1,721,153 research outputs found
Biochemical characterization of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy using a fibroblast cell model and a yeast model
No full text腎上腺大腦白質退化症(X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy; X-ALD)是最常見的過氧化小體疾病，它導因於ABCD1基因的突變，而其所轉譯的ALDP蛋白質為包含腺苷三磷酸(ATP)結合區的過氧化小體膜蛋白。腎上腺大腦白質退化症的主要生化異常是在病人的組織、血液和纖維母細胞皆有極長鏈飽和脂肪酸(含有二十二個碳以上(≧C22:0)的飽和脂肪酸，主要為二十六個碳的飽和脂肪酸(C26:0))的過量堆積。ALDP 目前被認為是負責極長鏈脂肪酸運輸的蛋白質，但其致病的詳細分子機制和極長鏈脂肪酸堆積的生理效應至今仍然不清楚。為了研究極長鏈飽和脂肪酸堆積的可能生理效應，本論文以纖維母細胞和酵母菌為研究模式來分別探討其對細胞基因表現與脂肪酸代謝之影響。在正常體外培養之下，X-ALD 纖維母細胞內的C26:0 (佔總脂肪酸的0.02687%)是兩株正常纖維母細胞(分別佔總脂肪酸的0.0095%和0.01053%)的三倍左右。而經過1µg/ml C26:0的培養處理之後, X-ALD(佔總脂肪酸的0.052%) 和正常(佔總脂肪酸的0.021%)的纖維母細胞皆約為處理前的二倍左右。接著以微陣列晶片的方法來探討正常和X-ALD纖維母細胞經過極長鏈脂肪酸培養處理前後的基因表現差異發現，正常和X-ALD纖維母細胞以極長鏈脂肪酸培養處理前後並沒有明顯的基因表現差異。然而，以微陣列晶片與即時定量聚合酶鏈反應探討正常與X-ALD纖維母細胞間基因表現差異時，有6個基因呈現顯著的(大於兩倍)表現差異。以西方墨點法對其中兩個基因轉譯之蛋白質進行表現分析也證實， X-ALD較正常纖維母細胞的TFPI2蛋白質約有8-15倍的增加，DDEF2蛋白質約有1.5到3倍的降低。以1,2-dioleoylglycerol 對體外培養的X-ALD纖維母細胞處理之後發現，細胞中極長鏈脂肪酸的量降低了14~20%(其中C26:0降低了20%，約為正常與X-ALD纖維母細胞差異的三分之ㄧ)，而其可能的機制為diacylglycerol 活化了ARF1 GAP的活性或是啟動了過氧化小體的分裂與增生，促進極長鏈脂肪酸的降解。綜合以上的結果顯示 ABCD1 基因的突變會導致纖維母細胞基因的差異性表達，且1,2-dioleoylglycerol 可降低體外培養的X-ALD 皮膚纖維母細胞之極長鏈脂肪酸的堆積。未來將持續研究探討1,2-dioleoylglycerol在不同劑量對減少極長鏈脂肪酸堆積的效能。
利用酵母菌模型，我們確認了FAT1基因的剔除會造成酵母菌體內極長鏈脂肪酸的增加。且在Fat1p蛋白質羧基端加入組胺酸標記，並不會顯著影響其在細胞內對極長鏈脂肪酸代謝的活性，但對於不同鏈長的脂肪酸仍會有不同程度的影響。利用大腸桿菌表現系統，我們已經成功地生產和純化重組的MBP-FAT1-6His融合蛋白質，並用以生產具特異性的anti-Fat1p抗體以偵測酵母菌蛋白質萃取物中的 Fat1p蛋白質。為了驗證純化的MBP-FAT1-6His融合蛋白質是否具有極長鏈乙醯基輔酶A合成酶(VLCS)的活性，我們以高效能液相層析(HPLC)與放射性同位素法(radioactive isotope)分析發現，並沒有顯著的極長鏈脂肪酸合成酶的活性。未來我們將持續探討MBP-FAT1-6His融合蛋白質失去極長鏈醯基輔酶A合成酶活性之原因，是否因為胺基端附加之麥芽糖結合蛋白(MBP)影響其活性或是在原核系統表達時缺乏適當之蛋白質轉譯後修飾所致.X-linked adrenolukodystrophy (X-ALD) is impaired β-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids resulted from mutations of the ABCD1 gene which encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein (ALDP) with an ATP binding cassette. The principal biochemical characterization is abnormality of X-ALD which is the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs, ≧C22:0, mainly C26:0) in patient’s tissues, plasma and skin fibroblasts. ALDP is a putative transporter of very long chain fatty acids, but the detailed molecular mechanism of the disease and physiological effects of the accumulated VLCFAs are still not clear. To investigate possible physiological effects of the accumulated VLCFAs, fibroblast cell models were used to examine gene expression profiles before and after hexacosanoic acid (C26:0, 1µg/ml) challenge. Before hexacosanoic acid challenge, the intracellular level of C26:0 in X-ALD fibroblasts (0.02687% of total fatty acids) was about 3 folds to that of two fibroblast cell lines derived from normal controls (0.0095% & 0.01053% of total fatty acids). After hexacosanoic acid challenge, about 2-fold increase of C26:0 level was determined in X-ALD (0.052% of total fatty acids) compared to that of normal fibroblasts (0.021% of total fatty acids). Gene expression profiles were also compared between normal and X-ALD fibroblasts before and after VLCFA challenge using a microarray strategy. There was no significant difference in gene expression profiles before and after VLCFA challenge as analyzed by cDNA microarray of approximately 8,000 unique genes. Nevertheless, there were 6 differentially expressed genes of >2-fold differences between cultured X-ALD and normal skin fibroblasts by both cDNA microarray and real-time PCR. It was estimated an 8-15-fold increase of TFPI2 protein and a 1.5-3-fold decrease of DDEF2 protein expression in X-ALD compared to that in normal fibroblasts using Western blotting. After treatment of 1,2-dioleoylglycerol (1,2-DOG), the accumulation of VLCFAs was reduced by 14~20% (the 20% reduction of the intracellular C26:0 level in X-ALD fibroblasts after 1,2-DOG treatment was approximately one-third of the difference between normal and X-ALD skin fibroblasts before treatment). The mechanism of this reduction may possibly be due to the ability of phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to initiate peroxisome division and proliferation resulting in the increased activity of VLCFAs β-oxidation or to activate the activity of ARF1 GAP involved in peroxisomal biogenesis. The above results suggest that mutations in the ABCD1 gene resulted in differential gene expression, and 1,2-DOG is useful for the reduction of VLCFAs in X-ALD skin fibroblasts model in vitro.
