3,357 research outputs found
Convergences in perfect BL-algebras
No full textThe aim of the paper is to investigate some concepts of convergence in the class of
perfect BL-algebras. Similarity convergence was developed by G. Georgescu and A. Popescu in
the case of the residuated lattices, while the convergence with a fixed regulator was studied
by Cernák for lattice-ordered groups and MV-algebras and by the author for residuated lattices. In this paper we study the similarity convergence and the convergence with a fixed regulator for the perfect BL-algebras. The main result is the construction of Cauchy completion of a perfect BL-algebra.Peer Reviewe
A Return to the Common Reader: Print Culture and the Novel, 1850-1900
No full textIn 1957, Richard Altick's groundbreaking work The English Common Reader transformed the study of book history. The collection aims to conceptualise some of the new directions that the field is taking fifty years afters the publication of this seminal work and to interrogate the category of the ‘common reader’ itself. What do we now mean by the term ‘common reader’? Is it still a useful term in book history and the sociology of literature? Though the history of mass readerships attests to a rise in literacy in the second half of the nineteenth century, and to snobberies and anxieties surrounding the development of a mass reading public, how did different institutional contexts, different groups of readers (such as women, soldiers, prisoners and radicals) and different forms of publication respond differently to the general trend of a growth in literacy? Were there groups of readers or forms of publication, for example, which complicate the picture of a growth in mass literacy and an elite fear of that growth? And who is to be included or excluded from the concept of the ‘common reader’? How did changing concepts of what constituted the ‘common reader’ in the first place contribute to the development of literary and print forms, educational institutions, and concepts of reading and readerships within the period? This privileging does not aim to disassociate the ‘common reader’ from Robert Darnton’s formulation of the author/publisher/reader circuit central to Book History, but rather to more closely analyse the multiple functions and interactions of the reader therein. Importantly, the interrogation of the concept of the ‘common reader’ is brought to bear, in every essay, on questions about the development of the novel in the period. The book offers important textual analyses of literary works by Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Ouida and a range of other popular novelists fruitfully bringing together Book History, print culture and literary methodologies in order to further research into the relationship between the social history of reading and the development of literature in the late nineteenth century. Bringing together a collection of essays, each of which explores distinctive cases of constructions of the ‘English common reader’, this book will further research in the sociology of literature by taking one of its fundamental categories of thought and exploring the complicated set of sociological, literary and historical assumptions and ideas which both underpin and contest it
A Return to the Common Reader: Print Culture and the Novel, 1850-1900
No full textIn 1957, Richard Altick's groundbreaking work The English Common Reader transformed the study of book history. The collection aims to conceptualise some of the new directions that the field is taking fifty years afters the publication of this seminal work and to interrogate the category of the ‘common reader’ itself. What do we now mean by the term ‘common reader’? Is it still a useful term in book history and the sociology of literature? Though the history of mass readerships attests to a rise in literacy in the second half of the nineteenth century, and to snobberies and anxieties surrounding the development of a mass reading public, how did different institutional contexts, different groups of readers (such as women, soldiers, prisoners and radicals) and different forms of publication respond differently to the general trend of a growth in literacy? Were there groups of readers or forms of publication, for example, which complicate the picture of a growth in mass literacy and an elite fear of that growth? And who is to be included or excluded from the concept of the ‘common reader’? How did changing concepts of what constituted the ‘common reader’ in the first place contribute to the development of literary and print forms, educational institutions, and concepts of reading and readerships within the period? This privileging does not aim to disassociate the ‘common reader’ from Robert Darnton’s formulation of the author/publisher/reader circuit central to Book History, but rather to more closely analyse the multiple functions and interactions of the reader therein. Importantly, the interrogation of the concept of the ‘common reader’ is brought to bear, in every essay, on questions about the development of the novel in the period. The book offers important textual analyses of literary works by Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Ouida and a range of other popular novelists fruitfully bringing together Book History, print culture and literary methodologies in order to further research into the relationship between the social history of reading and the development of literature in the late nineteenth century. Bringing together a collection of essays, each of which explores distinctive cases of constructions of the ‘English common reader’, this book will further research in the sociology of literature by taking one of its fundamental categories of thought and exploring the complicated set of sociological, literary and historical assumptions and ideas which both underpin and contest it
