide: Approaches to Science and Poetry (2010), and Making a Stand (2015)
Historický vývoj a charakteristika rozvojovej pomoci
Get PDFV príspevku sa autor zaoberá vývojom povojnových rozvojových teórií, ktorých podstatou je skúmanie príčin, dôsledkov zaostalosti krajín rozvojového sveta a vzniku ekonomických a spoločenských disparít medzi jednotlivými regiónmi sveta. Z chronologického hľadiska sa autor v príspevku venuje relevantným historickým aspektom, ktoré ovplyvnili vznik rozvojovej pomoci vo forme ako ju poznáme v súčasnosti. Východiskovou teóriou zahraničnej rozvojovej pomoci sa stala teória „Začarovaného kruhu chudoby“ a z nej vychádzajú mnohí autori, ktorí hľadajú východiská zo zaostalosti a prehlbovania sa rozdielov medzi vyspelými a zaostalými krajinami sveta. Jednotlivé regióny sú špecifické určitými charakteristikami, ktoré autor rozoberá v poslednej časti príspevku.rozvojové teórie, rozvojová pomoc, zahraničná pomoc, začarovaný kruh
Le Dr Doyen, sa Staphylase et sa Mycolysine
No full textDer Dr Doyen, seine Staphylase und seine Mycolysine.
Der Verfasser gibt einige Auskünfte über diese zwei, von Marcel Proust erwähnte Arzneimittel, und deren Hersteller, Eugène-Louis Doyen, 1859 geboren.Dr Doyen, his Staphylase and his Mycolysine.
The author provides some information on these two medications mentioned by Marcel Proust, and on their discover, Eugène-Louis Doyen, born in 1859.Lefebvre Thierry. Le Dr Doyen, sa Staphylase et sa Mycolysine. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 79ᵉ année, n°289, 1991. pp. 193-198
Corporate author.1. Concept
No full text43-49<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US">First
of a series of papers as a basis for the discussion of the IFLA to arrive at
international agreement on corporate body - Heading. As the starting point,
gives a precise definition of "Corporate Body" and of its four
species, "Government" "Institution", "Conference"
and "Organ". Defines also author and gives criteria for
distinguishing between "Personal Author" and" Corporate
Author".</span
- …