In the yeast model, we confirmed that deletion of the FAT1 gene resulted in the accumulation of VLCFAs in vivo. The addition of His tag at the carboxyl terminus of Fat1p, though not significantly affecting cellular VLCFA metabolism, does show different influences on cellular VLCFA accumulation of different carbon chain lengths. We had successfully expressed and purified recombinant Fat1p and used it to produce anti-Fat1p antibody with high purity for use in the detection of Fat1p in yeast protein extract. In order to verify whether purified Fat1p has VLCS activity in vitro, MBP-FAT1-6His fusion protein expressed in prokaryotic over-expression system was subjected to activity evaluation. There was no apparent fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activity for purified MBP-FAT1-6His using both C18:0 and C26:0 as substrates by both HPLC and radioactive isotope based analyses. The cause for the lack of VLCS activity for MBP-FAT1-6His will be further investigated.謝誌 I
摘要 II
Abstract V
Contents VIII
Figure contents XI
Table content XII
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 13
2-1. Cell culture for RNA preparation 14
2-2. Cell culture for saturated VLCFAs analysis 15
2-3. Cell was treated with 1,2-dioleoylgercerol for saturated
VLCFAs analysis 15
2-4. VLCFAs analysis for skin fibroblast 15
2-5. Quiagen RNeasy mini kit for isolation of total RNA
from human skin fibroblast 16
2-6. Reverse transcription Labeling 17
2-7. Microarray hybridization and washing 17
2-8. Microarray scanning and image analysis 18
2-9. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) 18
2-10. Western blot analysis for fibroblast 19
2.11. Yeast culture for fatty acid analysis 20
2-12. Fatty Acid Analysis for yeast 21
2-13. Cloning of His-tagged FAT1 (FAT1-6His) for
E. coli expression system 23
2-14. Purification of FAT1-4His 24
2-15. Purification of MBP-FAT1-6His 25
2-16. Production and purification of antibody
against FAT1-4His 25
2-17. Western blot analysis for yeast extract protein 26
2-18. MALDI-TOF analysis 27
2-19. Expression of Fat1p in yeast 27
2-20. Activity assay of MBP-VLCS by HPLC 28
2-21. Assay of Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetase Activity
by radioactive isotope method 28
Chapter 3. Study of Differential Gene Expression For X-Linked
Adrenoluekodystophy Using Fibroblasts as a model 30
3-1. Accumulation of C26:0 in both X-ALD and normal skin
fibroblasts by hexacosanoic acid treatment 30
3-2. Gene Expression Profiling Using Microarray Analyses 30
3-3. Verification of Differential Gene Expression by
Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western Blotting 31
3-4. 1,2-dioleoylglycerol (1,2-DOG) treatment decreases the
accumulation of VLCFAs in fibroblasts 33
3-5. Discussion 35
3-6. Conclusion 39
Chapter 4. The study of the effect of very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase
on the accumulation of cellular VLCFAs using a yeast model 52
4-1. VLCFA levels in yeasts 52
4-2. Heterologous over-expression of the His-tagged yeast
FAT1p in E. coli and purification using Ni2+ resin 54
4-3. The expression and purification of MBP-FAT1-6His
protein using E. coli system 55
4-4. The purification of anti-Fat1p antibody using affinity
chromatography 55
4-5. The expression levels of Fat1p in yeast 56
4-6. Activity assay of MBP-FAT1-His in vitro by HPLC
and radioactive isotope method 56
4-7. Discussion 58
4-8. Conclusion 61
Chapter 5. References 7
The Research on the Commercial Letter of Confirmation－focus on German Law, American Law and International Uniform Contract Law Instruments
No full text商人確認信是目前國際上從事商事貿易者經常使用的商業文件，其目的在於藉
由此種書面文件的寄發，向貿易之他方確認雙方先前就某個特定交易所作的口頭協商內容，或藉此表達對於雙方之間已經締結的契約變更之意思。商人確認信此一概念並非立法者所創設，而係透過商事貿易實務領域的廣泛使用，不斷發展並形成較為具體的內涵；然而，隨著跨國商事活動的與日俱增，商人確認信的使用也形成了許多具有理論與實務討論價值的法律問題。就契約之成立而言，商事貿易之一方當事人可否藉由商人確認信的寄發，單方面促使契約締結？收信人於收受商人確認信後，若單純沉默未為任何回應，是否仍可能受到契約締結效果之拘束？又發信人若於商人確認信中變更先前協商之內容，或添加先前協商所未有之條款，契約是否仍有成立之可能？要解決這些問題，除了自一般民法法律行為論有關意思表示的規定與理論出發外，應亦有從商事契約觀點切入，嘗試建立獨立的理論依據之必要。而就契約之內容而言，若商事貿易雙方各自利用商人確認信提出有利於自己的條款，即形成契約衝突條款，如何決定其效力之優劣，亦為各國學說實務近來爭論不斷之重要議題，有待深入研究。
對此，德國學說實務以聯邦最高法院為首，以案例類型歸納分析之方式，建立
