3 research outputs found
SCHOOL REZONING TO ACHIEVE RACIAL BALANCE: A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH*
No full textThe recent Supreme Court decision barring "freedom of choice" pupil assignment plans has forced a large number of school districts to devise alternative approaches to school desegregation. One possibility is establishing attendance boundaries to mix races and linear programming is one method of planning such boundary lines. This paper discusses some technical aspects of the linear programming approach, including the formulation of the problem, some alternative constraint possibilities, branch and bound techniques to avoid Wiitting neighborhoods, and improvement in execution speed. 1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY THERE are at least several hundred school districts now required to develop effective school desegregation plans, and several times this number may be required to do so in the near future As in many planning areas, the people primarily responsible for developing and overseeing a school desegregation plan (school board officials, school transportation authorities, judges, attorneys, etc.) are not familiar with management science techniques. When linear programming is used to help shift attendance boundaries, an appropriately trained person must be brought in to guide this part of the work. This person serves a staff function. In our view, his job is to present to whomever he is responsible a set of efficient alternative rezoning plans together with some measure or indication of their benefits and their costs or feasibility. This paper is directed towards this man and his job. We focus on technical details concerning the formulation and implementation of the linear programming approach, questions which are of only secondary interest to the planning group as a whole. Broader questions on rezoning by linear programming, discussions of advantages, disadvantages, limitations, etc., will be presented in a future paper by the first author. Clarke and Surkis [l] were among the first to formulate this rezoning problem in terms of linear programming, and they have developed computer programs to perform the calculations on their model. While some of our recommendations differ from theirs, we strongly recommend that anyone faced with a rezoning problem read their excellent report
Do youth in sport stay out of court? Insights and recommendations for families, coaches, community groups, sports organisations, and policymakers
No full textIn Aotearoa New Zealand, rugby and rugby league are popular sporting codes, historically and particularly among males. In their 2023 annual reports, New Zealand Rugby reported 147,434 registered participants, while New Zealand Rugby League reported 28,180. Both institutions have also developed equity, diversity and inclusion strategies aimed at nurturing the participation and involvement of women and girls, as well as Māori and Pacific communities. However, while both codes have recorded an increase in female participation, there has been a gradual decline in male participation (Cully, 2023; Radio New Zealand, 2023; Wilson, 2022). This decline in sport participation has also been noted by (former) Principal Youth Court Judge Andrew Becroft, who found that young male offenders are often not involved in sport (Bruce, 2013; Sport NZ, 2018).
This report summarises the findings of a study that examines sports attrition in relation to youth offending. In that study, the author (Clarke, 2012) examined the childhood and youth sporting experiences and illegal activities of five young men aged between 18 and 25 years old.
The aim of this report is to provide insights into how these young men became involved in sport and why they dropped out, how they became involved in crime, and possible links between their sport participation and offending. Their experiences highlight several issues that can be addressed by parents/caregivers, clubs, sport administrators, coaches, community groups, sports organisations, and policymakers.
In course of the study, six key observations were made. For these young men:
1. rugby and or rugby league were their primary and final sporting codes;
2. these sports were or had become ‘just a game’;
3. aggressive coaches diminished their enjoyment and commitment to sport;
4. their parents/caregivers were absent from their sporting lives;
5. their participation in sport and crime was simultaneous; and
6. the collision aspect of rugby and rugby league may have helped to facilitate their offending.
In this document, the names of these young men have been replaced with aliases. To provide the reader with a richer and deeper understanding of the issues, the report features a number of their stories and reflections (edited for readability only). The research methods are briefly outlined in Appendix 1. Sources included in this report are listed in the References section. For a fuller review of the literature and the research analysis refer to the original research document (Clarke, 2012)
Learning theories and interprofessional education: a user's guide
No full textThere is increasing interest in the theoretical underpinning of interprofessional education (IPE) and writers in this field are drawing on a wide range of disciplines for theories that have utility in IPE. While this has undoubtedly enriched the research literature, for the educational practitioner, whose aim is to develop and deliver an IPE curriculum that has sound theoretical underpinnings, this plethora of theories has become a confusing, and un-navigable quagmire. This article aims to provide a compass for those educational practitioners by presenting a framework that summarizes key learning theories used in IPE and the relationship between them. The study reviews key contemporary learning theories from the wider field of education used in IPE and the explicit applications of these theories in the IPE literature to either curriculum design or programme evaluation. Through presenting a broad overview and summary framework, the study clarifies the way in which learning theories can aid IPE curriculum development and evaluation. It also highlights areas where future theoretical development in the IPE field is required
