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Children’s behavioral problems, inter-parental conflict and maternal psychological distress
No full textPrevious studies conducted to demonstrate the association between children's behavioral problems, inter-parental conflict, and maternal psychological distress have reported mixed findings. This paper examines the relationships between these three factors. Methods: School children were interviewed to complete a questionnaire regarding inter-parental conflict and their own behavioral problems, and their parents were requested to fill out the Chinese Health Questionnaire at home. A total of 2,218 first graders and 2,075 fourth graders completed the study. Results: Higher inter-parental conflict was significantly associated with more externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems for children in both grades. It also showed that fourth-grade girls were more likely than fourth-grade boys to have internalizing problems, but that boys as a whole were more likely than girls to have externalizing behavioral problems. Maternal psychological distress was not significantly predictive of children's behavioral problems. Conclusions: Compared to maternal psychological distress, gender and exposure to inter-parental conflict appears to have a greater influence on children's behavioral problems
Queueing Model and Performance Analysis of Streaming Server and Web Server
No full text由於目前網路頻寬的增加以及影片數目不斷增加，造成伺服器需要提供越來越多的視訊服務。然而在以往網路服務伺服器中主要提供之服務為網頁為主之小檔案需求，與影音檔案所需要的頻寬有所差異再加上視訊服務需及時送達之特性。因此當一群伺服器同時提供網頁以及視訊流服務時，應當在單一伺服器上只提供一種服務或是混合服務，便是一個可以研究的問題。
若要瞭解伺服器應當如何提供服務，便需要先將網頁伺服器以及視訊伺服器之效能進行分析。在傳統的研究中會將伺服器建立成為佇列模型並以數學分析之方式討論其可能的反應時間、處理量等的問題。在本論文中則是利用觀察伺服器傳送封包的行為，為其建立包含伺服器、網路介面以及傳輸層行為的伺服器佇列模型。基於此種模型並利用程式語言的幫助，模擬出伺服器在提供視訊流或網頁服務時的效能。此結果可與實際伺服器環境之實測結果作比較以瞭解模型的準確性。
最後基於所建立的網頁與視訊伺服器佇列模型，將其改變為能提供混合服務之伺服器，以觀察其效能之改變。並利用與單獨伺服器效能比較所得之結果提出在同時有網頁以及視訊流服務需求時，應採用何種方式提供服務。目錄
第一章 緒論…………………………………………1
§ 1.1 研究動機與目標………………………………...1
§ 1.2 問題描述………………………………………...3
§ 1.3 章節架構………………………………………...6
第二章 網路伺服器運作模型………………………7
§ 2.1 網頁伺服器……………………………………...7
§ 2.2 視訊伺服器……………………………………..11
§ 2.2.1 UDP……………………………………………….12
§ 2.2.2 TCP………………………………………………..13
§ 2.2.3 HTTP＋TCP………………………………………13
§ 2.2.4 Multicast…………………………………………..13
§ 2.3 視訊伺服器之架設與量測……………………..14
第三章 伺服器佇列模型…………………………….21
§ 3.1 視訊伺服器佇列模型…………………………..21.
§ 3.1.1 視訊伺服器之節點介紹………………………….22
§ 3.1.2 視訊伺服器模型之運作流程…………………….25
§ 3.2 網頁伺服器佇列模型…………………………..29
§ 3.2.1 網頁伺服器之節點介紹………………………….30
§ 3.2.2 網頁伺服器模型之運作流程…………………….32
§ 3.3 網頁與視訊伺服器混和佇列模型……………..37
第四章 模擬結果與分析……………………………41
§ 4.1 視訊伺服器佇列模型之模擬………………….41.
