41 research outputs found
PBL-online VIA Second Life: Scenarios in Second Life for support og Problem Based Learning
No full textIndeværende Masterprojekt omhandler en teoretisk redegørelse for udvikling af en curriculum model. På baggrund af modellen udvikles og udvælges 8 Second Life scenarier til understøtning af PBL online forløb på den internationale linje på bygningskonstruktøruddannelsen i Horsens i et kommende samarbejde med Sichuan Universíty i Chengdu – Kina.This thesis deals with a theoretical explanation of the development of a curriculum model. Based on the model 8 Second Life scenarios are developed and selected for support of PBL online course on the international line on the Constructing Architect course in Horsens in a future collaboration with Sichuan University in Chengdu - China. <br/
Heat Transfer in Dielectric Elastomers - Simulating thermal breakdown in multilayered dielectric elastomers
No full textDielectric elastomers are an interesting type of electro-mechanical transducers that can operate both as actuators, generators and sensors. They are composed of an elastomer layer sandwiched between two compliant electrodes and may be arranged in various configurations, including multilayered stacks. During operation dielectric elastomers may undergo several types of electrical breakdown, including thermal breakdown. Thermal breakdown occurs when the thermal energy generated within the dielectric elastomer, due to Joule heating, cannot be balanced by the dissipated heat. Thus a thermal runaway occurs. Thermal breakdown is more prone to occur in a multilayered stack of dielectric elastomers, due to the high volume-to-surface-ratio. This thesis is dedicated to modelling the performance of a multilayered cylindrical stack of dielectric elastomers, with the aim of gaining a better understanding of how various geometrical and operational parameters affects thermal breakdown. Initially a simplified analytical electro-thermal model is set up, which accounts for Joule heating within the stack as well as heat transfer. In the analytical model it is assumed that the top and bottom surfaces of the stack are equal to the ambient temperature and that the cylindrical surface is thermally insulated. Subsequently, two increasingly complex 2D axisymmetric models are set up in the commercial finite-element-method software COMSOL Multiphysics®, where natural convection is assumed to occur at all surfaces of the stack. The first model is a pure electro-thermal model which combines the effects of Joule heating and heat transfer, while the second model is an electrothermal and -mechanical model, thus it also includes the electro-mechanical deformation of the stack. The output of all the models is the estimated point of thermal breakdown, determined as the possible amount of layers in the dielectric elastomer stack before thermal breakdown occurs. It is investigated how various geometrical and operational parameters affects the breakdown point, with the overall desire to increase the amount of layers in the stack as well as the applied voltage. For modelling the elasticity of the elastomer material in the electro-thermal and -mechanical model three types of hyperelastic material models are used; Gent, Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden. It is found that using the Gent model yields the most conservative prediction of breakdown point, whereas using the Ogden model resulted in the least restrictive breakdown point. However, generally the difference in breakdown point, when utilising the three different material models, is small. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of the elastomer material follows an Arrhenius expression with respect to temperature, but it is concluded that utilising the mathematically simpler Frank-Kamenetskii expression as a function of temperature is acceptable, albeit it yields a more conservative prediction of breakdown point. It is observed that having a single entrapped particle with a higher electrical conductivity than the elastomer material, although still in the range of semiconductors, in the dielectric elastomer stack drastically reduces the breakdown point of the entire stack. Furthermore, it is found that a high temperature of the surroundings also influence the breakdown point significantly, due to the limited heat transfer at high ambient temperatures. On the contrary, including an inactive area in the dielectric elastomer stack has little influence on the breakdown point, although it imposes some mechanical restrictions on the active area, yielding a non uniform electric field as well as stretch ratio. This thesis introduces a model for simulating the performance of a multilayered stack of dielectric elastomers, which accounts for both the electro-thermal and electro-mechanical effects. It is able to determine when a thermal breakdown will occur, and what geometrical and operational parameters that affects the point of breakdown. Furthermore, it is set up in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics®, thus accessible to all. Consequently, the electro-thermal and -mechanical model put forth in this work is a great tool when designing and optimizing multilayered stacks of dielectric elastomers
