1,721,034 research outputs found
Cryptic diversity of the semi-terrestrial amphipod Platorchestia japonica (Tattersall, 1922) (Amphipoda: Talitrida: Talitridae) in Japan and Taiwan, with description of a new species
No full textCheng, Yu-Ting, Nakazono, Kenji, Lin, Kirk, Chan, Benny K. K. (2011): Cryptic diversity of the semi-terrestrial amphipod Platorchestia japonica (Tattersall, 1922) (Amphipoda: Talitrida: Talitridae) in Japan and Taiwan, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 2787: 1-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20793
In situ FTIR study of photocatalytic NO reaction on photocatalysts under UV irradiation
No full textThe photocatalytic reaction of nitric oxide (NO) on TiO2 and transition metal-loaded M (Cu, V, and Cr)/TiO2 catalysts was studied using in situ
FTIR spectroscopy under UV irradiation. TiO2 and M/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by the sol–gel method via controlled hydrolysis of titanium
(IV) butoxide. Copper, vanadium, or chromium was loaded onto TiO2 during the sol–gel procedure. After treatment at 500 ◦C under air flow,
a large amount of surface peroxo species and OH groups were detected on the TiO2 and M/TiO2 catalysts. Nitric oxide was adsorbed on TiO2 and
M/TiO2 in the form of bidentate nitrites and nitrates by reacting with OH groups, peroxo, or M=O species. In addition, NO can also be adsorbed
on Mn+ in the form of nitrosyls. Under UV irradiation, bidentate nitrite was oxidized to either monodentate or bidentate nitrate. Such oxidation
was suggested to be induced by superoxo species generated by oxidizing peroxo species via photogenerated holes. The existence of nitrosyls
deferred the oxidation of nitrites to nitrates due to the prior oxidation of nitrosyls by superoxo. The XRD and UV–vis spectra showed that the
structures and the abilities of absorbing UV light of all catalysts were not influenced by the photocatalytic NO reaction. Possible mechanisms
were proposed for the photocatalytic NO oxidation on TiO2 and M/TiO2 based on the intermediates found from the in situ FTIR study
Studies on the starch granule-associated proteins in malting barley endosperm
No full text本論文的研究內容主要是針對四種不同麥芽特性分類的15個蘇格蘭大麥品種，利用蛋白質體學 (proteomics) 來研究其胚乳的澱粉顆粒結合蛋白 (starch granule-associated protein)。其中麥芽特性最佳的8個品種是目前蘇格蘭威士忌酒的釀酒品種，其餘則包括舊釀酒
品種、麥芽特性差品種及飼料用品種。
我們將四種大麥品種分別進行澱粉粒表面及嵌合蛋白之SDS-
PAGE電泳，結果顯示表面蛋白多集中於30-45 kDa之間，嵌合蛋白則大多集中於25-100 kDa之間，且以分子量約94 kDa、86 kDa、74 kDa、62 kDa四個條帶最為清晰。此外，我們分別將15個蘇格蘭大麥品種的澱粉顆粒結合蛋白進行雙向電泳，並將圖譜分成五個區域作分析及探討。所有品種在區域1呈現的圖譜差異不大，並皆可明顯看到starch synthase I (SS I) 及 granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) 兩蛋白。區域2大約位於分子量50 kDa附近，pH 5-6.5之間，大部分的品種都明顯具有編號21、22、23的點，我們初步認為此區蛋白呈現的差異，不是影響釀酒特性的關鍵蛋白。區域3的蛋白大多為serpin Z4蛋白，我們發現非釀酒品種在serpin Z4的量上有較少的趨勢，所以serpin Z4蛋白的含量與篩選出釀酒品種呈現部分正相關。區域4的蛋白主要是屬於大麥儲藏性蛋白中的B hordein，而飼料用品種在此區出現部分特異圖譜，顯示此圖譜可初步將飼料用品種區分出來。區域5的蛋白與分出麥芽特性較好的品種有某程度的正相關，但針對其中強度較高的蛋白質點進行分析後，未能得到符合的蛋白身分，因此這將是本實驗未來研究方向的重點之一。In the present study, we analyzed starch granule-associated proteins
by using proteomics from fifteen kinds of Scotland barley varieties which were classified into four levels of malt quality. For the best 8 varieties of malts, they were varieties for brewing by the Scotland Whisky factories in the present time. Besides, the old varieties for brewing, the varieties
with bad malt characteristic and the varieties for the feed were also used.
