3,358 research outputs found
An Enhanced RAMA Protocol Utilizing Short Auction Identifications for Personal Communications Services
No full textCd Concentration (mg kg<sup>−1</sup> DW) in Pak choi Grown under Different Cd Levels in Seven Chinese Soils.
No full text<p>Mean values followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different at <i>P</i> <0.05.</p><p>Cd Concentration (mg kg<sup>−1</sup> DW) in Pak choi Grown under Different Cd Levels in Seven Chinese Soils.</p
Computational analysis of stationary waiting-time distributions of GI(x)/R/1 and GIx/D/1 queues
No full textIn this article, we obtain, in a unified way a closed-form analytic expression, in terms of roots of the so-called characteristic equation of the stationary waiting-time distribution for the Gl/(x)/R/1 queue, where R denotes the class of distributions whose Laplace-Stielijes transforms are rational functions (ratios of a polynomial of degree at most it to a polynomial of degree it). The analysis is not restricted to generalized distributions with phases such as Coxian-n (C-n) but also covers nonphase-type distributions such as deterministic (D). In the latter case, we get approximate results. Numerical results are presented only for (1) the first two moments of waiting time and (2) the probability that waiting time is zero. It is expected that the results obtained from the present study should prove to be useful not only for practitioners but also for queuing theorists who would like to test the accuracies of inequalities. bounds. or approximations
Soil Cd Threshold Levels for Potential Dietary Toxicity in Edible Part of Pak choi Calculated from the Permissible Limit of Cd (2.04 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> DW) in Leafy Vegetables and Regression Equations.
No full text<p>Soil Cd Threshold Levels for Potential Dietary Toxicity in Edible Part of Pak choi Calculated from the Permissible Limit of Cd (2.04 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> DW) in Leafy Vegetables and Regression Equations.</p
Effects of thermal treatment on the electrical and optical properties of silver-based indium tin oxide/metal/indium tin oxide structures
No full textIn this article, we report the results of the study of thermal treatment effects on the electrical and optical properties of silver-based indium tin oxide/metal/indium tin oxide (IMI) multilayer films. Heat treatment conditions such as temperature and gaseous atmosphere was varied to obtain better electrical and optical properties. We obtained improved electrical properties and observed considerable shift in the transmittance curves after heat treatment. Several analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic ellipsometer and spectrophotometer were used to explore the causes of the changes in electrical and optical properties. The sheet resistance of the structure was severely influenced by deposition conditions of the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer at the top. Moreover, the shift of optical transmittance could be explained on the basis of the change in refractive indices of ITO layers during heat treatment. The properties of Ag-alloy-based IMI films were compared with those of pure Ag-based ones. Some defects originating from Ag layer corrosion were observed on the surface of ITO-pure Ag-ITO structures, however, their number decreased significantly in the cases of Ag-alloys containing Pd, Au and Cu, though the resistivity values of Ag-alloys were slightly higher than those of silver. Atomic force microscopy measurement results revealed that the surface of the IMI multilayer was so smooth that it meets the required qualifications as the bottom electrode of organic light emitting diodes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Nanoscale ultrathin body PMOSFETs with raised selective germanium source/drain
No full textNanoscale ultrathin body (UTB) p-channel MOSFETs with body thickness down to 4 nm and raised source and drain (S/D) using selectively deposited Ge are demonstrated for the first time. Devices with gate length down to 30 mn show high drive current, low off current, and excellent short-channel behavior. Mobility enhancement and threshold-voltage shift due to the quantum confinement of inversion charge in the ultrathin body are investigated
Effect of nitrogen on high temperature low cycle fatigue behaviors in type 316L stainless steel
No full textStrain-controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted in the temperature range of RT-600 degrees C and air atmosphere to investigate the nitrogen effect on LCF behavior of type 316L stainless steels with different nitrogen contents (0.01-0.15%). The waveform of LCF was a symmetrical triangle with a strain amplitude of +/- 0.5% and a constant strain rate of 2 x 10(-3)/s was employed for most tests. Cyclic stress response of the alloys exhibited a gradual cyclic softening at RT, but a cyclic hardening at an early stage of fatigue life at 300-600 degrees C. The hardening at high temperature was attributed to dynamic strain aging (DSA). Nitrogen addition decreased hardening magnitude (maximum cyclic stress - first cyclic stress) because nitrogen retarded DSA for these conditions. The dislocation structures were changed from cell to planar structure with increasing temperature and nitrogen addition by DSA and short range order (SRO), Fatigue life was a maximum at 0.1% nitrogen content, which was attributed to the balance between DSA and SRO. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V
Quantitative analysis of mixed self-assembled monolayers using ToF-SIMS
No full textThe spacing of chemical functional groups on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) plays an important role in controlling the density of biomolecules in biochips and biosensors. In this sense, a mixed SAM made of two different terminal groups is a useful organic surface since spacing can be easily controlled by changing a relative mole fraction in a mixture solution. In this study, an acetylene-OCH(2)O(EG)(3)(CH(2))(11)S-S(CH(2))(11)(EG)(3)OCH(2)O-propene (Eneyne) SAM and mixed SAMs made by a mixture of (S(CH(2))(11)(EG)(3)O-CH(2)O-acetylene)(2) (Diyne) and (S(CH(2))(11)(EG)(3)OCH(2)O-propene)(2) (Diene) were produced on gold substrates and measured by using ToF-SIMS. The secondary ion yield ratio of [Au center dot S(CH(2))(11)(EG)(3)O-11(EG)(3)OCH(2)O-acetylene] to [Au center dot S(CH(2))(11)(EG)(3)OCH(2)O-propene] was measured for each mixed SAM and plotted as a function of the mole fraction of Diyne to Diene in a SAM solution. The ion yield ratio of a mixed SAM produced from a solution with a mole fraction of 0.5 (i.e., 1:1 mixture) was 0.3, which corresponded well to the ion yield ratio measured from an Eneyne SAM. A time-dependent experiment of Eneyne SAM formation and immersion experiment of Eneyne SAM into Diyne solution or into Diene solution were performed. The relative ion yield ratio of 0.3 was due to a different secondary ion formation and not due to the difference in the amount of adsorbates on the surface, nor to the different binding strengths onto the gold surface. Our study shows that a mixed SAM with well-controlled spacing can be produced and quantified by using the ToF-SIMS technique. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved
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