所謂「商人確認信創設效果理論」，使符合一定適用條件的商人確認信，能夠產生契約成立或契約內容變更的創設效果，拘束雙方當事人；此外，其更採用「最後一槍理論」，以解決契約衝突條款的問題。在美國，其統一商法典嘗試突破傳統普通法下「鏡像原則」對於要約與承諾的束縛，趨向寬認契約成立之發展；而諸多國際契約法統一文件，例如聯合國國際商品買賣公約、聯合國國際商事契約通則、歐洲契約法通則及歐洲民法架構草案等，亦針對上開問題作出密度不一之規範，其中，除就商事貿易者透過商人確認信締結契約的部分，以「內容是否重大偏離先前協商內容」作為認定創設效果有無之主要判准外，在契約衝突條款問題之解決上，則偏向採取「淘汰理論」或留待司法實務於個案中決斷。就此而言，可謂商人確認信所包含的各項法律問題，有已形成相當程度國際共識者，亦有尚待各種多元觀點協調統合者。我國從事國際性商事貿易者，不在少數，其於貿易實務中接觸商人確認信之機會亦多，故前開法律問題於我國，並非不會發生。我國法律學說與實務工作者，如何跳脫以往以民事法律概念與規定解釋適用於商事貿易行為之習慣，並針對商人確認信之問題，提出符合我國需要並能與國際共識接軌之立論，甚為重要，此等課題之未來發展，亦值得吾人持續關注。The commercial letter of confirmation is a conduct often used by commercial traders. By sending this kind of letter, one side of parties can confirm content of prior negotiations with the other side, or can express his intention of changing the content of the concluded contract. The conception of the commercial letter of confirmation wasn''t created by legislators, but was formed by businessmen in commercial trade fields and still persistently be developed nowadays. However, with the increase of multinational commercial trade, using the commercial letter of confirmation also brings some legal problems, which may be valuable for study of theory and practice. For example, can one side of parties conclude a contract by barely sending a commercial letter of confirmation? What is the legal effect of pure silence of addressee? If both sides of parties just append their standard terms on " their " commercial letters of confirmation, which term will gains the upper hand? Obviously, such as these problems are necessary to be in-depth studied.
In Germany, the Federal Supreme Court（der Bundesgerichtshof, BGH） had tried to build “ the theory of decisive effect of the commercial letter of confirmation ”. According to it, the commercial letters of confirmation which totally fulfill the conditions given by BGH, will have decisive effect, which means both sides of parties, especially the silent one, may be bounded by the effect of conclusion or alteration of contracts. Besides, BGH has always adopted “ the last shot theory ” to solve the “ conflicting terms ” problem in cases. Similarly, regulations of the UCC of America and international uniform contract law instruments such as CISG, PICC, PECL, DCFR have already showed the trend of broadening recognition of conclusion of contracts, some international uniform contract law instruments have even often made judgments with the key point that whether the content of a commercial letter of confirmation “ materially alters ” or “ significantly deviates ” the original agreements. When talking to the issue of " the content of contract ", oppositely, there are different opinions, including the famous “ knock out rule ”. As we know, there are a lot of businessmen who have undertaken national commercial trade in Taiwan and will inevitably face the above-mentioned problems. As the result, both of law scholars and judges in Taiwan must try to find a new consideration of commercial trade and commercial contract and, most of all, establish a complete theory, which can be the basis of actual resolutions
Design and Implementation of Network Attached Storage Servers with the IBM Cell Platform
No full text網路儲存伺服器 (NAS) 是目前透過網路分享儲存體很受歡迎的一種方式。在最近幾年，網路儲存伺服器的製造廠商擷取系統晶片技術的優點來降低製造成本，並在網路儲存伺服器上整合許多加值服務來吸引顧客。現在市面上，一台入門的網路儲存伺服器提供了如：P2P應用程式、相簿功能、多媒體串流伺服器、即時監控系統的加值服務。整體來說，影響網路儲存伺服器的設計與使用者經驗的因素是成本效益比，管理方便，加值服務，與資料安全。ony PlatStation 3 (PS3) 是一台家庭多媒體遊戲機，配有一個功能強大的IBM Cell處理器與一台藍光光碟機，加上其他的功能包裝，價格與入門的網路儲存伺服器機種卻相去不遠。以其較快速的處理器，PS3在許多應用上表現的都比價格相近的Synology DS-207+來的好，但是PS3卻不具備網路儲存伺服器的功能。篇論文介紹了在PS3上設計與建構網路儲存伺服器。除了一般在網路儲存伺服器上常見的功能之外，我們利用了IBM Cell處理器中的Synergistic Processing Elements (SPE)來加速處理一些偏重運算的應用程式。我們的研究成功地在PS3上整合並加速網路儲存伺服器的服務，並且測試結果顯示，相對於價格相當的網路儲存伺服器，PS3在即時監控以及多媒體方面的應用展示出較佳的成本效益比。而在使用SPE加速臉部偵測的方面，相對於沒有使用SPE來說，我們可以達到最多9.52倍的加速。