235 research outputs found
Replication Data for: Intellectual Property Use and Firm Performance: The Case of Chile
No full textCode and data for "Intellectual Property Use and Firm Performance: The Case of Chile
Shared Ownership of Intangible Property Rights: The Case of Patent Coassignments
No full textWe show that the legal rules regarding the ability of co-owners of patents to license the patented technology to third parties have important implications not only for licensing, the diffusion of the patented technology, and hence downstream competition but also for the decision to share ownership in the first place. The legal rules that regulate shared ownership also affect efforts provided by the parties at the invention stage and hence impact the quality of the patented technology. We rely on exogenous legal differences between the United States and Europe concerning the ability of co-owners of patents to license the patented technology to third parties to show that the data are consistent with our theoretical predictions
How mixed ownership affects decision making in turbulent times: evidence from the digital revolution in telecommunications
No full textThis study examines how the ownership structure of corporations shapes their responses to discontinuous technological change. We analyze whether mixed ownership, a situation where following privatization a company's shares are held both privately and by the government, is associated with less innovation in response to discontinuous technological change. We argue that mixed ownership is associated with governance conflicts that affect a company's ability to respond to the challenges posed by discontinuous technological change. Our empirical analysis uses data on European telecommunications operators for the period 2000–2016 when they faced sweeping technological change due to the advent of Internet-based communication services. Our baseline result suggests that operators with mixed ownership file around 70% fewer patents in relevant digital technologies than companies that are fully private or where the government owns a majority of shares. We find that mixed ownership also affects negatively the acquisition of externally developed technology
Submarine trademarks
No full textCompanies use trademarks to protect their brands from outright imitation or competition by confusingly similar brands. However, publication of trademark applications by the trademark office discloses strategic information about a firm's future products and planned market entry. This creates a trade-off between legal protection for new brands and inadvertent information disclosure. We analyze the trade-off through the lens of "submarine trademarks" in the United States-submarine trademarks are trademarks whose publication and hence disclosure to the public are strategically delayed. We provide the first systematic evidence of submarine trademarks and explore their effectiveness in reducing the disclosure of information, their determinants, and their blocking effect on third-party trademark filings. We also provide evidence on the effect of trademark disclosure on third-party trademark filings
Assessing the Effectiveness of the Eco-Patent Commons. A Post-mortem Analysis
No full textThe authors revisit the effect of the “Eco-Patent Commons” (EcoPC) on the diffusion of patented environmentally friendly technologies following its discontinuation in 2016. Established in January 2008 by several large multinational companies, the not-for-profit initiative provided royalty-free access to 248 patents covering 94 “green” inventions. In previous work, Bronwyn Hall and Christian Helmers (2013) suggested that the patents pledged to the commons had the potential to encourage the diffusion of valuable environmentally friendly technologies. The updated results in this paper now show that the commons did not increase the diffusion of pledged inventions, and that the EcoPC suffered from a number of structural and organizational issues. The authors hope these findings will inform future efforts to make environmentally friendly technologies more broadly available for use
The Economics of Innovation and Intellectual Property
No full textThe first comprehensive textbook covering all aspects of the economics of innovation and the role of intellectual property in encouraging or discouraging innovationInnovation is widely viewed as the engine behind economic growth, and it has assumed increasing importance in contemporary economic research. In The Economics of Innovation and Intellectual Property, Bronwyn H. Hall and Christian Helmers introduce readers to the use of economic analysis for the understanding of technical change and the innovative process, its determinants, and consequences.The authors cover innovation basics, the measurement of returns to innovation for individuals and the economy, and the use of intellectual property protection by innovators. They focus on the various ways patents have been used by industry to secure returns to innovation, as well as the strategic use of patents, and they emphasize present-day technologies including pharmaceuticals, software, and AI.Clearly organized and accessible, The Economics of Innovation and Intellectual Property offers a useful introduction to economics, business, public policy, and legal studies, and provides a comprehensive collection of references and information from a variety of sources across disciplines. It also includes various boxes with definitions and examples, as well as a brief mathematical appendix explaining concepts that may be unfamiliar and an introduction to data sources.https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/faculty_books/1647/thumbnail.jp
Spontaneous Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis in the Thoracic or Lumbar Spine: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Minimally Invasive and Open Surgery Over a Nine-Year Period
No full textEinfluss von Trefoilfaktor 3 auf Gliazellen
No full textTrefoil peptide 3 (TFF3) reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in cultivated microglia
Ann-Kristin Helmers, Jessica Spreu, Ralph Lucius, Uta Rickert
Institutes of Anatomy Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel
Introduction: Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is a member of the trefoil peptide family characterized by a highly conserved motif containing 38-39 amino acids with 6 cysteine residues. Previous studies suggest an important role of the trefoil peptide family members in regeneration and the modulation of immune response of the gut (Hoffmann, 2009). Furthermore members support catabolic functions in diseased articular cartilage, activates matrix metalloproteinases and enhances apoptosis of articular cartilage chondrocytes (Rosler et al., 2010). TFF members have also been detected in the central nervous system by immunohistochemistry, especially in the cerebellum, the temporal cortex and the hippocampus (Hoffmann, 2009). In this study, we especially examied the function of TFF3 in cells of the central nervous system.
