1,720,969 research outputs found
Molecular and Cytogenetical Studies on Nucleolar Cistrons (rRNA) in Mouse Leukemia Cells
No full text
Chromosome Marker and Enhanced Expression of c-Ha-ras in a DMBA-induced Erythroleukemia Cell Line (D5A1)
No full textSecondary Activation of c-abl May be Related to Translocation to the Nucleolar Organizer Region in an in Vitro Cultured Rat Leukemia Cell Line (K3D)
No full textAn Atypical t(12;15) Translocation of Chromosomes Found in Murine Plasmacytomas and Activation of the C-myc Oncogene
No full textRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of the Angiotensinogen Gene in Inbred Rat Strains and Maping of the Gene on Chromosome 19q
No full textA study on Strategy and Performance of OEM/ODM and OBM Case of Networking Equipment Industry in Taiwan
No full text臺灣的代工製造能力向來世界聞名，從早期的紡織、成衣、製鞋等傳統產業，到近期的晶圓、電腦、電子零組件等IT產業，我國廠商憑藉著優良的生產管理與技術，在全球製造供應鏈上佔有一席之地。1992年，施振榮提出「微笑曲線」觀點，指出企業惟有不斷往曲線兩端，附加價值高的的研發創新與品牌行銷移動與定位，才能持續發展與永續經營，對於企業由OEM/ODM轉型為OBM的研究課題也逐漸受到關注。研究即利用國內網路設備產業為例，經由複迴歸分析法探討廠商在代工與品牌不同的經營模式之下，整體經營績效的差異情形，研究期間自1998年至2007年，根據實證結果所獲致的主要結論如下：、產業結構與廠商行為皆會影響廠商的績效表現：其中廠商資產規模及營業收入成長率等市場特質變數為影響廠商績效的重要變數，而研究發展密度以及推銷費用密度等廠商行為變數，對於廠商獲利績效的影響則較為顯著。、品牌廠商的經營績效優於代工廠商：由各模型迴歸估計係數可得知，不論在資產報酬率、股東權益報酬率或是純益率，品牌廠商皆較代工廠商之獲利率顯著提高達18%以上。、研究發展與行銷推廣構成品牌廠商的核心競爭力：研究發展與行銷推廣為網路品牌廠商獲利與否的重要因素，因此品牌廠商如能將研發與行銷二者相結合，經由創新研發的思維推出領先趨勢的產品，再透過行銷通路推廣至市場，便能創造出品牌的最大獲利價值。據友訊科技個案研究則可得知，一個成功的品牌，最重要的是要有技術堅強的產品做後盾，此外產品定位與市場行銷能力也是致勝的關鍵。Taiwan has been known and famous for its OEM (original equipment manufacturer) industry. By the excellent production management and technology, Taiwan gets the very important position in the global supply chains either for traditional industries such as textile and shoe production, or the modem IT industries such as wafer, computer, and electronic components. Mr. Shih, Stan (1992) proposed the Smile Curve concept and pointed out that the enterprises should move toward the both ends of the curve, which presents the high values added fields of R&D and marketing, to survive and develop forever. The subject for enterprises to transform the production process of OEM/ODM into OBM has been paid close attention gradually.n this study, the networking equipment industry is the main research sample. By the multiple regression analysis, the difference of operation performance is investigated in the strategy of OEM/ODM and OBM. The investigated period in this study is from 1998 to 2007. The main empirical results are shown as follows.. Both the industry structure and the firm behavior affect the firm performance：The firm’s asset scale and the growth rate of operating revenue are the important variables. The densities of R&D and marketing fee affect the performance of firms significantly to make profits.. The operating performances of OBM vendors are better than OEM/ODM vendors： The estimated coefficients in the regression model shows the profit rate for the OBM vendors is 18% more than the OEM/ODM vendors in ROA (Return on Assets), ROE (Return on Equity), or net profit margin.. R&D and the marketing strategy are the main factors whether the OBM vendors are able to make profits or not. Therefore, if the OBM vendors can combine the R&D and the marketing strategy, own the leading brands, and spread the products through the marketing channel, then the maximum values of brands would be created. he case of D-Link in our study shows that the most important factor of a successful brand is to create the strong-technology products. Besides, the product positioning and the marketing ability are the key factors also.