1,721,048 research outputs found
Does input trade liberalization boost downstream firms exports?
No full textWe analyze the impact of input tariffs on export status and export performances of processing firms. From a theoretical model with heterogenous downstream firms, we show that falling input tariffs induces a reallocation of exports market shares from low productivity firms to high productivity firms. In addition, when export fixed costs are high enough, a fall in input tariffs raises the probability of exporting and the most productive firms gain more than the less productive firms. In contrast, when export fixed costs are low enough, a fall in input tariffs decreases the probability of entering the foreign markets. Under this configuration, the exports of the high productivity firms rise at the expense of the low productivity firms. We then confront the predictions of the theoretical model to firm-level data on French agrifood sector by developping a two-stage estimation procedure that uses an equation for selection into export markets in the first stage and exports equation in the second stage. It appears that agricultural trade liberalization favors the exit of French firms to foreign markets. In addition, the more productive exporting firms (less than 20 percent of exporting firms) gain from falling input tariffs while the less productive firms lose
Heterogeneous firms and trade costs: a reading of French access to European agro-food market
Full text linkThis article offers a new reading of intra-European trade based on recent developments in new international economics (Melitz, 2003; Chaney, 2008). These models take the heterogeneity of firms into account and offer a micro-economic analysis of the process of selection at work for firms entering markets. An exporting firm has to bear certain specific costs to break into a market, and only sufficiently productive firms are able to do so. Using individual data for French agro-food firms and the distribution of their exports across European markets, this article shows that access conditions to the various European markets are not identical for French firms: the Belgian market would seem to be a natural extension of the French market, whereas the markets of small, distant countries (Austria, Finland or Sweden) are the least accessible. Econometric analysis based on analysis both of the firm selection process and of the value of their exports shows that the standard geographical variables (distance, country size) affecting the single European market still play a major role in the choice of export markets. Results also reveal that there are still remaining trade costs at entry to the different European markets; but these trade frictions don’t matter to all firms in the same way. The higher the firm experience, the lower the impact of trade costs.firm heterogeneity, trade costs, European Integration., International Relations/Trade,
Compte rendu d'ouvrage - Exchange rate volatility and international agricultural trade.
Full text linkCompte rendu d'ouvrage - Exchange rate volatility and international agricultural trade.
No full textInternational audienc
Firmes hétérogènes et coûts aux échanges : analyse de l’accès des exportateurs français aux marchés agroalimentaires européens
No full textInternational audienceThis article offers a new reading of intra-European trade based on recent developments in new international economics (Melitz, 2003; Chaney, 2008). These models take the heterogeneity of firms into account and offer a micro-economic analysis of the process of selection at work for firms entering markets. An exporting firm has to bear certain specific costs to break into a market, and only sufficiently productive firms are able to do so. Using individual data for French agro-food firms and the distribution of their exports across European markets, this article shows that access conditions to the various European markets are not identical for French firms: the Belgian market would seem to be a natural extension of the French market, whereas the markets of small, distant countries (Austria, Finland or Sweden) are the least accessible. Econometric analysis based on analysis both of the firm selection process and of the value of their exports shows that the standard geographical variables (distance, country size) affecting the single European market still play a major role in the choice of export markets. Results also reveal that there are still remaining trade costs at entry to the different European markets; but these trade frictions don’t matter to all firms in the same way. The higher the firm experience, the lower the impact of trade costs.Cet article propose une nouvelle lecture des échanges intra-européens basée sur les récents développements de la nouvelles économie internationale (Melitz 2003 ; Chaney, 2008). Ces modèles prennent en compte l’hétérogénéité des entreprises et proposent une analyse micro-économique du processus de sélection qui s’opère à l’entrée des marchés européens. Une firme qui exporte vers un marché particulier doit supporter des coûts spécifiques à ce marché : seule les firmes les plus productives sont alors capables de supporter ces coûts. A partir de données individuelles de firmes agroalimentaires Françaises et des données d’exportation de ces firmes sur les marchés européens, cet article montre que les conditions d’accès aux différents marchés européens pour les firmes françaises sont très différentes : le marché Belge apparaît comme une extension naturelle du marché français, alors que les pays plus éloignés et plus petits sont les moins accessibles. Des analyses économétriques basées sur le processus de sélection des firmes et sur la valeur de leurs exportations montrent que les variables géographiques classiques (distance, taille du pays) jouent un rôle important dans le choix du marché de destination. Les résultats montrent également qu’il reste des coûts aux échanges à l’entrée des marchés européens ; mais ces résistances aux échanges n’impactent pas toutes les entreprises de la même manière. L’impact des coûts aux échanges diminue avec l’expérience de la firme
Adoption of Private Standards Required by Retailers: Which benefits for exporters?