鍵字：網路儲存伺服器，PlayStation 3, IBM Cell processor, P2P, 即時監控Network Attached Storage (NAS) servers are popular nowadays for sharing storage over the network. In recent years, NAS manufacturers took advantage of the System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies to reduce the cost of NAS servers and integrated many value-add features to attract customers. Value-add features such as peer-to-peer (P2P) applications, photo viewers, media players, and surveillance applications are offered by an entry-level NAS product on the market today. Overall, cost/performance ratios, administrative convenience, value-add features, and data security are the factors that influence the design and the user experience on NAS servers.he Sony PlayStation 3 (PS3) is a home multimedia and game console with a powerful IBM Cell processor and a Blu-ray Disc reader, in a compact package which costs about the same as an entry-level NAS server. With a much faster processor, the PS3 outperforms the similarily priced Synology DS-207+ in many applications, but misses a NAS functionality.n this thesis, we present the design and implementation of a NAS server with the PS3. In addition to the common features seen on NAS servers, we utilized the Synergistic Processing Elements (SPE) in the IBM Cell processor to accelerate compute-intensive applications. Our work successfully integrated NAS services and accelerated features on the PS3, and our results show that the PS3 offers higher cost/performance for surveillance and multimedia than similarly priced NAS servers. For accelerating of face detection with using 0 SPE as the baseline, we get at most 9.52 speedup.EYWORDS: NAS, PlayStation 3, IBM Cell processor, P2P, surveillance.Contentscknowledgement ibstract(Chinese) iibstract iiiist of Tables viiist of Figures viii Introduction 1.1 NAS Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Sony PlayStation 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Background and Related Works 10.1 OpenCV for the Cell Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 NAS-Related Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.1 Entry Level NAS Products on the Market . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.2 OS-based NAS Software Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 IP Cameras and Surveillance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Design and Implementation of NAS with PlayStation 3 19.1 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.1 Samba Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.2 FTP Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1.3 SSHD Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1.4 Rsync Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Download Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 Media Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 Photo Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.5 Surveillance Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.6 Web User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.6.1 System Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6.2 Services Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Evaluation 36.1 PS3/NAS Current Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1.1 Function Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.1.2 Surveillance Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.2 Samba Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.2.1 Platform Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.2.2 Iometer Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.2.3 Evaluation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Conclusion and Future Work 46ibliography 4
Comparing BET, CBET, and Copulas for Cash Flow Collateralized Debt Obligations
No full text擔保債權憑證(Collateralized Debt Obligations, CDOs)自1980年代首次出現於美國後，近三十年間發展十分迅速，用以計算各分券信用評等之模型五花八門，本文之目的即為了解目前三大評等機構，包含Moody’s發展之Binomial Expansion Technique(BET)及S&P和Fitch所採用的Copula是否存在有評等上之差異。文首先介紹CDO於美國與臺灣之發展歷史及其優點，詳述CDO之基本架構，包含其參與者、分類方式及資產群組現金流量分配方式(Waterfall)；接著介紹BET及Copula方法發展之歷史、評等架構及參數估計方式；最後以Markit所編制之CDX NA IG Series 9當中之公司作為樣本，建構一現金流量型CDO，並使用BET、CBET及Copula方法分別進行評等並比較其差異。據本文實證顯示，Copula方法所模擬之高等級分券預期損失較另兩種方法為高；反之，其低等級分券預期損失較低，可見資產違約相關性在Copula方法中之影響力相較於其在BET及CBET方法中之影響力來得強。此外，當資產違約機率向上變動時，BET及CBET之信用評等下降幅度較Copula大，特別是位於中間之B、C分券，顯示其對於資產違約機率之敏感性較Copula為高。