174,138 research outputs found
Saussurea liangshanensis Y. S. Chen 2014, sp. nov.
No full text2. Saussurea liangshanensis Y.S. Chen, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 7A & 7B) Type:— CHINA. Sichuan: Muli, Kala, 912 Forest Plantation, in sparse Abies forests, 3300 m, 11 October 2007, Y. S . Chen 7547 (holotype PE; isotype PE). Perennial herbs from short rhizome, 40–80 cm tall. Rhizome slender, with fibrous residue of old leaves. Stem erect, ca. 4 mm in diameter, glabrous. Basal leaves usually persistent at anthesis. Leaves mostly basal; lower stem leaves petiolate, petiole 1–2 cm, blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic; upper stem leaves usually smaller, sessile, blade oblong to elliptic, 5–18 × 0.5–4.5 cm, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially pale green, glabrous, margin serrate, apex acute, base semiamplexicaul, decurrent into stems forming usually dentate wings. Capitula in terminal sparse corymbs. Involucre campanulate, ca. 5 mm in diameter and 12 mm high. Phyllaries in ca. 5 rows, imbricate, margin entire, abaxially dark black along margin and usually covered with sparse short hairs; outer phyllaries triangular-oblong, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, apex acuminate; the second row phyllaries triangular-ovate, ca. 5 × 1.5–2 mm, apex acuminate; the fourth row phyllaries oblong, ca. 9 × 1.3 mm; the innermost phyllaries oblong-lanceolate, ca. 9 × 1.2 mm, apex acuminate. Receptacle flat, densely covered with persistent whitish yellow bristles; bristles filiform, 4–5 mm long. Florets 6–15, corolla tubular-funnelform, glabrous, tube ca. 5 mm long, throat 2–3 mm long and ca. 0.8 mm in diameter, with 5 lobes 2–3 mm long; anthers dark purple, ca. 4 mm long, apical appendages acute, basal appendages obtuse, auricles with lacerate tails ca. 1 mm long. Achenes cylindroid, ca. 2.8 mm long, ca. 0.8 mm wide, glabrous, longitudinally striate. Pappus of two series; inner row of whitish yellow plumose bristles, bristles 16–18, connate at base, 7–8 mm long; outer series of scabrid bristles ca. 3 mm long. Distribution and habitat:— Saussurea liangshanensis is distributed in Jiulong, Leibo, Muli, Xide, Yanyuan, Yuexi and Zhaojue Counties of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, southwestern Sichuan, China. It grows on grassy slopes, in sparse thickets, along forests margins, or in sparse fir forests at altitudes between 3000 and 3900 m. Phenology:—Flowering and fruiting from August to October. Etymology: —The specific epithet is derived from the type locality, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, southwestern Sichuan, China. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — CHINA. Sichuan: Jiulong, Xiake, 3660 m, 18 August 1980, Z. A. Liu 22913 (CDBI); Leibo, alpine meadows, 3300 m, 14 August 1934, T. T. Yu 3771 (PE); Muli, Chabulang, Zhengxi pasture, 3900 m, in Abies forests, 8 September 1983, Qinghai-Xizang Exped. 13714 (KUN, PE); Xide, mountain pass between Yuexi and Mianshan of Xide, 28°28'41.32" N, 102°25'12.76" E, 3000 m, grassy slope in thickets, 21 July 2011, Y. S. Chen & Y. C. Bi 11-021 (PE); Yanyuan, Bailingshan, in thickets and grassy slopes, 3700 m, 8 August 1983, Qinghai - Xizang Exped. 12731 (KUN, PE); Zhaojue, Jiefanggou, grassy slopes beside thickets, 27°51'59.23" N, 102°31'23.74" E, 3100–3200 m, 24 July 2011, Y. S. Chen & Y. C. Bi 11-044 (PE). Discussion:— Saussurea liangshanensis belongs to S. subgen. Saussurea sect. Saussurea because of the welldeveloped and not scapiform stem, numerous capitula only ca. 5 mm in diameter, and the lacerate anther tails. The species is distinct in the leaf base decurrent into stem and forming usually a dentate wing, phyllaries with apex acuminate, and achenes very small. It is similar to S. parviflora (Poiret 1805: 554) Candolle (1810: 200), S. hemsleyi Lipschitz (1966: 1497), S. neoserrata Nakai (1931: 519) and S. candolleana (Candolle 1838: 541) Schultz Bipontinus (1846: 331) in habit, leaf blade shape and the winged stem, but the distribution ranges of these mutually similar species are different. Saussurea liangshanensis occurs only in southwestern Sichuan. Shih & Raab-Straube (2011) recorded S. parviflora to occur in China (Gansu, Hebei, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. Our examination of the authentic material of S. parviflora from Russia, however, has shown that those specimens from Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, Hubei and Shaanxi formerly identified as S. parviflora should be referred to S. hemsleyi, whereas those from Hebei, Nei Mongol, Heilongjiang and Jinlin belong to S. neoserrata. Saussurea candolleana is distributed in the Himalaya region (southern Xizang of China, Bhutan, Nepal, India and Kashmir) and was sometimes treated as a synonym of S. parviflora. A comparison of S. liangshanensis, S. parviflora, S. hemsleyi, S. neoserrata and S. candolleana is given in Table 1.Published as part of Chen, You-Sheng, 2014, Five new species of Saussurea (Asteraceae, Cardueae) from the Hengduan Mountains region, southwestern China, pp. 141-154 in Phytotaxa 170 (3) on pages 143-144, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.170.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/513901
Saussurea bhutanensis Y. S. Chen 2014, sp. nov.
No full text5. Saussurea bhutanensis Y. S. Chen, sp. nov. (Fig. 5, 9A & 9B) Type:— CHINA. Xizang: Yadong, Pagri, mountains between border of China and Bhutan, 27°37’ N, 89°07’ E, sandy meadows, 4870 m, 25 August 2013, FLPH Tibet Exped.13-2131 (holotype PE; isotypes PE). Herbs 1–4 cm tall, perennial, stemless, caespitose. Caudex 2–3 cm in diam., usually much branched. Rosette leaves sessile, linear, 10–25 × 1–1.5 mm, abaxially greyish white and densely tomentose-sericeous, adaxially green, shiny, and glabrous, base enlarged, sheathing, and white villous, margin entire and revolute, apex acute. Uppermost leaves merging into phyllaries, supporting capitula. Capitula solitary, in center of leaf rosette or terminal on stem, sessile, concealed by villous hairs. Involucre campanulate, 1–1.6 cm in diam. Phyllaries in ca. 6 rows, apex acuminate to caudate; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate-triangular, 14–16 × 3–4 mm, basal part dark green, apical part greenish, sparsely villous, and reflexed; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly elliptic-linear, 11–13 × ca. 2 mm, basal part pale yellow, apical part blackish purple, villous, and reflexed. Receptacle bristles very few, 1–2 mm long. Corolla purplish, 1.3–1.5 cm long, tube 7–8 mm long, limb 6.5–8 mm long, lobes 3.5–4 mm long. Achene dark brown, conic, ca. 3 mm long, glabrous. Pappus in 2 rows; outer bristles white, 2–3 mm long, scabrid; inner bristles pale brown, 9–10 mm long, plumose. Distribution and habitat: — Saussurea bhutanensis occurs in northern Bhutan and adjacent border of Yadong, Xizang, China. It grows on alpine sandy meadows (including Saussurea, Aster, Primula, Arenaria, Gentiana, Swertia, Cyananthus, Saxifraga and Delphinium species), alpine scree or limestones at altitudes of 4500–4900 m. Phenology:—Flowering and fruiting from August to October. Etymology: —The specific epithet is derived from its main distribution area, Bhutan. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BHUTAN. [Bumthang district]: Tolegang, Tsampa, steep open hillside, 4720 m, 2 October 1949, F . Ludlow, G. Sherriff & J. H. Hicks 19784 (BM, E); [Wangdi district]: Wangdue-Phodrang, Thampe La, limestone, 27°43’ N, 90°18’ E, 4500–4600 m, 28 September 2000, G. & S . Miehe 00-421-01 (E). Discussion:— Saussurea bhutanensis belongs to S. subgen. Saussurea sect. Lagurostemon on account of its leaf blade being linear, entire, grasslike, and the capitula solitary, 1–1.6 cm in diameter. Grierson & Springate (2001) reported one specimen from Bhutan (F. Ludlow, G. Sherriff & J. H. Hicks 19784) that is related to Saussurea columnaris Handel-Mazzetti (1937: 652), but they noted this specimen is different from the typical S. columnaris in its receptacle naked, achene glandular-stipitate above and habit usually stemless. This kind of specimen was also found from the Tibetean border with Bhutan (FLPH Tibet Exped.13-2131) by the present author in 2013. But the present author found its receptacle is not entirely naked but with few short bristles 1–2 mm long, achenes glabrous, leaves 1–2.5 cm long, phyllaries usually narrower and apex acuminate, capitula concealed by dense villous hairs. Typical specimens of S. columnaris from Yunnan are different in the receptacle bristles ca. 7 mm long and plants usually stemmed, leaves 2–7 cm long, phyllaries usually broader and apex acute, capitula not concealed by villous hairs. Saussurea bhutanensis is also similar to S. durgae Jeffrey & Srivastava (1997: 235) in its caespitose habit and linear grassy leaves, but S. bhutanensis differs in its leaves adaxially green, shiny, and glabrous, capitula concealed by villous hairs, and corolla purplish, whereas S. durgae differs in its leaves densely clothed with greyish white wooly hairs on both surfaces, capitula not concealed by villous hairs, and corolla pink. A comparison of S. bhutanensis, S. columnaris and S. durgae is given in Table 5.Published as part of Chen, You-Sheng, 2014, Six new species of Saussurea (Asteraceae) from eastern Himalaya, pp. 191-206 in Phytotaxa 177 (4) on page 199, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/514474