First, we studied on those four kinds of barley varieties by regular one dimension SDS-PAGE on starch granule surface and integral proteins. The results indicated starch granule surface proteins were mainly between 30-45 kDa while integral proteins distributed between 25-100 kDa with four main protein bands, i.e. the 94 kDa, 86 kDa, 74 kDa and 62 kDa proteins. For further analysis, these proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and we divided the protein spots into five regions for the convinience of detail analysis. The difference of these varieties at region 1 which contained starch synthase I (SS I) and granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) were not very obvious. The region 2 located on the area with molecular weight about 50 kDa and between pH5~6.5. Most of these varieties contained number 21, 22 and 23 spots. It was hypothesized that the difference of the proteins in this area should not be essential proteins for brewing characteristics. The region 3 proteins were mostly serpin Z4 and the proteins in the non-brewing varieties contained lower amount of serpin Z4. Thus, there were positive relationship between the amount of serpin Z4 and the characteristic of the barley brewing ability. The proteins in region 4 were mainly hordein B, one kind of the barley storage proteins. The feed varieties gave different patterns in this area which might differentiate the varieties for feeding from other varieties. The proteins in region 5 would also showed positive correlation with the characteristic for brewing ability, however, we could not recognize the proteins identity in this region yet. Further analysis should be perform in order to understand the relationship between these proteins and brewing ability.圖表目錄………………………………………………………………i
縮寫字全名對照……………………………………………………ii
英文摘要……………………………………………………………1-2
中文摘要……………………………………………………………3-4
緒言…………………………………………………………………5-6
前人研究……………………………………………………………7-19
材料與方法………………………………………………………20-35
結果…………………………………………………………………36-46
討論…………………………………………………………………47-58
圖表…………………………………………………………………59-75
參考文獻…………………………………………………………76-84
附錄……………………………………………………………………8
The Relationship between Firm Strategy and Firm Performance—The Moderating Effect of Government Subsidy
No full textA Study on The Governance of Common-pool Resources: The Case of Hot Spring Resources in Jiaosi Area
No full text礁溪地區溫泉資源蘊藏豐富，惟隨著觀光產業興盛，溫泉使用量大幅增加，造成礁溪溫泉區地下水位、水溫普遍下降，多處湧泉亦出現乾涸之情形。針對礁溪溫泉資源超量使用所引發之警訊，既有使用社群似未能重視枯竭問題甚而組成自我治理組織以為因應；現行制度規則亦因缺乏對於礁溪溫泉個案特殊性之考量而無法有效落實。準此，本研究以E. Ostrom提出之制度分析與發展（Institutional analysis and development, IAD）架構為基礎，運用既有文獻中論及影響成功解決共有困境（Commons Dilemma）可能性之特性，以及提升自我治理可能性之資源與使用者特質，探討礁溪溫泉個案之特殊性與當前制度施行上可能面臨之困境。 本研究首先由溫泉資源所具備之共享性資源（Common-pool resources）特質切入，透過深度訪談發現礁溪溫泉存在引發資源嚴重變動之短期干擾因素，且資源近用點數量繁多與汲取行為具隱蔽性，加以蘊藏型態複雜與具儲藏時效限制，而未能發揮所屬資源類型有利治理之特性；此外，礁溪溫泉由於資源變動可覺察性低，枯竭之影響範圍亦存在區域不均之現象，而不利於使用者覺察枯竭警訊，甚或共同合作以改善資源情形。其次，本研究結合當地資源分布特性與社群價值觀感，嘗試解釋溫泉枯竭問題未受礁溪在地使用者重視，甚而組成自我治理組織之原因，並發現礁溪溫泉地區之資源及使用者特質，較不利於自我治理組織之形成。再者，本研究基於礁溪溫泉之生物物理與社群特性，進一步指出現行之邊界規則（boundary rules）未能考量礁溪資源及既有使用情形特性，分配規則以數量進行分配之適切性待商榷，以及監督制裁規則未能收其成效之原因與困境。最後則針對得透過人為努力改進之治理特性提出建議，以作為改進礁溪溫泉治理失靈現狀之參考。Jiaosi area contains rich hot spring resources. With flourishing tourism industry, the amount of hot spring resources being used increased significantly, resulting in the decline of both the groundwater level and temperature of hot spring in Jiaosi area. Regardless of the warning sign of over-consumed hot spring resources, local users seem to underestimate the situation and didn’t form self-organized system to cope with the problem. In addition, relative laws and rules fail to execute effectively because lacking of distinctiveness upon the case of Jiaosi area. Thus, this study applies