Electro-Thermal and -Mechanical Model of Thermal Breakdown in Multilayered Dielectric Elastomers
No full textMultiple breakdown phenomena may take place when operating dielectric elastomers. 8 Thermal breakdown, which occurs due to Joule heating, becomes of special importance when using multilayered stacks of dielectric elastomers, due to the large volume-to- surface-area-ratio. In this article, a 2D axisymmetric finite-element model of a multi-layered stack of dielectric elastomers is set up in COMSOL Multiphysics®. Both the electro-thermal and electro-mechanical couplings are considered, allowing for determi- nation of the onset of thermal breakdown. Simulation results show that an entrapped particle in the dielectric elastomer drastically reduces the possible number of layers in the stack. Furthermore, the possible number of layers is greatly affected by the ambient tem perature and the applied voltage. The performance of three hyperelastic material models for modelling the elastomer deformation are compared, and it is established that the Gent model yields the most restrictive prediction of breakdown point, while the Ogden model yields the least restrictive estimation. Topical Headings: Transport Phenomena and Fluid Dynamics This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Nordicom Information 30 (1)
No full textInnehåll Judit Bérczes, Mats Ekström: "Avbrott i politiska mediesamtal. En studie av statsministerkandidaterna Persson och Reinfeldt i den svenska valrörelsen 2006" Charlotte Wien, Christian Elmelund-Præstekær: "Mediestormens politiske indflydelse og anatomi" Anders Horsbøl: "Organisationsintern offentlighed i Jyske Bank. En analyse af Nyhedsmagasinet Fredag" Anne Hege Simonsen: "Nært og fjernt. Fortellinger om verden i tre norske aviser 1880-1930" Paul Alarcón Alanes: "Konturer av motstånd. Identitet, subjektivitet och språk i tidningen Gringo" Stine Liv Johansen, Nicolai Jørgensgaard Graakjær: "Lyden af børne-tv – eller: Hvordan man ser fjernsyn med ryggen til" Jan Heim, Petter Bae Brandtzæg: "'Jeg liker ikke voldsspill'. En studie av norske barns spillinnholds-preferanser og psykososiale faktorer" Juha Herkman: "Current Trends in Media Research" Recension Rita Mårtenson: "Flemming Hansen & Sverre Riis Christensen: Emotions, Advertising and Consumer Choice" Aktuell litteratu
Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift : Volym 109: Häfte 1, 2015
No full textINNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING. S. HANSSON: Hur står det till med den svenska orkidéfloran? J. EKMAN: Praktsporre funnen i Uppland. P. TORÄNG: Kaffets arvsmassa kartlagd. A. DELIN: Kan sötgräs överleva en kalavverkning? Erfarenheter under 30 år på sötgräsets svenska primärlokal. K. SAND-JENSEN, L. BAASTRUP-SPOHR, M. R. ANDERSEN, J. P. A. CHRISTENSEN, A. B. ALNOEE, T. S. JESPERSEN, T. RIIS och H. H. BRUUN: Mellan torka och översvämning på Öland. V. KROON, B. SVENSSON och U. GUNNARSSON: Ringlaven minskar i Dalarna. E. ZACHRISSON: Skogskorn i östra Uppland - resultat av en ny 10-årig studie. Å. ANDRÉN-SANDBERG: Kustarun - en pigg gentianasläkting. S. LUND: Två sällsynta drabor - kanske vanligare än vi tror? U.-B. ANDERSSON: Årets växt 2015 - ögonpyrola. Föreningsnytt: Ledare: Orkidéer - en port till botaniken; Italienresa; Frankrikeresa; Inventeringsläger i Lule lappmark; Inventeringsläger i Pite lappmark; Studerandestipendier till Botanikdagarna; Rättelse
Nordicom Information 29 (4)
No full textInnehåll Världskongress för medieforskare i Stockholm, 20-25 juli 2008 Gaye Tuchman: "New Media, News Media. The Tension between Pluralism and Commodification" Niels Nørgaard Kristensen, Johannes Andersen: "Mellem individualisme og fællesskab. Om medieforbrug, politisk interesse og offentlighed" Steen Lundsteen, Sverre Riis Christensen, Flemming Hansen: "Emotionelle reaktioner på toppolitikere" Stina Bengtsson: "Vardagens symboliska rum. Hemmet, medierna och vardagens transformationer" Britta Timm Knudsen: "Nostalgiske nationskonstruktioner" Rune Ottosen, Jan Fredrik Hovden, Gunn Bjørnsen: "Fra valp til vaktbikkje. En longitudinell studie av norske journaliststudenter" Hansjörg Hohr, Soilikki Vettenranta: "Skolemassakren i Beslan mellom myte og folkeeventyr" Pia Höök: "'Kunde det lika gärna ha varit killar som röstades ut?' Om homosociala och heterosociala processer i SVTs Expedition Robinson" In Memoriam: Professor Jan Ekecrantz (1940-2007) In Memoriam: Professor Emeritus James D. Halloran (1927-2007) Kirsten Frandsen: "Projekt: Tv-underholdning. Flermedialitet og viden – et forskningsprojekt" Veikko Pietilä: "Recension: Sonia Livingstone (ed.): Audiences and Publics. When Cultural Engagement Matters for the Public Sphere" Aktuell litteratu