§ 4.2 網頁伺服器佇列模型之模擬………………….48
§ 4.3 ··合型伺服器佇列模型之模擬……………….51
§ 4.4 伺服器佇列模型與實測之誤差………………..55
第五章 結論…………………………………………57
§ 5.1 結論…………………………………………….57
§ 5.2 未來研究方向………………………………….58
附表一………………………………………………..60
參考文獻……………………………………………..61
圖目錄
圖1-1 視訊伺服器與儲存伺服器環境圖，其FE代表Fast Ethernet，GE則代表Gigabit ethernet…………………………4
圖2-1 TCP視窗增長模式圖………………………………………9
圖2-2 使用者點選網頁行為模式圖……………………………..10
圖2-3 典型包含儲存伺服器之視訊伺服器架設環境圖………..14
圖2-4 視訊伺服器網路封包傳送之量測環境圖………………..15
圖2-5 視訊伺服器之傳送封包模式圖…………………………..17
圖2-6 視訊伺服器與儲存伺服器之傳送封包模式圖(1)……….17
圖2-7 視訊伺服器與儲存伺服器之傳送封包模式圖(2) ………19
圖2-8 UDP封包傳送模式圖…………………………………….20
圖2-9 視訊伺服器之傳送封包模式圖(二視訊流共存之情境)...20
圖3-1 視訊伺服器之佇列模型 ………………………………...21
圖3-2 視訊伺服器之佇列模型（要求檔案路徑）…………….26
圖3-3 Aggregate節點之運作圖…………………………………27
圖3-4 視訊伺服器之佇列模型（確認封包回覆路徑）………..28
圖3-5 視訊伺服器之佇列模型（UDP封包傳送路徑）……….29
圖3-6 網頁伺服器之佇列模型…………………………………..31
圖3-7 網頁伺服器佇列模型（要求檔案路徑）………………..33
圖3-8 網頁伺服器佇列模型（確認封包回覆路徑）…………..34
圖3-9 網頁伺服器佇列模型（網頁檔案傳送路徑）…………..35
圖3-10 token 2節點之反應動作圖……………………………...37
圖3-11 單一伺服器同時提供網頁與視訊服務時之佇列模型…...38
圖3-12 網頁、視訊以及混合型伺服器之三種架構圖，其(a)為1網頁伺服器、2儲存伺服器，(b)為1視訊伺服器、2儲存伺服器，(c)為1混合伺服器、1網頁儲存伺服器、1視訊儲存伺服器………………………………………………………....39
圖4-1 在不同數量視訊流情形下之UDP封包平均延遲(1)…….44
圖4-2 在不同數量視訊流情形下之UDP封包平均延遲(2)…….45
圖4-3 視訊伺服器提供81個視訊流服務時之UDP封包延遲時間變化圖………………………………………………………45
圖4-4 視訊伺服器之實測環境…………………………………....46
圖4-5 45個256Kbps視訊流之比較圖 平均誤差=2.05% 最大誤差=2.88%……………………………………………………...47
圖4-6 45個512Kbps視訊流之比較圖 平均誤差=1.52% 最大誤差=2.21%………………………………………..…………….47
圖4-7 網頁伺服器之實測環境…………………………………...49
圖4-8 模擬與實測皆為250 request/sec 檔案大小=735Bytes時之傳輸量比較圖，平均誤差=0.49% 最大誤差=7.88%….…50
圖4-9 模擬與實測皆為500 request/sec 檔案大小=735Bytes時之傳輸量比較圖，平均誤差=1.16% 最大誤差=8.17%…….50
圖4-10 模擬與實測皆為50 request/sec 檔案大小=11426Bytes時之傳輸量比較圖，平均誤差=4.70% 最大誤差=17.11%...…51
圖4-11 獨立型伺服器組與混合型伺服器組示意圖……………...53
圖4-12 視訊、網頁服務分開之伺服器與混合型伺服器之允入區間比較圖………………………………………………………54
表目錄
表1-1 常用伺服器軟體表……………………………………………..2
表3-1 視訊伺服器節點之服務時間與服務方式一覽表……………24
表3-2網頁伺服器節點之服務時間與服務方式一覽表…………….31
表4-1 模擬參數與伺服器個數………………………………………43
表4-2 程式模擬與實測所得之視訊伺服器容量上限比較表………48
表4-3 網頁要求檔案大小分佈表………………………...…………52
表4-4 模擬伺服器組使用之視訊流頻寬與網頁大小分佈 ……….53
表4-5達伺服器上限時之OS節點負載比較表…………….………55
表4-6程式模擬與實測所得之網頁伺服器反應時間比較表……….5
Right to Informational Self-determination in Japan:From Residential Basic Book Network System to Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in the Administrative Procedure
No full text隨著科技發展，政府不斷透過科技之應用，加強對人民個人資訊之蒐集、處理與利用。此種行為常使人民個人資訊陷入不法濫用之高度風險，並強力限制人民對自己資訊之自主決定權。在此種政府之措施下，政府握有對人民加以不當管理、監控之技術，可能危及個人自治，進而危及民主社會之根基。 日本法中除以民法第709 條侵權行為損害賠償請求權作為對資訊自決權之保護基礎外，更以憲法第13 條對人民之個人資訊自決加以保護。在日本，過去即已透過住民基本登錄制度之住民編號對全體人民實施管理，最高法院認其並無違憲。在科技的發展下，現今政府更對全體人民配賦共通於全國政府機關及大量民間機構之個人編號，並建置一網絡系統供政府機關自行流通此等人民之個人資訊。政府考量並改善了過去法院所指摘之不足，期待以一具備有個人資訊保護評價制度、獨立監督機關、較高刑責之制度達成對個人資訊的完整保護。然編號制度對個人資訊所進行流通、整合比對、應用卻遠較住基網絡制度深廣。進而編號法已於未具備更重要立法目的的前提下，將人民之個人資訊暴露於前所未有風險之下。人民的個人資訊受政府不法蒐集、處理、利用，進而實施一元化管理的可能。此種體制即有不符日本憲法第13 條對尊重個人、人格自治保障之虞。 