Methods: Using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry we investigated whether primary astrocytes or microglia express TFF3 and explored a possible regulation of TFF3-mRNA synthesis in inflamed microglia cells and astrocytes via quantitative PCR. To induce inflammation we utilized an in-vitro model of brain inflammation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, we showed the influence of TFF3 on inflamed microglia. Therefore we measured the activation of microglia via quantification of mRNA synthesis of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines as interleukin-1β (Il-1β) and Interleuki-6 (Il-6) and tumornecrosisfactor-α (TNF-α). In addition we explored the influence of TFF3 on the quantitative Il-6 and TNF-α protein synthesis in inflamed microglia via ELISA.
Finally, we investigated the intracellular signaling mechanisms triggered by TFF3 in inflamed microglia using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry.
Results: RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed expression and regulation by LPS of TFF3 in astrocytes, but expression in microglia was missing. Quantification of mRNA synthesis of iNOS, Cox-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Il-1β, Il-6 and TNF-α showed an inhibitory effect of TFF3 on inflamed microglia. Additionally, ELISA data demonstrated inhibition of protein synthesis of Il-6 and TNF-α. Signal transduction analysis data suggest a participation of NF-κB-signaling and a MAP-kinase pathway.
Conclusion: Our results indicate that (i) cultivated astrocytes produce TFF3, which is able to (ii) decrease pro inflammatory mediators and cytokines of activated microglia cells. A major unanswered question is wether pharmacological inhibition of neuroinflammation, e.g. via TFF3, will be able to slow neurodegenerative diseases.
Key words: TFF3, microglia, astrocytes, cytokines, inflammation, neuroprotectio
Green Technology Diffusion: A Post-Mortem Analysis of the Eco-Patent Commons
No full textWe revisit the effect of the “Eco-Patent Commons” (EcoPC) on the diffusion of patented environmentally friendly technologies following its discontinuation in 2016, using both participant survey and data analytic evidence. Established in January 2008 by several large multinational companies, the not-for-profit initiative provided royalty-free access to 248 patents covering 94 “green” inventions. Hall and Helmers (2013) suggested that the patents pledged to the commons had the potential to encourage the diffusion of valuable environmentally friendly technologies. Our updated results now show that the commons did not increase the diffusion of pledged inventions, and that the EcoPC suffered from several structural and organizational issues. Our findings have implications for the effectiveness of patent commons in enabling the diffusion of patented technologies more broadly
Innovation and diffusion of clean/green technology: Can patent commons help?
No full textThis paper explores the characteristics of 238 patents on 94 “inventions” contributed by major multinational innovators to the “Eco-Patent Commons”, which provides royalty-free access to third parties to patented climate change related innovations. By comparing the pledged patents to other patents in the same technologies or held by the same multinationals, we investigate the motives of the contributing firms as well as the potential for such commons to encourage innovation and diffusion of climate change related technologies. This study, therefore, indirectly provides evidence on the role of patents in the development and diffusion of green technologies. More generally, the paper sheds light on the performance of hybrid forms of knowledge management that combine open innovation and patenting.patent commons, green technology, eco-aptents, diffusion, climate change
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