Electro-Thermal Model of Thermal Breakdown in Multilayered Dielectric Elastomers
No full textEnergy transduction of dielectric elastomers involves minute electrical and mechanical losses, both of which potentially increase the temperature within the elastomer. Thermal breakdown of dielectric elastomers occur when heat generated therein cannot be balanced by heat loss on the surface, which is more likely to occur in stacked dielectric elastomers. In this paper an electro-thermal model of a multilayered dielectric elastomer able to predict the possible number of layers in a stack before thermal breakdown occurs is presented. Simulation results show that point of breakdown is greatly affected by an increase in surrounding temperature and applied electric field. Furthermore, if the stack diameter is large, thermal insulation of the cylindrical surface is a valid approximation. Two different expressions for the electrical conductivity are used, and it is concluded that the Frank-Kamenetskii expression is more conservative in prediction of point of breakdown than the Arrhenius expression, except at high surrounding temperature. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Automated Infant Eye Tracking : A Systematic Historical Review
No full textAutomated eye tracking has emerged as a powerful method in psychology, and has special benefits when studying infant populations. The field has developed much during the last decades, and while there are numerous reviews on methodological aspects and specific research topics, a general overview of the state and trends of the field has been lacking. That lack leaves the field unguided on several important aspects such as WEIRDness, statistical power and replication issues, unexploited areas of research, and the current status of the field as a whole. We here conducted a systematic review of the complete peer-reviewed English literature on automated eye tracking with children during their first two years of life (793 articles), and extracted dates of publication, author and population geographic affiliation, keywords and sample sizes. The results show that automated eye tracking in infant research is increasingly used, and is accompanied by larger sample sizes, which together suggests improved accessibility. There is a focus on WEIRD populations, and a few broad research topics (methods, language and attention) and specific topics (autism, faces) are dominating the field. The current focus leaves many areas of research understudied, yielding a large potential for more infant eye tracking in the future
Copyright and the Regulation of Orphan Works: A Comparative Review of Seven Jurisdictions, and a Rights Clearance Simulation
No full textAbout
This report is a collaboration between the Centre for Intellectual Property Policy & Management (www.cippm.org.uk), Bournemouth University (BU), the Department for Human Resources & Organisational Behaviour, The Business School, BU, and CREATe, the RCUK Centre for Copyright & New Business Models (www.create.ac.uk).
The Hargreaves Review stated: “The problem of orphan works – works to which access is effectively barred because the copyright holder cannot be traced – represents the starkest failure of the copyright framework to adapt.” (Digital Opportunity: A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth; London: Intellectual Property Office; 2011; p. 38).
This report was commissioned by the Intellectual Property Office to support the implementation of the Hargreaves Review. It aims to offer a clearer understanding of how orphan works are regulated and priced in other jurisdictions, and how a pricing system could be structured to ensure that “parents” are fairly remunerated if they re-appear, and users are incentivised to access and exploit registered orphan works.
Executive Summary
‘Orphan works’ are works in which copyright still subsists, but where the rightholder, whether it be the creator of the work or successor in title, cannot be located.
This report was commissioned to assist the UK government in evaluating policy options in the implementation of the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property & Growth (2011) to enable and price the use of orphan works.
The research proceeded in two stages. Study I undertook a comparative international review of actual or proposed orphan works legislation, and identified key characteristics of orphan works licensing schemes. Study II investigated the potential effects of such schemes by conducting a simulated rights clearance exercise for six scenarios (establishing licence terms and fees for specific commercial and non-commercial uses), and analysing the resulting dataset for effects of the characteristics identified in Study I.