回頭反思我國法，雖無建置一供全國政府機關自行流通全體人民個人資訊之網絡系統，然我國所採用之國民身分證統一編號，適用事務範圍卻遠較日本法之個人編號為廣，對於國民身分證亦有強制採取整合不同行政事務晶片之計畫。在編號下所繫資訊極為龐大的同時，我國對於政府機關間蒐集、處理、利用人民個人資訊之行為仍欠缺相關法律規範。若從日本法的經驗觀察我國現狀，我國之人民個人資訊暴露於遭不法濫用之高度風險，且有遭政府濫用而受政府不當管理、監視之虞。當務之急應為訂立對政府機關相關行為的詳細法規範、使政府機關對人民個人資訊之蒐集、處理、利用過程透明化，除考慮設置獨立監督機關、隱私影響評價制度外，並建立可供人民檢視自己資訊流動與使用情形之機制。 在採行民主體制，且憲法對人民之人格自治加以保護之國家中，政府本即不應出於抽象之行政效率等目的便對全體人民配賦一通用於全國政府機關甚至民間機構之編號。若為重大之目的而須配賦此種編號，亦應限縮編號之適用事務範圍，且不應設置一供全國政府機關得自行流通人民個人資訊之網絡系統，以降低政府機關之道德風險。同時尚應設置具相當獨立性之個人資訊保護專責機構，以求對政府蒐集、處理、利用人民個人資訊進行有效之監督。最後，無論體制如何設計，皆應考量政府對人民之不當管理與監視。在追求便利、社會福利、政府服務的同時，仍不能對國家力量掉以輕心，而應永遠監督政府對人民的監視，考量國家可能帶來的侵害，在利害間進行衡量與折衝。配合人民權利意識的提升，在體制中儘量給予人民選擇的自由。Due to advanced technology, the government has been empowered to collecting, processing and using variety of personal information about individuals. It exposes personal information to high risk of being used illegally and restraint on people’s control on self-information. By controlling personal information, the government is capable of managing and monitoring people improperly. At last, it might cause the collapse of the democracy. . In Japanese Law, the right to informational self-determination is protected not only by Article 709, Civil Law, but also by Article 13 of the Constitution of Japan. However, the Residential Basic Book Network System allocated Resident Registration Numbers to every individual and built a network system for managing people. Although it is criticized for eroding the right to informational self-determination, it is approved constitutional by the Supreme Court of Japan. Furthermore, the government enacted the Act on the Use of Numbers to Identify a Specific Individual in the Administrative Procedure, allocated Personal Numbers to every individual, and allowed all government agency and partial private organization to use the number for exchange people’s personal information by a new network system. Although the Government considered and improved the shortcomings criticized by the Supreme Court’s judgment in the past, expect to reach the thoroughly protection of right to informational self-determination by a system with privacy impact assessment, independent oversight agency and higher punishment, the “Act of Numbers” still makes personal information being much more exchanged, matched and used. Without an important legislative purpose, the “Act of Numbers” exposes people’s personal information to unprecedented risks and enables the Government to implement singular control on people. As the result, the “Act of Numbers” doesn’t meet the protection of respect to individual and personal autonomy which praised by Article 13 of Constitution of Japan. In the mean time in Taiwan, although there is not a network system for all government agency to exchange personal information, the use of National ID Card Number is being used much more extensively than Japan’s personal