謝辭 i文摘要 ii文摘要 iii一章 緒論 1.1 研究背景 1.2 研究動機 2.3 研究目的 3.4 研究架構 4二章 文獻探討 6.1 代工 6.1.1 外包與代工 6.1.2 代工型態的演進 8.1.3 代工型態的比較 8.2 品牌 12.2.1 品牌與自有品牌 12.2.2 自有品牌來源與類型 13.2.3 發展自有品牌原因 14.3 代工與品牌實證文獻 14三章 網路設備產業概況 17.1 網路設備產業範疇 17.2 網路設備產業發展 19.2.1 網路技術發展 19.2.2 網路發展歷程與網路產品關係 22.3 臺灣網路設備產業分析 24.3.1 整體產業產值 24.3.2 主要產品發展現況 25.4 臺灣網路設備產業關聯 28.4.1 相關上中下游產業供應鏈 28.4.2 國際重要競爭廠商 30.5 臺灣網路設備廠商概況 30四章 實證模型設定與說明 34.1 資料來源 34.2 變數說明 35.2.1 被解釋變數說明 35.2.2 解釋變數說明 36.3 模型設定 42五章 實證結果與分析 46.1 資產報酬率實證結果 52.2 股東權益報酬率實證結果 56.3 純益率實證結果 59.4 追蹤資料（Panel Data）實證結果 60.5 實證結果彙整 65六章 個案研究－友訊科技 68.1 公司營運概況 68.1.1 關於友訊 68.1.2 產品結構與產銷概況 70.2 經營策略變革 71.2.1 代工與品牌雙主軸策略 72.2.2 代工與品牌分家 73.3 品牌經營策略 75.4 品牌經營成效 76七章 結論與建議 77.1 研究結論 77.2 檢討與建議 79.3 研究限制 80考文獻 81錄：每股盈餘實證結果 8
Direct Detection and Identification of Enterovirusollected from Clinical Specimens in Northern Taiwan byT-Seminested PCR
No full text腸病毒(Human enterovirus, HEV)是屬於微小RNA病毒科(picornaviridae family)的病毒，可以分為四群，分別是HEV-A, B, C, D，現在已知至少有八十七種血清型(serotype)被鑑定出來。目前臨床實驗室偵測及鑑定腸病毒血清型主要是以病毒培養分離出的病毒再進一步鑑定型別，由台灣 2000~2008 年六月底前的腸病毒統計來看，以病毒培養方式偵測並鑑定出的腸病毒，只有24種血清型被報導過，除了因為有些腸病毒仍無法在細胞中複製之外，是否因為受限於低病毒離率之故，使得無法完整了解台灣腸病毒流行的真實情況。因分子檢測法比病毒培養檢出率高，所以直接由檢體檢測腸病毒核酸的存在，是快速方便的方法。研究利用2006 年Nix 團隊發展的檢測法- VP1 RT-snPCR (CODEHOP)，進行台灣北部地區病毒的檢測及鑑定，(1)盼藉由檢測病毒培養結果為陰性的檢體，了解是否有未被分離出之病毒存在；(2)並探討其血清型與疾病的相關性；(3)尋找是否有未曾發表過之其他血清型；(4)尋找國內外皆未曾發表過之其他血清型。實驗總共檢測了177 件病毒培養為陰性的檢體，VP1 RT-snPCR (CODEHOP)檢測法的陽性檢出率(67.2%) 比5’NTR-nPCR (46.9%)檢測法高，且也比一般病毒培養敏感，證明VP1 RT-snPCR (CODEHOP)確實比較敏感也可以增加腸病毒的檢出率。119 件陽性檢體中，55 件可以鑑定型別，主要為CVA24 variant, CVA6, CVA16,及CVA10。其中一件檢體分析其VP1 的全長基因，與標準株的核苷酸相似度，發現其應是新的血清型腸病毒候選株。另外有64 件定序訊號無法判讀的檢體，則使用CODEHOP HEV-A, B, C screening 檢測法進行篩檢，有39 件為陽性，可以直接用於分型，其中混合感染(mix infection) 就佔了10 件。雖然CODEHOP HEV-A, B, C敏感度比VP1 RT-snPCR(CODEHOP)差，但對於混合感染的檢體可以有效分群並可以進一步定序鑑定出型別。性檢體分離出來最多的血清型為CVA24 variant，主要會引起急性出血性結膜炎，而在這之前，未曾有研究指出CVA24 variant 會造成神經方面相關的疾病，但是由本研究結果發現，在懷疑是腦炎及無菌性腦膜炎病人的CSF 中檢體可以偵測到CVA24 variant，這是否表示CVA24 variant 除了引起急性出血性結膜炎之外，亦會造成其他的疾病，是值得持續觀察的。Human enterovirus (HEV) is a genus of the Picornaviridae including more than 87 serotypes belonging to four species designed Human enterovirus A to D. The diagnosis of enterovirus infections, and in particular the characterization of enterovirus strains, relies on the isolation of virus in cell culture from clinical samples. Based cell culture method, there were 24 serotypes of human enteroviruses reported in Taiwan, 2000-June, 2008. Because many enteroviruses do not grow readily in cell culture and that was limited to the low sensitivity, make us unable to study enterovirus prevalence in Taiwan completely. Hence, diagnostic tests based on PCR are developed and found that it is more sensitive and much faster than conventional culture method.his study has planned to use the method-VP1 RT-snPCR (CODEHOP) that developed by Nix and his coworkers in 2006 to detect and identify enteroviruses in northern Taiwan. The specific aims of study are: (1) To detect and identify HEV that could not be isolated by virus culture; (2) To analysis the association between disease and HEV infection; (3) To identify possible new serotypes that haven’t been reported in Taiwan; (4) To identify possible new serotypes that haven’t been reported internationally.77 virus-culture negative specimens were collected and tested by VP1 RT-snPCR (CODEHOP) and 5’ NTR RT-nPCR methods. VP1 RT-snPCR (CODEHOP) method (67.2%) was more sensitive than 5’ NTR RT-nPCR method (47.9%). Also, VP1T-snPCR (CODEHOP) method was more sensitive than virus culture and could increase the positive rate of EV detection. Among 119 