Since Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) was invented in 1980s, there were many models developed in order to decide its tranche rating. The main objective of this paper is to find out if there are any rating differences between Moody’s Binomial Expansion Technique (BET) and Copulas adopted by S&P and Fitch.his paper begins with a brief introduction of how CDOs market was developed and advantages of CDOs. We describe the basic structure of CDOs including participants, classification, and waterfall. We also introduce the rating procedure of BET, CBET (Correlated Binomial Expansion Technique), and Copulas.ased on our study, Copulas tend to give higher expected loss to higher-grade tranches than BET and CBET, which means the default correlation plays a more important role in copulas than in BET and CBET. Besides, When default probability goes up, there would be a bigger impact on the credit rating given by BET and CBET than Copulas. This phenomenon shows that their sensitivities to default probability change are higher.謝辭 i要 iibstract iii、緒論 1、文獻探討 2一) CDO介紹 2二) CDO評價模型介紹 7、模型方法 11一) BET方法 11二) CBET方法 17三) Copula方法 20、實證方法 21、結果分析 26一) 資產違約機率變動 27二) 資產回復率變動 28三) 殖利率曲線變動 30四) Diversity Score變動 31五) 違約時點變動 33、結論 34考文獻 3
Regulation of Forkhead Box O Transcription Factors by Docosahexaenoic Acid
No full text肥胖與胰島素拮抗、二型糖尿病、高血壓、動脈粥狀硬化、葡萄糖不耐症、血脂異常及慢性發炎息息相關，這些病症統稱為代謝症候群。二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）為一種n-3族多不飽和脂肪酸，美國食品和藥物管理局於2004年宣布日常食物中DHA和EPA可降低罹患冠心病及相關疾病之風險。 本研究目的旨在找出DHA對脂質和醣類代謝途徑之影響，30頭離乳仔豬隨機分成3組分別餵予2％牛油、大豆油或DHA油30天。實驗結束時豬隻經電昏後收集血液及臟器進行後續分析。抽取組織總RNA並設計引子篩選可能受DHA調控之相關基因參與脂質、醣類代謝和慢性炎症之反應。豬隻餵飼2％DHA油30天不影響脂肪組織抗或促發炎因子之表現，包括細胞介白素4（IL4）、IL6、 IL10、IL13和腫瘤壞死因子α（TNFα）。我們也發現一個新的受DHA調控之轉錄因子。餵飼2％DHA於豬隻可顯著降低肝臟和脂肪組織之叉頭轉錄因子（FoxO）包括FoxO1和FoxO3基因表現。同時豬隻餵予2％DHA可顯著降低肝臟和脂肪組織中叉頭轉錄因子輔因子PGC1α表現，但對SIRT表現並無顯著影響。在人類和豬的脂肪細胞處理DHA 24小時可得類似之結果。且豬隻餵予2％DHA可顯著降低FoxO下游基因包括參與肝臟VLDL組裝之微粒體三酸甘油酯轉移蛋白（MTTP）、參加糖質新生之葡萄糖-六-磷酸酶（G6Pase）、參與三酸甘油酯分泌之載脂蛋白CⅢ（apoCⅢ）和胰島素生長因子結合蛋白1（IGFBP1）之基因表現。餵予DHA之豬隻同時降低血漿中總膽固醇及三酸甘油酯之含量。綜合上述，DHA可能透過抑制FoxO基因表現進而影響豬隻脂質和醣類代謝。伴隨著降低三酸甘油酯和脂蛋白VLDL組裝之相關基因表現可能可解釋DHA對預防或改善代謝綜合症候群之益處。Obesity is closely linked to insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is also associated with hypertension, atheroschlerosis, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation, also known as the metabolic syndrome. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and USA FDA had announced on 2004 that DHA and EPA could reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in conventional foods.o decipher beneficial effects of DHA on lipid and glucose metabolism, thirty weaned pigs were divided into three groups and fed ad librium for thirty days with a diet plus either 2% tallow, soybean or DHA oil, respectively. At the end of experiment, pigs were sedated and killed by electrical stunning. Viscera and blood samples were collected. Tissues were homogenized and total RNA was extracted for mRNA determination. Primers were designed for screening several genes involved in lipid metabolism and chronic inflammatory markers which may be regulated by supplementation of DHA oil. Supplementation of DHA on pig diets didn’t influence the expression of anti- or pro-infiltration cytokines, including interleukin 4 (IL4), IL6, IL10, IL13 and Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in adipose tissues. Herein, we demonstrated a new transcription factor which DHA regulates. The class O of forkhead box transcription factors (FoxO) including FoxO1 and FoxO3 were decreased in the liver and adipose tissues of DHA-supplemented pigs compared with tallow-supplemented pigs. Pig diets containing DHA also decreased the cofactor of FoxO, PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC1α), expression in both liver and adipose tissues. Similar results could also be found in human and pig primary adipocytes treated with DHA for 24 hours. Pigs fed with diets supplemented with DHA also down-regulated FoxO-target genes such as microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), a protein which is involved in hepatic VLDL assembly. Expression of Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) participated in gluconeogenesis, apolipoprotein CⅢ (apoCⅢ) involved in TG secretion and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) was also reduced. Pigs supplemented with DHA also reduced plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. n conclusion, DHA may partially act through down-regulation of FoxO function to influence lipid and glucose metabolism. Down-regulation of genes related triglyceride metabolism and VLDL assemble may implicate the prevention and beneficial role of DHA on metabolic syndrome.