I. Comparative Review
The comparative review relied on a close scrutiny of actual or proposed legislation and considered government reports, draft bills, publications and other commentaries on the orphan works issue. The countries reviewed included jurisdictions with operational orphan works regulations: Canada, Denmark, Hungary, India, and Japan; as well as provisions at the EU level and in the US (draft legislation and current practice). The purpose of the review was to identify key features of legal regimes with respect to factors such as – (i) categories of works covered; (ii) standards of diligent search; (iii) the mechanism for obtaining permission; (iv) the existence of a register or database of recording suspected orphan works; (v) the role of collecting societies;(vi) tariffs set by category of work; (vii) mechanisms for challenging tariffs; (viii) remedies for reappearing authors and case law, if any, on damages for infringing use.
Findings Study I:
(1) Two distinct approaches appear to be used for governing orphan works in the jurisdictions reviewed. The first may be labelled ‘ex-ante’, and involves rights clearing before a work is used, the second is ‘ex-post’ and typically involves the management of infringement risks by the user.
In the former an applicant is required to engage with an authorising body or collecting society in order to receive a licence to make use of an orphan work. In contrast, the latter involves either the creation of a statutory copyright exception, or a limitation of liability where an applicant makes use of an orphan work after having exerted some effort to identify the potential rightholder (e.g. diligent search, attribution). These regimes provide different levels of protection for authors and users.
The ex-ante approach is exemplified by Canada, Japan and India where a potential user has to discuss terms with a copyright board. In ex-post systems payment is only due in case an author reappears. This approach is exemplified by the US. The analysis shows a strong protection for rightholders, both ex ante and ex post, in India, and Japan; and a relatively lower protection in the US, and to a certain extent Denmark (under the system of Extended Collective Licensing). Canada and Hungary are intermediate cases (e.g. no advertising requirements prior to use, but public listing of granted licences).
(2) While most jurisdictions require a diligent search to be conducted by the applicant there is no uniform standard constituting a diligent search. Across jurisdictions the specifications for diligent search vary considerably. Requirements involving the preventive search of the author range from the weak provisions of Denmark (no search required), Canada (requiring “reasonable effort”), and the US (“reasonable search” required) to the strong provisions of India, Japan, Hungary and the EU (but not France) providing a duty for the user of performing a “diligent search” or “due diligence search” (India) accompanied by some form of record tracking of the steps performed. The EU lists minimum sources for a diligent search in the Annex to the Orphan Works Directive. Advertising requirements (in the national press or equivalent) are provided in Japan and India.
(3) The United States had proposed a “limited liability” approach, under which the use of orphan works is possible after a reasonable search. In the case of an infringement claim orphan users are liable only for a reasonable compensation. Denmark uses an Extended Collective Licensing system, which involves collective negotiation with users (normally for multiple licensing) valid also for non-represented authors. In turn, the EU leaves Member States free to choose their regulatory approach (for example, France has chosen a central licensing system in its forthcoming legislation). All the other countries reviewed implement the central licensing system, with a central public authority granting copyright licences on orphan works.
(4) Prices are set by central authorities in the countries that have a central licensing system, and by collecting societies in Denmark. Interestingly, national central authorities have claimed that although no official negotiation process is provided by law, the price of licences is set on a case by case basis, after considering the individual circumstances of the applicant. Set prices can be challenged mostly in an ordinary court of law in the examined countries, or alternatively before the licensing authority with a quasi-judicial procedure (e.g. Canada). Infringement claims are handled by ordinary courts in all countries (including the US) or by licensing authorities with quasi-judicial procedures (in Hungary). In Denmark, both prices and infringement claims are under the jurisdiction of a special tribunal (the Copyright Licensing Tribunal). The above rules on price, infringement, and legal remedies do not derive from EU law, which leaves these matters to Member States.
(5) In Canada, Japan, India, Denmark and France an upfront payment is normally required byte applicant in exchange for using orphan works. In Canada, payment is upfront in approximately two-thirds of cases, whilst it is contingent on the rightholder reappearing in the remaining third. See De Beer and Bouchard (2010). In Hungary the amount is identified but may not be deposited (for non-profit licensees). It will be paid directly to the rightholder, in the event that he or she reappears. In the US, no payment is made until a court decision is issued, following an infringement claim.
Particular roles are envisaged for collecting societies in Denmark, in which they handle the whole system, Hungary, where collecting societies retain unclaimed revenues after five years from expiry of licence, and Canada, where collecting societies are consulted during tariff setting, and hold collected fees (to be used as they see fit).