CODEHOP-positive samples, 55V were identified as CVA24 variant, CVA6, CVA16, and CVA10 mainly by partial VP1 sequence analysis. new EV serotype candidate was found. The identity of complete VP1 gene of this candidate was less than 70% when compared with reference strains. In addition, thereere still 64 EV-positive results that sequence signal were unable to interpret. Therefore, a new method, called CODEHOP HEV-A, B, C screening method was designed toolve those problems. The result show that 39 of 64 specimens were detected by this new method and all positive results could be directly grouped. Among 39 positive samples, there were 10 positive results show mix infection. Moreover the sequence signals were all good to interpret. Although CODEHOP HEV-A, B, C screening methodas less sensitive than VP1 RT-snPCR (CODEHOP), it could identify the specimens with two or three serotypes of enteroviruses mix infection.erotype, CVA24 variant, usually causes acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis and was never reported association with neural diseases. In this study, there were many cases identified as CVA24 variant through the detection of virus-culture negative specimens.articularly, CVA24 variants were isolated from the CSF specimens of patients diagnosed with encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. It suggested that CVA24 variantas concerned as the pathogen of neural diseases.口試委員會審定書………………………………………………………………… i謝………………………………………………………………………………… ii文摘要…………………………………………………………………………… iii文摘要…………………………………………………………………………… v一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………… 11 腸病毒基本性……………………………………………………… 12 傳播方式……………………………………………………………… 13 臨床症狀……………………………………………………………… 24 腸病毒血清型分類……………………………………………… 25 台灣腸病毒流行………………………………………………………… 36 傳統腸病毒檢驗方法…………………………………………………… 47 分子檢測法用於腸病毒檢測…………………………………………… 571 5’ untranslated region, 5’NTR………………………… 572 Capsid protein region……………………………………………… 68 新 primer 策略的使用---onsensus-Degenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primers, CODEHOP primer………………………………………………… 79 研究目標及原由………………………………………………………… 8二章 材料與方法……………………………………………………………… 91 實驗材料………………………………………………………………… 911 Reagents、buffer and medium…………………………………… 912 Collection of clinical specimens………………………………… 112 實驗方法……………………………………………………………… 1221 Determination of virus titers …………………………………… 1222 Extraction of viral RNA ………………………………… 1323 VP1 RT-seminested PCR (CODEHOP) method………………… 1324 5’NTR RT-nested PCR method………………………………… 1425 CODEHOP HEV-A, B, C screening method… 1426 Synthesis of cDNA used for the PCR of complete VP1 and 3C region………………………………… 1527 RT-snPCR for complete VP1…………………………………… 1528 PCR for 3C region of coxsackievirus A 24 variant……… 1629 Gel purification…………………………………………………… 17210 Sequence analysis ……………………………………… 17211 TA cloning………………………………………………… 18212 Spiking virus experiment……………………………………… 20三章 結果……………………………………………………………………… 211 VP1 RT-snPCR (CODEHOP)與5’NTR RT-nPCR 檢測法敏感度的比…………………………………………………………… 212 急性出血性結膜炎之眼部結膜檢體以各種檢測法檢測結果的比較… 213 培養陰性之檢體以VP1 RT-snPCR(CODEHOP)法與5’NTR RT-nPCR 法測結果之比較……………………………………………………… 224 定序結果分析……………………………………………………… 225 使用 group-specific CODEHOP HEV-A, B, C screening primers 236 以VP1 RT-snPCR(CODEHOP) 法產生的部分VP1 序列無法鑑定其血清之進一步分析……………………………………………………… 257 疑似新型腸病毒的鑑定…………………………………………… 268 腸病毒血清型分析……………………………………………… 2681 陰性檢體鑑定出之血清型的排名及種類……………………… 2682 Coxsackievirus A24; CVA24v…………………………………… 26四章 討論……………………………………………………………………… 28表附錄…………………………………………………………………………… 33amp;#63851;考文獻…………………………………………………………………………… 6
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