中文摘要 I錄 IV目錄 V目錄 VIntroduction 1art 1: Obesity, inflammation, and macrophage infiltration 1dipose tissue macrophage 2acrophage polarization 4art 2: Forkhead box O and metabolic regulation 6iver 7dipose tissue 9xperimental design 11aterials and methods 12nimals and Diets 12ample and data collection 12lasma glucose, triacylglycerol and cholesterol determination 13solation of porcine stromal/vascular cells 13ell culture and differentiation of porcine adipocytes 14eal-time quantitative PCR analysis 14ata Analysis 15esults 18iscussion 31eferences 3
Architecture Design of High Definition SNR Scalable Video Encoder with CABAC
No full text在這篇論文中提出了可應用於高解析畫質的可調視訊編碼器架構設計。現今視訊編碼標準的發展中，為了滿足各式各樣的網路環境、頻寬大小、視訊裝置的螢幕尺寸、運算能力等，在追求更高的壓縮率之外，更注重的是多樣化的功能性，因此可調視訊編碼(SVC, Scalable Video Coding)愈趨重要。最新的SVC標準是以H.264/MPEG-4 AVC為基礎再作功能性的延伸，同時兼顧了極高的壓縮率和豐富的功能性。
在無線通訊愈來愈成熟且網路多媒體愈來愈普及的今日，FGS (Fine Grain SNR Scalability)的技術愈顯得重要，它可以根據網路狀況而作動態調節，得到相對於頻寬大小的視訊品質，所以非常適合網路串流的應用。但因為要對整張畫面依重要性作為編碼順序的依據，作多次大規模且不規則的掃描編碼，FGS在實作上需要非常可觀的內部記憶體大小或外部記憶體頻寬，在高畫質的應用中，這個問題會隨著畫面變大而變得更加嚴重。我們提出了三種硬體導向的演算法，可以在FGS實作上節省99%的內部記憶體大小或92%的外部記憶體頻寬。此外，在我們的架構中大量採用FGS層之間的硬體共用，大大減少了硬體資源的使用。我們提出的高效能FGS架構設計可即時壓縮每秒30張的HDTV 1920x1080視訊畫面。
熵編碼(Entropy Coding)是根據機率特性對資料作無失真的壓縮，CABAC (Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding)是現今應用於視訊及影像標準中熵編碼的主流，但由於CABAC是以位元為單位的運算，且在位元與位元間有高度的相關性，所以常常為高畫質視訊編碼中的瓶頸所在。我們提出了全新高產出率的架構，且能針對不同需求作彈性的組合和調整，產出率可高達840 Msymbols/sec，為當今最高產出率的CABAC設計。
在這篇論文裡我們提出了第一個SVC標準的視訊品質可調編碼器，裡面採用了最高產出率的CABAC設計，且經由提出的方法可減少99%的內部記憶體大小或92%的外部記憶體頻寬，這個架構設計不只可適用於現今HDTV規格，還能支援未來更高規格的多媒體應用。An efficient architecture design of high definition SNR scalable video encoder with ultra high throughput CABAC is presented in this thesis. In the recent development of video coding standards, the targets are not only compression efficiency, but also the functionality to meet various requirements of heterogeneous network environments, different display sizes and processing capability of user devices. Therefore, the concept of scalavle video coding (SVC) arises. The scalable extension of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC can provide good compression efficiency and several dimensions of functionalities.
Nowadays, wireless communication is mature and exists everywhere. Fine grain SNR (quality) scalability (FGS) is very important to give arbitrary quality levels according to the available bandwidth. The quality of service (QoS) can be greatly enhanced with FGS, but it introduces large internal memory size or external memory bandwidth in hardware implementation due to multiple frame-level operations. Several novel algorithms are proposed to achieve 99% reduction in internal memory size or 92% reduction in external memory bandwidth. Moreover, layer-wise hardware reuse for FGS layered coding reduces the silicon costs significantly. Our high-performance FGS design can real-time encode HDTV 19201080 sequences with 30 frames per second.
Entropy coding is to compress data based on their probability distribution. Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) is the mainstream of entropy coding in video coding standards. CABAC is usually the bottleneck in high-end video encoder because of its bit-serial processing and high data dependency. Two novel ultra high throughput architectures are proposed: the multi-symbol and ML-decomposed architecture. They are flexible and easily configurable for different requirements. The throughput of 840 Msymbols/sec can be attained. The proposed CABAC design achieves the highest throughput compared to all other works.