Saussurea pagriensis Y. S. Chen 2014, sp. nov.
No full text4. Saussurea pagriensis Y. S. Chen, sp. nov. (Fig. 4, 8C & 8D) Type:— CHINA. Xizang: Yadong, Pagri, mountain between border of China and Bhutan, scree slope or sandy meadows, 27°37’ N, 89°07’ E, 4600–4870 m, 25 August 2013, FLPH Tibet Exped. 13-2141 (holotype PE; isotypes PE). Herbs perennial, usually stemless or shortly stemmed up to 5 cm high, caespitose. Caudex stout, usually numerously branched. Rosette leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 2–9 × 0.3–1 cm, abaxially greyish white and densely tomentosesericeous, adaxially green and sparsely arachnoid, base sheathing, margin pinnately dentate and revolute, apex acute, midvein distinct. Capitula solitary, in center of leaf rosette or terminal on stem, sessile. Involucre campanulate, 1.3–2 cm in diameter. Phyllaries in ca. 5 rows, glabrous to sparsely arachnoid, apex obtuse to acute; outer phyllaries narrowly ovate-triangular, 8–14 × 3–5 mm, basal part green, apical part and margin blackish purple; middle and inner phyllaries narrowly ovate-triangular to narrowly elliptic, 11–13 × 2–4 mm, basal part pale yellow, apical part blackish purple. Receptacle with dense bristles, straw-color, 4–6 mm long. Corolla purplish, 1.5–1.7 cm long, tube 7–8 mm long, limb 8–9 mm long, lobes ca. 4 mm long. Anther ca. 6 mm long, tails lanate, ca. 1 mm long. Achene dark brown, conic, ca. 2.5 mm long, glabrous, ribbed, apex shallowly crowned. Pappus in 2 rows, greyish white; outer bristles 7–8 mm long, plumose; inner bristles 11–12 mm long, plumose. Distribution and habitat: — Saussurea pagriensis occurs in northern Bhutan and Yadong, Xizang, China (which is adjacent to Bhutan). It grows on alpine scree slope or sandy meadows at altitudes of 4600–4870 m. Phenology:—Flowering and fruiting from August to October. Etymology: —The specific epithet is derived from the type locality name, Pagri, a frontier town in Yadong, Xizang. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BHUTAN. Upper Mo Chu District: [Gasa], south slope of Yale La, 27°47’ N, 89°27’ E, dry unstable scree, 4780 m, 3 October 1984, I. W. J . Sinclair & D. G. Long 5498 (E, K). Discussion:— Saussurea pagriensis belongs to S. subgen. Saussurea sect. Strictae because of its pinnately dentate leaves and solitary capitula. This species is distinct in its outer pappus plumose. Saussurea pagriensis is somewhat similar to S. purpurascens Y. L. Chen & S. Yun Liang (Chen et al. 1981: 105) and S. taraxacifolia (Lindley ex Royle 1835: 251) Wallich ex Candolle (1838: 532) in its leaf shape. However S. pagriensis is distinct in its usually stemless habit, caudex numerous branched, leaves sessile and linear-lanceolate, margin denate, capitula usually smaller, outer pappus plumose. A comparison of S. pagriensis, S. purpurascens and S. taraxacifolia is given in Table 4.Published as part of Chen, You-Sheng, 2014, Six new species of Saussurea (Asteraceae) from eastern Himalaya, pp. 191-206 in Phytotaxa 177 (4) on page 197, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/514474
Combined genetic algorithm optimization and regularized orthogonal least squares learning for radial basis function networks
No full textThe paper presents a two-level learning method for radial basis function (RBF) networks. A regularized orthogonal least squares (ROLS) algorithm is employed at the lower level to construct RBF networks while the two key learning parameters, the regularization parameter and the RBF width, are optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA) at the upper level. Nonlinear time series modeling and prediction is used as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of this hierarchical learning approach
Saussurea khunjerabensis Y. S. Chen 2022, sp. nov.