(6) In the US, in Hungary, and France a voluntary public online register for suspected orphan works is established. The EU is establishing a register at the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM). In Japan, some institutions have their own register of orphan works. No register is envisaged in India, Canada or Denmark (prior to the Orphan Works Directive). However details of all licences granted are available on-line in Canada.
II. Rights Clearance Simulation
The “Rights Clearance Exercise” reported in Study II is a combination of various methods. In a first step a simulation approach is employed to collect a unique dataset on actual or potential licence fees for orphan works. Representatives of rights clearance authorities from countries covered in the comparative legal review (Canada, Denmark, France, Hungary, India, Japan, supplemented by some US data) were asked to provide a licence fee for each of six scenarios that are likely to occur in reality (from creating a small online resource to mass digitisation projects).
The identification of the various scenarios was the outcome of a rigorous methodological procedure. The six identified scenarios were:
Historical geographic maps for a video game for mobile phones (up to 50 maps
A vintage postcard collection for web publication and eventual sale of prints (up to50 cards)
National folk tune recordings for multimedia/teaching (DVD) (up to 50)
Re-issuing a 1960/70s TV series as part of a digital on-demand service (one series)
Mass digitisation of photographs (archives) by a public non-profit institution, with possible sale of prints (above 100,000 items)
Mass digitisation of books by a private for-profit institution, with possible sale of books (above 100,000 items)
Two rates for each scenario were sought, for commercial and non-commercial use. In a second step the dataset is subjected to various analytical techniques, including a regression approach and a comparison of collective licensing systems against others through the computation of effect sizes.
Findings Study II:
(1) There does not appear to be a standard price for licensing orphan works. In fact tariffs vary widely. For example, to clear 50 items from a folk tune archive for commercial use will cost the equivalent of £188 per year in Canada, and (under reasonable assumptions) £9,312 per year in France. In fact, the only consistent finding appears to be that in almost all cases commercial licence fees tend to exceed non-commercial ones.
(2) Licences were not available for all scenarios. Re-issuing orphaned broadcasts seems particularly problematic, with no licence offered in any of the countries investigated.
(3) There is no systematic recognition of what may constitute an appropriate duration for licences. Licences were very variable from country to country, ranging from a monthly to a five-year licence, without the provision of a permanent licence.
(4) We find high tariffs that discourage mass digitisation projects. Per item fees initially appearing very low and thus sustainable turn out to render mass-digitisation unviable for public and non-profit institutions when scaled up under reasonable assumptions. Mass digitisation projects involving 100,000 items may incur annual licensing fees exceeding £1 million per year.
(5) The average level of fees imposed on a potential user of an orphan work is similar in collective and individual licensing regimes. This is an interesting finding because it mitigates arguments that one of the regimes will lead to higher fees. The operating costs involved in running an orphan works scheme appear therefore an important factor when choosing between individual and collective approaches.
(6) A limited liability system seems to have advantages for archives and other non-profit institutions exposed to orphan works, enabling those organisations to share their stock of orphaned artefacts with the public. In contrast, the up-front rights clearing seems to provide more appropriate incentives for commercial uses of orphaned artefacts, guaranteeing that a reappearing rightholder will be compensated for the exploitation of any work.
Together, the findings from both studies indicate the need for a more structured and consistent approach in governing orphan works that is reflected in the pricing and duration of licences, and in the costs of running any licensing system
Pots, people, and politics: a reconsideration of the role of ceramics in reconstructions of the Iron Age Northern Levant
No full textThis thesis aims to reconsider current reconstructions of the Iron Age Northern Levant and the role that ceramics studies have played in these interpretations. This study begins with an assessment of the use of the historical narrative in current interpretations. This historical interpretative framework has produced a broad perspective on Iron Age society, at the expense of localised behaviours. For this reason, the present study attempts to engage with Iron Age material culture, more specifically pottery, and consider its role within past societies beyond the broad socio-political histories depicted in texts. This study presents a regional ceramic typology for the Iron Age (including the Persian period) and undertakes an analysis of the distribution patterns of this typology across the Northern Levant. An alternative interpretation of the ceramic data is offered, before being compared with the current historical model. This alternative reconstruction focuses on theories of practice, and foodways, whilst appreciating the dynamic manner by which material culture is used to constantly negotiate and consolidate social structures. This thesis will determine the compatibility of archaeology and text, and make some final recommendations for their correlation