In this thesis, the first SNR scalable video encoder of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC scalable extension is implemented. It includes the highest throughput entropy coder up to now, and 92% of off-chip memory bandwidth or 99% of on-chip memory size can be reduced. Therefore, our design is not only for current HDTV applications, but also for much higher specifications in the near future.1 Introduction 1
1.1 DevelopmentofVideoCoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 CompressionEfficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Functionality Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 DesignMotivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 FineGrainSNRScalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.2 CABAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 ThesisOrganization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Overview of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and Scalable Video Coding 13
2.1 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 InterPrediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 IntraPrediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.3 Transform, Quantization, and Picture Reconstruction . . 17
2.1.4 DeblockingFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.5 EntropyCoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 ScalableVideoCoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.1 TemporalScalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 Spatial Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.3 SNR (Quality) Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Architecture Design of Ultra High Throughput CABAC 27
3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.1 Binarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.2 ContextModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.3 BinaryArithmeticCoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 OverallArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Proposed Architecture for Binary Arithmetic Encoder . . . . . . 34
3.3.1 Multi-symbol Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3.2 SRAM-basedArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3.3 ML-decomposedArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4 Architecture Design of High Definition Fine Grain SNR Scalability 69
4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.2 DesignChallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.1 Highexternalmemorybandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.2 Frame-level irregular data access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2.3 Highcomputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3 Proposed Algorithms to Reduce External Memory Bandwidth . 75
4.3.1 Scan bucket algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3.2 Early context formation with context reduction . . . . . 76
4.3.3 First scan pre-encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.4 Proposed Architecture to Reduce Hardware Costs . . . . . . . . 78
4.4.1 Layer-folded reconstructionloop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4.2 Scan bucket implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4.3 Enhancement layer arithmetic coder . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.5 ImplementationResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5 Conclusion 8
Anisotropic Cone Mapping
No full text這篇論文介紹一種更有效率且精準的方法來計算視線(view ray)與位移圖(displacement map)的交點，稱為非對稱圓錐映射貼圖(Anisotropic Cone Mapping)，簡稱ACM。經由前置處理(pre-processing)，我們在每個位移圖的texel 上方都去找一個非對稱圓錐的體積空間來當成是可以略過的空乏區。使用這樣的資訊可以讓一條視線(射線)快速地跳過空乏區並且可以很快的就收斂到與位移圖的交點。這樣的做法可以允許視線從極端近距離與傾斜的角度看進去而不會產生可察覺的瑕疵。我們更進一步提出一個可適應性的階層架構方法來加速前置處理的時間。這個方法比傳統的方法快上6 到11 倍，因此使得ACM 可以應用在繪製即時的動態位移圖，也適合很多的即時3D 應用像電玩或者是一些互動的模擬。由於它耗用的記憶體成本很低而且有很好的效能表現無論是繪圖的品質或速度都可以兼顧。This paper presents Anisotropic Cone Mapping (ACM), a more efficient and accurate way for calculating intersections with displacement maps. During preprocessing, for each texel of the displacement map, an asymmetric cone is
calculated as the bounding volume for the empty space above that texel. By using this information, a ray can fast skip empty space and quickly converge to its intersection with the displacement map. Thus, it allows extreme closeup and very steep angle views without noticeable artifacts. Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical adaptive method to speed up the preprocessing of ACM. The proposed method is around 6 to 11 times faster than conventional methods, thus allowing application of ACM to render dynamic displacement maps in real-time. Its suited for many real-time 3D applications like games
or interactive simulations because of their low memory cost and good performance in both rendering quality and speed.ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
1 Introduction 1
2 Background and Related Work 3
2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Derivation of the Tangent Space Matrix . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.2 Inverse Displacement Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Root finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 Parallax Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2 Parallax Occlusion Mapping and Steep Parallax Mapping 6
2.2.3 Relief Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.4 Interval Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Space leaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.1 Safety Radius and Safety Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.2 Distance Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Anisotropic Cone Mapping 12
3.1 Cone step mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Anisotropic cone mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Adaptive hierarchical preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 Results 21
5 Conclusions and Future Work 24
BIBLIOGRAPHY 27
A Shader Source Code 28
B Other Render Results 3
SocFeedViewer: A Novel Visualization Technique for Social News Feeds Summarization on Large-Scale Social Network Services