No full textSaussurea khunjerabensis Y. S. Chen, sp. nov. (Fig. 2, 3) Type: — CHINA. Taxkorgan county, Khunjerab pass, alpine scree slopes, 5000 m, 22 July 2000, Ping Yan & Hui Sun 3527 (holotype: IBSC; isotypes: SHI, XJBI). Herbs perennial, 11–25 cm high, monocarpic. Caudex stout, unbranched. Stem solitary, ca. 2 cm in diameter, erect, simple, usually hidden by reflexed leaves, basally covered with fibrous remains of petioles; stem, cauline leaves and synflorescence covered with dense white or yellowish arachnoid lanate. Rosette and stem leaves petiolate; petioles 1–4 cm long; leaf blade linear or linear-oblong, 2–9 cm long, 3–8 mm wide, both surfaces light green, base attenuate; leaf blade margin 2–8 pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, lobe linear, 1–5 mm long, apex acute. Uppermost stem leaves linear, sessile, 1–3 cm long, 1–2 mm wide, usually reflexed, both surfaces densely white or yellowish arachnoid lanate, margin entire, apex acute. Capitula numerous, densely congested on the top of stem in a hemispheric synflorescence 5–10 cm in diameter, exposed at flowering time, sessile. Involucre cylindric, 5–8 mm in diameter. Phyllaries in 3–4 rows, membranous, apex acute; outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 15–20 mm long, ca. 3 mm wide, purple and densely white lanate; middle phyllaries triangular-lanceolate, 13–15 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, purple and densely white lanate; inner phyllaries narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 10–13 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, apically purple and densely white lanate. Receptacle bristles ca. 3 mm. Corolla purple, 10–15 mm long, tube ca. 7.5 mm long, limb ca. 8 mm long, lobes ca. 4 mm long. Achenes cylindroid, brown, obconic, 3–4 mm long, ribbed, glabrous. Pappus straw-colored; outer bristles 2–3 mm, scabrid; inner bristles 13–15 mm, plumose. Phenology Flowering and fruiting from late July to September. Etymology Saussurea khunjerabensis is named after its type locality, Khunjerab pass, Xinjiang, China. Distribution and habitat Saussurea khunjerabensis is currently only known from Khunjerab pass, Taxkorgan county, southwestern Xinjiang province, China, and adjacent Khunjerab pass area in Pakistan (Fig. 5). It grows on alpine scree slopes at altitudes of 4500~ 5000 m. Conservation status Saussurea khunjerabensis is only found in the Khunjerab pass border area between China and Pakistan. This species is severely overcollected by local people as “snow lotus”. Many species of S. subg. Eriocoryne are included in the IUCN red list due to their small geographic ranges, few and severely fragmented populations, and in continuing decline due to excessive medicinal collection. According to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2019), the conservation status of this species should be assessed as Critically Endangered (CR, B2ab). Similar species and phylogenetic position: Saussurea khunjerabensis belongs to S. subgen. Eriocoryne because of its capitula being usually aggregated in a densely congested hemispheric synflorescence and hollow stems. In addition, the capitula is usually surrounded or half-surrounded by densely lanate subtending leaves. Saussurea khunjerabensis is similar to S. simpsoniana (Fig. 5) in its habit, distinct elongate erect flowering stems, uppermost linear stem leaves reflexed, numerous aggregated capitula exposed on stem apex, straw-colored pappus and purple corolla, but different by its stems usually unbranched and 11–25 cm tall (vs. usually branched and 2–12 cm tall), rosette and stem leaves on both surfaces light green and densely white arachnoid lanate (vs. adaxially dark green or purplish, sparsely arachnoid; abaxially grayish white, arachnoid tomentose to lanate), rosette and stem leaf margins usually pinnately lobed or divided (vs. usually dentate to pinnately lobed, revolute), capitula in a hemispheric synflorescence 5–10 cm in diam. (vs. 2–3.5 cm in diam.), white or yellowish lanate indumentum (vs. white or purple lanate indumentum), phyllaries linear-lanceolate to narrowly triangular-lanceolate (vs. narrowly triangular-ovate or narrowly ovate-elliptic to linear), ribbed and glabrous achene ca. 3–4 mm long (vs. wrinkled achene ca. 2–3 mm long). According to Flora of China (Shi & Raab-Straube 2011), S. simpsoniana is mainly distributed in Qinghai, southwestern Xinjiang, southern and southwestern Tibet. However, we found that the specimens of S. simpsoniana collected in Xinjiang are misidentified and actually belong to S. khunjerabensis. Chen (2015) considered that S. simpsoniana only occurs in Tibet of China, Nepal, India and Kashmir. Therefore, the geographical distributions of these two species are different in China and may overlap in Pakistan (Fig. 5). Saussurea khunjerabensis is also similar to S. gossipiphora (Fig. 4) in its habit, size, distinct elongate erect and unbranched flowering stems, rosette and lower stem leaves petiolate, white or yellowish lanate indumentum and purple corolla, but distinguished by its rosette and stem leaves on both surfaces light green and densely white or yellowish arachnoid lanate (vs. both surfaces green and sparsely pilose or glabrous), lower leaf blade margins pinnately lobed or divided (vs. sparsely denticulate), capitula exposed on stem apex (vs. capitula surrounded and exceeded by densely lanate bracts), phyllaries linear-lanceolate to narrowly triangular-lanceolate (vs. ovate or narrowly ovate-elliptic to linear), achenes brown and ribbed (vs. black and smooth). Morphological differences among Saussurea khunjerabensis, S. simpsoniana and S. gossipiphora are summarised in Table 2. Additional specimens examined (paratypes) CHINA. Taxkorgan county, Khunjerab pass, 4800 m, 4 September 2013, Y. S. Chen 13-2280 (PE); Taxkorgan county, Khunjerab pass, 4700 m, August 1974, K. J. Feng 1 (HNWP); Taxkorgan county, Shuibulanggou, 4520 m, 15 July 1978, Xinjiang Exped. 1465 (PE). PAKISTAN. Khunjerab National Park, Khunjerab pass, 4800 m, 4 September 2013, Y. S. Chen 13-2279 (PE).Published as part of Li, Tian, Xu, Lian-Sheng & Chen, You-Sheng, 2022, Saussurea khunjerabensis (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a new species from Pamir, pp. 65-74 in Phytotaxa 561 (1) on pages 69-72, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/705282
Dung-chen(s) tibetanas
No full textLas dung-chen(s) son ejecutadas siempre en pares por monjes lamaístas durante distintos tipos de ceremonias y procesiones. Debido a su gran longitud (puede alcanzar los 4,50 m), en la primera ocasión se apoya el pabellón en el suelo o sobre un soporte de madera; en la segunda es sostenido sobre el hombro de un monje.
Cada una de las trompetas consta de un tubo cónico de cobre dividido en tres secciones que encajan a manera de telescopioEnd-blown natural trumpets. Both trumpets are made of a conical tube of red copper divided into three sections which assemble like a telescope.
Dung chen (s) are always played by two lamaist monks during different kinds of ceremonies and processions. Owing to its extreme length (it can reach 4,50 m.) during the ceremonies the bell is placed on the floor or on a wooden stand, while during processions the monk's shoulder supports it.Museo de Instrumentos Musicales Dr. Emilio Azzarin
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