A Return to the Common Reader: Print Culture and the Novel, 1850-1900
No full textIn 1957, Richard Altick's groundbreaking work The English Common Reader transformed the study of book history. The collection aims to conceptualise some of the new directions that the field is taking fifty years afters the publication of this seminal work and to interrogate the category of the ‘common reader’ itself. What do we now mean by the term ‘common reader’? Is it still a useful term in book history and the sociology of literature? Though the history of mass readerships attests to a rise in literacy in the second half of the nineteenth century, and to snobberies and anxieties surrounding the development of a mass reading public, how did different institutional contexts, different groups of readers (such as women, soldiers, prisoners and radicals) and different forms of publication respond differently to the general trend of a growth in literacy? Were there groups of readers or forms of publication, for example, which complicate the picture of a growth in mass literacy and an elite fear of that growth? And who is to be included or excluded from the concept of the ‘common reader’? How did changing concepts of what constituted the ‘common reader’ in the first place contribute to the development of literary and print forms, educational institutions, and concepts of reading and readerships within the period? This privileging does not aim to disassociate the ‘common reader’ from Robert Darnton’s formulation of the author/publisher/reader circuit central to Book History, but rather to more closely analyse the multiple functions and interactions of the reader therein. Importantly, the interrogation of the concept of the ‘common reader’ is brought to bear, in every essay, on questions about the development of the novel in the period. The book offers important textual analyses of literary works by Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Ouida and a range of other popular novelists fruitfully bringing together Book History, print culture and literary methodologies in order to further research into the relationship between the social history of reading and the development of literature in the late nineteenth century. Bringing together a collection of essays, each of which explores distinctive cases of constructions of the ‘English common reader’, this book will further research in the sociology of literature by taking one of its fundamental categories of thought and exploring the complicated set of sociological, literary and historical assumptions and ideas which both underpin and contest it
Convergences in perfect BL-algebras
No full textThe aim of the paper is to investigate some concepts of convergence in the class of
perfect BL-algebras. Similarity convergence was developed by G. Georgescu and A. Popescu in
the case of the residuated lattices, while the convergence with a fixed regulator was studied
by Cernák for lattice-ordered groups and MV-algebras and by the author for residuated lattices. In this paper we study the similarity convergence and the convergence with a fixed regulator for the perfect BL-algebras. The main result is the construction of Cauchy completion of a perfect BL-algebra.Peer Reviewe
Smurf1KO mice in the mixed BL background developed hepatic steatosis.
No full text(A) HE and Oil Red-O staining of liver sections of WT, SF1KO, and SF2KO mice from the BL background at the age of 9–12 months. Bar = 40 μm. (B) Histological scores of steatosis of mice in (A). For each group, n = 15 (7 males and 8 females). Scores: 0, no steatosis; 1, minimal; 2, mild; 3, moderate; 4, severe. (C) Liver TG, CHO, and FFA content of the above male mice (n = 7 per group). (D) BW, eWAT/BW ratio, and Liver/BW ratio of the above male mice (n = 7 per group). (E) Liver ALT and AST activities of the above mice (n = 10; 5 males, 5 females per group). (F) Glucose and (G) insulin tolerance tests in male mice at the age of 9–12 months (n = 8 per group). All data are presented as mean ± SD; statistical significance of difference is indicated as *p 0.05, **p 0.01, ***p 0.001. Original raw data can be found in S1 Data. ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BL, mixed black Swiss × 129/SvEv background; BW, body weight; CHO, total cholesterol; eWAT/BW, epididymal WAT weight to body weight; FFA, free fatty acid; HE, hematoxylin–eosin; KO, knockout; Liver/BW, liver weight to body weight; ns, not significant; Smurf, Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor; SF1KO, Smurf1 KO; SF2KO, Smurf2 KO; TG, triglyceride; WAT, white adipose tissue; WT, wild-type.</p
Treatment with PPAR antagonist GW9662 protects BL-Smurf1KO mice from steatosis.