No full text隨著Facebook、Twitter等社群網站的盛行，越來越多的人習慣每天在社群網站上與朋友們互動並且閱讀最新的資訊，當使用者的朋友數量及訂閱的資訊越來越多時，人們每天會收到數以百計的資訊，並且淹沒在這些資訊海當中，使用者往往需要花費許多的時間及精神以消化這些大量的資訊，更嚴重的是，若使用者沒有閱讀完所有的訊息就可能會遺漏重要的資訊。
為了解決這個問題，我們提出了一個全新的視覺化技術，使用者可以任意的選擇欲瀏覽的時間區段，我們提供一個以使用者為中心的個人化社群網絡，並且以此社群網絡來視覺化的呈現出這個時間區段內的所有訊息，為了增進使用者的閱讀體驗，我們的系統提供了社群偵測、朋友互動分析、朋友重要性分析，使用者可以藉此了解社群網絡上的朋友結構、朋友們之間的互動情況及互動內容、以及優先的瀏覽較有興趣或重要的資訊，我們實做了一個Facebook的應用程式並利用真實的資料證明我們的系統是可行且實際的。Online social network services such as Facebook and Twitter have become increasingly popular. More and more users are accustomed to regularly reading the latest news feeds and interacting with friends on these social websites. However, when the numbers of friends and subscribed pages increase to a large extent, users will receive hundreds of messages in a day and will be overwhelmed by the information overload. To alleviate this problem, we propose a novel visualization technique for social news feeds summarization on large-scale social web services. The proposed system SocFeedViewer can produce an egocentric network graph based on the news feeds generated in an arbitrary period of time. This graph provides an overview of those who have generated news feeds during this time period. To enhance the reading experience, we incorporate community detection, connectivity analysis, and importance analysis into our system to make users capable of preferentially surfing news feeds that are more significant and interesting. We implement a real-world application and use the real social data of several volunteers to verify the usefulness of SocFeedViewer
Study on the Use of Competency for the Examination and Selection of Civil Servants
No full text摘要 美國哈佛大學教授David McClelland(1973)認為職能是影響工作績效好壞的主要因素。執行業務的績效（performance）和在校成績，沒有必然的正相關因果關係，在判斷一個人是否符合特定資格條件時，宜採用潛藏於個人平日行為背後的特質，做為取決之準則，而強調以職能為核心之考試取才方式。本研究蒐集考選部推動職能分析結果表件，進一步精進研究。主要使用內容分析法及三角檢核法，發現初任薦任公務人員應具備之職能有13大類52個職能項目，包括：一、知識及技術；二、規劃執行及判斷應變；三、表達及溝通協調；四、理解及邏輯分析；五、創造及學習力；六、領導及監督能力；七、資料分析運用及調查研究；八、團隊運作與目標管理；九、友善關懷及人際互動；十、誠信正直及負責可信度；十一、嚴謹性；十二、情緒穩定性；十三、體能條件等十三大類。依需求程度之重要性來看，最重要職能項目包括：「專業知能」、「資訊電腦」、「基本法律知能」、「執行力」、「計畫力」、「溝通能力」、「表達能力」、「邏輯能力」、「分析性思考」、「資料蒐集、分析與運用」、「專注細節」。對於職能分析於公務人員考選之應用，經本研究深度訪談結果，各受訪專家咸認為教育、考選、訓練、任用之應用，均以應職能分析結果為基礎。於教育方面，可據此規劃設計課程及排定社團活動等非正式教育課程。於考選方面，可用以規劃考試制度、檢討考試類科設置、設計共通科目、多元考試方式選擇與塔配運用等，其中，多元考試方式之選擇與結合運用，可據職能分析結果編製心理測驗試題，對應考人施以心理測驗，測驗結果不列考試成績計算，但可作為結構化口試命題之參考。於訓練方面，可為公務人員錄取人員基礎訓練及實務訓練課程規劃及考核評鑑之參據。於任用方面，則可作為初任薦任公務人員試用階段培育及考評之參據。如此，教、考、訓、用環環相扣，有助於甄拔優秀之初任薦任公務人員進入政府部門服務，提升公務人力素質，增進政府施政效能，進而提高國家總體競爭力。Abstract Professor David McClelland from Harvard University (1973) considers that competency is the primary factor in affecting job performance. Even though there is no positive correlation between execution performance and schooling results, in the course of determining if an individual meets certain criteria, it is suitable to be adopted as a hidden characteristic behind the routine behavior of an individual in the deciding criteria, and emphasizes on competency as the core examination and talent selection method. This study collected the analysis sheets on diving competency from the examination board to further research in details. The content analysis method and triangulation method were used primarily to perceive that there are 13 categories and 52 competency items that a beginner civil servant being appointed is required to possess, including: 1. Knowledge and technique; 2. Planning execution and adaptation of judgment; 3. Expression and communication for coordination; 4. Comprehension and logic analysis; 5. Creativity and learning ability; 6. Leadership and supervision capability; 7. Analysis and utilization of data and investigative research; 8. Team operations and target management; 9. Friendly, caring and interaction with people; 10. Has integrity and accountability; 11. Stringent; 12. Emotional stability; 13. Physical conditions, adding up to a total of 13 categories. Based on the degree of importance regarding the requirements, the most important competency items include: “Professional competency”, “IT and Computing”, “Basic legal knowledge”, “Execution ability”, “Planning capability”, “Communication capability”, “Expression Ability”, “Logic capability”, “Analytical thinking”, “Data collection, analysis and utilization” and “Focus on details”. With regards to the competency analysis being used for the examination and selection of civil servants, results from in-depth interviews conducted by this study show that the respective professionals being interviewed consider the use of education, examination and selection, training and appointment should all be based on the results of competency analysis. On the aspect of education, the design planning of course programs, arrangement of activities by social groups and other informal education programs can go along this basis. On the aspect of examination and selection, it may be used for the planning of the examination system, and review of the establishment and design of common topics and diversified examination choices as well as use of examination categories. Among which, the selection and integrated use of diversified examination methods may formulate the psychological test questions based on the results of competency analysis. The test results are not incorporated into the examination results, but could be used as a reference for structural oral examination questions. On the aspect of training, it could be used as a reference basis for the planning of foundational training program, practical training program and performance appraisals of hired civil servants. On the aspect of utilization, it can be used as a reference basis for the initial appointment of civil servants for their training and evaluation during the probation stage. Hence, teaching, examination, training and use are all closely correlated, it helps to identify and cultivate exemplary associate civil servants initially appointed to serve in government departments, enhance the quality of civil servants, improve the execution efficiency of the government and thereby enhancing the overall competitiveness of the country
Functional regulation and proteomic characterization of human natural killer cells through recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment
No full text- …