Institutional analysis and development ( IAD) framework proposed by E. Ostrom as basis, and utilize relevant literature to analyze the governance difficulties in Jiaosi area. This study first focuses on the attribute that hot spring resources possessed as a common-pool resource, and bases on it to further find out disadvantageous biophysical conditions in Jiaosi through in-depth interview. Second, combining resource distribution characteristics and attributes of community, this study tries to explain the resons why local users don’t pay enough attention and form self-organized system to resolve the problem. Third, on the basis of biophysical conditions and community attributes in Jiaosi, this study points out that the existing boundary rules failed to consider the speciality of Jiaosi and thus couldn’t carry out ideal achievement. Finally, the study focuses on the attributes that can be improved by effort and provides suggestions as follow-up reference materials
In situ FT-IR Studies of Photocatalytic NO Oxidation on Photocatalysts
No full text本研究運用傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀，研究在紫外線照射下純二氧化鈦以及負載過渡金屬的二氧化鈦對於一氧化氮的光觸媒催化反應。利用改良式溶膠凝膠法水解鈦的醇氧化物製備二氧化鈦以及負載銅、釩、鉻金屬之二氧化鈦。在500°C 通入空氣進行前處理之後，觸媒表面偵測到大量過氧化物以及氫氧基。通入一氧化氮氣體後，發現一氧化氮會移除氫氧基、過氧化物，或過渡金屬與氧分子之間的雙鍵鍵結，並以雙齒亞硝酸基或硝酸基的型式吸附在觸媒表面。此外，一氧化氮也會以亞硝醯基的型式吸附在負載之過渡金屬離子上。觸媒在紫外光照射下受激發形成的電洞將過氧化物氧化成超氧化物；此超氧化物會將雙齒亞硝酸基氧化成硝酸基。當亞硝醯基存在於表面時，會因為亞硝醯基的優選氧化使得亞硝酸基的氧化受到抑制。
在熱穩定性測試中，400°C的高溫仍然無法移除雙齒硝酸基，且吸附在二氧化鈦的氫氧基因為與硝酸產生偶合而不受高溫影響。然而，氫氧基與雙齒亞硝酸基無法進行偶合，故氫氧基的熱穩定性表現與未吸附一氧化氮的二氧化鈦觸媒相同。再者，研究同時發現一氧化氮可再次吸附在存在有雙齒亞硝酸基及硝酸基的二氧化鈦表面。在光穩定性測試中，發現亞硝酸基的氧化是由觸媒照光後產生的中間物觸發進行，而非光觸媒受光反應後的產物對亞硝酸基進行氧化形成硝酸基。X光繞射分析、紫外光–可見光光譜分析證明觸媒的結構，以及對紫外光吸收的能力不會受高溫處理和一氧化氮的光觸媒催化反應影響。
由傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀的結果，可推測出一氧化氮在純二氧化鈦和負載過渡金屬的二氧化鈦上，進行光觸媒催化反應的可能機制。Photocatalytic NO oxidation on TiO2 and transition metal-loaded TiO2 (M/TiO2) catalysts under UV irradiation was studied using in situ FT-IR spectroscopy. TiO2 and M/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method via controlled hydrolysis of titanium (IV) butoxide. Copper, vanadium or chromium was loaded onto TiO2 during sol-gel procedure. After treated at 500°C under air flow, a large amount of surface peroxo species and OH groups were detected on the TiO2 and M/TiO2 catalysts. Nitric oxides (NO) can be adsorbed on TiO2 and M/TiO2 in the form of bidentate nitrites, or nitrates via removing OH groups, peroxo species or M=O bonds. In addition, NO can also be adsorbed on Mn+ in the form of nitrosyls. Under UV irradiation, bidentate nitrites were oxidized to monodentate or bidentate nitrates. This transformation was probably triggered by superoxo species which were oxidized from peroxo species via photogenegrated holes. The existence of nitrosyls caused the inhibition of oxidation from nitrites to nitrates because of primary oxidation on nitrosyls. Thermal stability tests showed that even the temperatures were up to 400°C, bidentate nitrates still remained on TiO2 surface. It also showed that OH groups were coupled with nitrates so that the OH groups were not influenced even up to 400°C. However, for bidentate nitrite, it was not coupled with OH groups so the OH groups were influenced at high temperatures. In addition, further NO adsorption and photocatalytic NO oxidation were allowed on nitrite-adsorbed TiO2 and nitrate-adsorbed on TiO2. Photo stability tests evidently showed that it was photogenerated intermediates, not photocatalytic products that involved in the oxidation from nitrites to nitrates. XRD and UV-Visible tests showed that the structures and the abilities of absorbing UV light were not influenced by high temperature treatment and photocatalytic NO oxidation.