No full textBased on recent development of international economics, this paper aims at evaluating to what extent private standards impact trade, and more precisely trade of French agri-food firms. Our paper explores an original "handmade" database identifying French agri-food firms which are certified with the International Food Standard -- IFS-- and/or the British Retail Consortium standard -- BRC. From this dataset, one can analyse the characteristics and the export behaviour of certified firms compared to that of the non certified ones. First we look at the productivity of the firms; second, we look at the export behaviour of the firms: does a certification such as BRC imply export orientation of the firm? Then we propose a modification of Chaney's model (2008) and estimations to test for the impact of certification on trade costs faced by certified firms to access EU markets. Our preliminary results show that certification clearly impacts French firms. In the case of BRC certification, we especially show that French certified firms significantly decrease their entry costs to access EU markets.Basé sur les développements récents de l’économie internationale, ce papier a pour objectif d’évaluer dans quelle mesure les référentiels privés impactent les échanges, et plus précisément les exportations des entreprises agroalimentaires françaises. Notre papier explore une base de donnée originale qui identifie les entreprises certifiées avec les standards « International Food Standard » -- IFS—et/ou « British Retail Consortium » - BRC. A partir de ces données, une comparaison des caractéristiques et comportements à l’export des firmes certifiées et non certifiées est menée. D’abord on compare les productivités des firmes ; ensuite on étudie le comportement à l’export des firmes : Est ce qu’une certification telle que BRC implique une orientation des exportations des firmes certifiées ? Une extension du modèle de Chaney (2008) est alors proposée et permet d’estimer l’impact de la certification sur les coûts d’échanges auxquels les firmes certifiées doivent faire face. Nos résultats montrent que la certification a un impact sur les entreprises agroalimentaires françaises. La certification BRC en particulier diminue significativement les coûts d’échanges à destination des plusieurs pays européen
Echanges intra-firme et intégration européenne : le cas des firmes multinationales de l'agro-alimentaire
Full text linkLa firme multinationale (FMN), par définition, contrôle un ensemble de filiales localisées dans différents pays. Elle dispose ainsi de la capacité d'internaliser une partie de ses échanges internationaux au sein d'un marché interne à son organisation (échanges intra-firme). De ce fait, ces échanges intra-firme (EIF) deviennent-ils la norme des échanges internationaux dans le contexte de globalisation croissante des firmes et de régionalisation des économies ? Ils se sont en tout cas très fortement développés dans le secteur agro-alimentaire. Un tiers des échanges internationaux de la France en produits agricoles et alimentaires était réalisé à l'intérieur des firmes multinationales en 1999. Ainsi, loin de générer une substitution entre production et échanges, la constitution des FMN conduit à une transformation dans la nature des échanges, dont les déterminants peuvent différer de ceux réalisés directement sur le marché
Firmes hétérogènes et coûts aux échanges : analyse de l’accès des exportateurs français aux marchés agroalimentaires européens
No full textNational audienceThis article offers a new reading of intra-European trade based on recent developments in new international economics (Melitz, 2003; Chaney, 2008). These models take the heterogeneity of firms into account and offer a micro-economic analysis of the process of selection for firms entering markets. An exporting firm has to bear certain specific costs to break into a market, and only sufficiently productive firms are able to do so. Using individual data for French agro-food firms and the distribution of their exports across European markets, this article shows that access conditions to the various European markets are not identical for French firms. Econometric analyses of the firm selection process and of the value of exports show that the standard geographical variables (distance, country size) affecting the single European market still play a major role in the choice of export markets. Results also reveal that there are still remaining trade costs for entry to the different European markets; but these trade frictions don't matter to all firms in the same way. The higher the firm experience, the lower the impact of trade costs.Cet article propose une nouvelle lecture des échanges intra-européens basée sur les récents développements de la nouvelles économie internationale (Melitz 2003 ; Chaney, 2008). Ces modèles prennent en compte l’hétérogénéité des entreprises et proposent une analyse micro-économique du processus de sélection qui s’opère à l’entrée des marchés européens. Une firme qui exporte vers un marché particulier doit supporter des coûts spécifiques à ce marché : seule les firmes les plus productives sont alors capables de supporter ces coûts. A partir de données individuelles de firmes agroalimentaires Françaises et des données d’exportation de ces firmes sur les marchés européens, cet article montre que les conditions d’accès aux différents marchés européens pour les firmes françaises sont très différentes. Des analyses économétriques basées sur le processus de sélection des firmes et sur la valeur de leurs exportations montrent que les variables géographiques classiques (distance, taille du pays) jouent un rôle important dans le choix du marché de destination. Les résultats montrent également qu’il reste des coûts aux échanges à l’entrée des marchés européens ; mais ces résistances aux échanges n’impactent pas toutes les entreprises de la même manière. L’impact des coûts aux échanges diminue avec l’expérience de la firme
Intra-firm Trade in the French Agrifood Multinationals: What changes since 1993?
Full text linkBy definition, the multinational firm (MNF) controls a set of affiliates located in different countries. Therefore, it is able to
internalize a part of its international trade within a market internal to its organization (intra-firm trade). By this very fact, does intra-firm trade (IFT) become the standard of international trade in the context of increasing corporate globalization and economic regionalization? At all events, they have strongly intensified in the agrifood sector. In 1999, one third of French international trade in agro food products was carried out inside multinational firms. Thus, far from generating a substitution between production and trade, setting up MNF leads to a transformation in the nature of trade, the determinants of which may differ from those directly carried out on the market
Heterogeneous firms and trade costs: a reading of French access to European agro-food market
Full text linkThis article offers a new reading of
intra-European trade based on recent developments in
new international economics (Melitz, 2003; Chaney,
2008). These models take the heterogeneity of firms
into account and offer a micro-economic analysis of
the process of selection at work for firms entering
markets. An exporting firm has to bear certain
specific costs to break into a market, and only
sufficiently productive firms are able to do so.
Using individual data for French agro-food firms
and the distribution of their exports across European
markets, this article shows that access conditions to
the various European markets are not identical for
French firms: the Belgian market would seem to be a
natural extension of the French market, whereas the
markets of small, distant countries (Austria, Finland
or Sweden) are the least accessible. Econometric
analysis based on analysis both of the firm selection
process and of the value of their exports shows that
the standard geographical variables (distance, country
size) affecting the single European market still play a
major role in the choice of export markets. Results
also reveal that there are still remaining trade costs at
entry to the different European markets; but these
trade frictions don’t matter to all firms in the same
way. The higher the firm experience, the lower the
impact of trade costs
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