No full text(A) BW of male mice from the BL background before (age 7–9 months) and after 60 days (age 9–11 months) of GW9662 treatment (n = 8 per group). (B) Fat/Lean and Liver/BW ratios and histological score of steatosis of the above mice after GW9662 treatment, compared with those of untreated control mice at the same age (n = 8 per group). (C) Representative HE-stained sections of the above mice. Bar = 100 μm. (D) Serum TG and CHO contents of the above mice, n = 8 per group. (E) Liver TG, CHO, and FFA contents of the above GW9662-treated mice. (F) qRT-PCR analysis of expression of Pparγ2 and relevant lipid metabolism genes in the livers of GW9662-treated mice. Data are presented as mean ± SD; statistical significance of difference is indicated by *p 0.05, **p 0.01, ***p 0.001. Original raw data can be found in S1 Data. BL, mixed black Swiss × 129/SvEv background; BW, body weight; CHO, total cholesterol; Ctrl, control; Fat/Lean, fat mass to lean mass; FFA, free fatty acid; GW, GW9662; HE, hematoxylin–eosin; KO, knockout; Liver/BW, liver weight to BW; ns, not significant; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR; SF1KO, Smurf1 KO; Smurf, Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor; TG, triglyceride; WT, wild-type.</p
Twelve Select Examples Of The Ecclesiastical Architecture Of The Middle Ages, Chiefly In France, From Drawings By Charles Wild
No full textTWELVE SELECT EXAMPLES OF THE ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES, CHIEFLY IN FRANCE, FROM DRAWINGS BY CHARLES WILD
Twelve Select Examples Of The Ecclesiastical Architecture Of The Middle Ages, Chiefly In France, From Drawings By Charles Wild ( - )
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Problems of the conventional BL model as applied to super/hypersonic turbulent boundary layers and its improvements
No full textTurbulence modeling has played important roles in solving engineering problems. However, with the development of aerospace technology, turbulence modeling faces new challenges. How to further improve turbulence modeling for super/hypersonic flows is an urgent problem. Through analyzing a set of data resulting from DNS and experiments, it is found that some most popular models suffer from essential flaws, and can be hardly improved following the traditional mode of thinking. On the contrary, the BL model, which is one of the simplest and widely-used models, can be further improved. In this paper, through analyzing results from DNS data, the main cause of the inaccuracy in applying the BL model to supersonic and hypersonic turbulent boundary layers is found to have resulted from the mismatch between the location of the matching point of the inner and outer layers of the BL model determined by the conventional way and those given by DNS. Improvement on this point, as well as other improvements is proposed. Its effectiveness is verified through the comparison with DNS results
Strictly join irreducible varieties of BL-algebras: The missing pieces
No full textBasic Logic BL, introduced by P. Hájek in 1998, is the logic of all continuous t-norms and their residua. The variety of BL-algebras forms the algebraic semantics of BL. Let L be a variety of BL-algebras, and let L(L) be its lattice of subvarieties, ordered by inclusion. L is called strictly join irreducible (SJI) if, whenever L is the join of a set S of varieties of BL-algebras, then L∈S. Every variety in L(L) is obtained as join of SJI varieties, which may be considered as the building blocks of all the varieties in L(L). In a previous work by the second author, a partial classification for the SJI varieties of BL-algebras has been found. In this paper we provide a full classification of the SJI varieties of BL-algebras. Our main result is that a variety of BL-algebras is SJI iff it is generated by a BL-chain with finitely many components, each of them being a cancellative hoop or a Wajsberg hoop with finite rank. As an application, we provide a characterization for the varieties of BL-algebras having only finitely many subvarieties, and we study some additional topics
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