Based on the FT-IR results, a possible mechanism was proposed for the photocatalytic NO oxidation on TiO2 and M/TiO2.誌謝 I
Abstract (English) II
Abstract (Traditional Chinese) III
Contents IV
Contents for Figures VI
Contents for Tables X
Contents for Schemes XI
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction to TiO2 1
1.2 Motivation 3
2. Paper Review 4
2.1 Photocatalytic Acvity of TiO2 and Its FT-IR Investigation 4
2.2 Photocatalytic Reaction on TiO2 and Its FT-IR Investigation 7
2.3 Reduction of NO on Catalysts and Its FT-IR Investigation 12
3. Experimental Section 18
3.1 Materials 18
3.2 Preparation of Photocatalysts 18
3.3 Characteristic Analyses of Photocatalysts 21
3.3.1 X-ray Diffraction 21
3.3.2 UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy 22
3.3.3 Infrared Fourier-Transform (FT-IR) Spectroscopy 23
3.4 In Situ FT-IR Photoreaction System 26
3.4.1 Reaction System 26
3.4.2 Photoreactor 27
3.4.3 In Situ Photocatalytic Reaction of NO Gas 28
4. Results 30
4.1 In situ FT-IR Study of Photocatalytic NO Reaction 30
4.1.1 Pretreatment 30
4.1.2 Photocatalytic NO Reaction 37
4.1.2.1 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on TiO2 37
4.1.2.2 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on Cu/TiO2 44
4.1.2.3 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on V/TiO2 49
4.1.2.4 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on Cr/TiO2 54
4.1.2.5 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on P25 59
4.1.2.6 Summary 63
4.1.3 Thermal and Photo Stability of Surface Peroxo Complexes 66
4.1.4 Thermal Stability of Bidentate Nitrite 72
4.1.5 Thermal Stability of Monodentate and Bidentate Nitrate 75
4.2 X-ray Diffraction 79
4.3 UV-Visible 83
5. Discussion 85
5.1 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on TiO2 85
5.2 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on 2wt%Cu/TiO2 91
5.3 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on 1.9wt%V/TiO2 and 0.65wt%Cr/TiO2 93
5.4 Photocatalytic NO Reaction on P25 96
5.5 Summary 96
6. Conclusion 98
Acknowledgments 99
References 100
Appendices 106
Appendix I. Properties of Useful IR Material 106
Appendix II. Temperature ranges of some commercial thermocouple 110
Appendix III. Structures of Surface Species 111
Appendix IV Photocatalytic NO Reaction on γ-Al2O3 113
個人小傳 11
The Impact of Destination Image Formation and Perceived Risk on Perceived Value and Satisfaction: A study of Taiwanese Working Holiday Makers
No full text台灣政府近年來積極推動度假打工計劃，目前已與紐西蘭、澳洲、日本、加拿大、德國等13國簽訂度假打工協定，鼓勵台灣青年以旅遊為主、附帶從事打工活動補貼旅費的方式，前往海外深入體驗各國文化及與當地人民互動交流，拓展國際視野。截至2014年10月底為止，我國前往海外度假打工人數累積達16.5萬人，相較於2012年底的7.7萬人，短短兩年間成長超過一倍，顯示度假打工已成為台灣社會的潮流與趨勢之一，唯國內對此議題之量化研究仍較少。 本研究從Baloglu and McCleary (1999)之目的地意象形成模型及知覺風險觀點出發，探討度假打工者之資訊來源依賴度、動機、目的地意象與知覺風險，如何影響其知覺價值與滿意度，以曾經參與海外度假打工者為對象搜集問卷樣本，並透過多元迴歸模式分析各變數間的關係。研究結果指出，度假打工者的參與動機對目的地意象及知覺價值均有正向影響；目的地意象對知覺價值、知覺價值對滿意度亦皆有正向影響，但資訊來源依賴度對目的地意象、知覺風險對知覺價值則影響不顯著。Working holiday program has become one of the popular programs among the young adults prior to pursuing their regular career commitment. Such program provides a way to encourage international understanding and broaden global perspectives by enabling young people to experience the culture of another country. To further facilitate its benefits, many governments start initiating policies to promote working holiday program. Among them, Taiwan government has already made working holiday agreements with 13 countries, from Asia Pacific, America to Europe. Recently, the total number of Taiwanese working holiday makers had reached 165,000 headcounts, which are more than twice of that in 2012. These facts show a significant increase trend on working holiday makers; however, the researches into its ante factors still remain limited. Based on Destination Image Formation model (Baloglu & McCleary, 1999), this research aims to examine the impacts of information sources, motivations, destination image and perceived risk on perceived value and satisfaction. The informants were those who had completed the working holiday. Online questionnaire was administrated to collect the data. The research results show that motivation towards working holiday has strong positive effect on both destination image and perceived value. The impact of destination image on perceived value and perceived value on satisfaction are also positive. However, the results don’t support the hypotheses regarding to information sources and perceived risk
Cryptic diversity of the semi-terrestrial amphipod Platorchestia japonica (Tattersall, 1922) (Amphipoda: Talitrida: Talitridae) in Japan and Taiwan, with description of a new species
No full text
Scanning Electron Microscopy on the morphological variation of the gammarid amphipod Platorchestia japonica in Taiwan
No full text- …