number. Furthermore, it is still planed by the Government to force each citizen to hold national ID card with IC chip built-in, which integrated different administrative affairs. While a large numbers of personal information is recorded on the National ID Card Number, Taiwan still lack of the relevant legal norms on the exchanging of personal information among government agency. Drawing on legal experiences of Japanese law, the priority in Taiwan should be enacting detailed legal norms to rule the relevant government agencies conduct, enhance the transparency of how government agency collect, process and use personal information. To go a step further, I suggest it is necessary to set up independent supervisory authority, privacy impact assessments and a system for the citizen to inspect the flow and use of self-information. . In a democratic country, the government should not allocate numbers to the citizen, nor build a network system for the government agency to manage people without particular and major purpose. If the number is allocated, the affair using the number should be limited strictly and clearly. Furthermore, there should be independent supervisory authority, privacy impact assessments and a system for the citizen to inspect the flow and use of self-information. Finally, no matter how the system designed, the improper management and monitoring by the Government should always be considered while the pursuit of convenience, social welfare, and government services
Role of Arabidopsis histone deacetylases HDA6 and HDA19 in ABA and abiotic stress responses
No full text組蛋白乙醯化(Histone acetylation)與去乙醯化(Histone deacetylation)對於真核生物的轉錄活性非常重要，而組蛋白乙醯化程度是由組蛋白乙醯化酶(Histone acetyltransferase)與去乙醯化酶(Histone deacetylase)所調控。組蛋白乙醯化通常會造成基因表現的提高，而組蛋白去乙醯化則會降低基因表現。近幾年的研究報告指出，組蛋白乙醯化參與於植物對於離層酸(ABA)與高鹽、乾旱、低溫等非生物逆境之反應與抗性當中。然而到目前為止，植物中組蛋白乙醯化與去乙醯化與逆境反應之間的分子機制尚未明朗化。因此在本研究中，我將針對離層酸與高鹽、乾旱、低溫等非生物逆境，來探討組蛋白乙醯化酶HDA6與HDA19在阿拉伯芥中的功能。 HDA6與HDA19屬於RPD3/HDA1家族中的組蛋白去乙醯化酶，兩者具有類似的氨基酸序列，而且兩者在阿拉伯芥不同的生長階段具有相似的表現。在本次研究裡，我使用了hda6的突變株axe1-5和RNA干擾株 (RNA interfering line) CS24039以及 hda19的T-DNA插入株athd1-t1來研究HDA6和HDA19在阿拉伯芥中對於離層酸與非生物逆境反應的訊號傳遞扮演著何種角色。axe1-5是一種splicing mutant，此突變株在HDA6 剪切位(splicing site)上發生點突變。athd1-t1是HDA19的T-DNA插入株，有一T-DNA插入在HDA19的第二個外顯子(exon)中。xe1-5，CS24039和athd1-t1在種子萌發階段對於離層酸皆表現出高度敏感性，而且與離層酸反應相關的基因都呈現較低的表現量(ABI1, ABI2, KAT1, KAT2 和RD29B)。在高鹽逆境下，axe1-5和CS24039呈現較低的種子萌發率與存活率，但是athd1-t1與野生型植物並無明顯差異。根據RT-PCR的結果，我發現axe1-5和CS24039中與高鹽有所反應的相關基因(MYB2, RD29B, DREB2A和RD29A)的表現量較低，但是在athd1-t1中只有RD29B和DREB2A呈現較低的表現量。從植物對於高鹽逆境的外表現型與相關基因表現量的結果發現，HDA6相較於HDA19在高鹽逆境的機制中扮演著比較重要的功能。同時，我也觀察了植物在低溫逆境中的外表形與相關基因表現的差異，發現HDA6和HDA19的突變株與野生型植物並無明顯差異。根據這個結果可推論出，HDA6與HDA19並無參與於低溫逆境的機制中。利用組蛋白免疫沈澱法(Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay)瞭解了與離層酸和高鹽逆境相關基因的組蛋白3(H3)乙醯化與甲基化程度。透過這種實驗方法得知離層酸與高鹽可以提高其相關基因 (ABI1, ABI2, KAT1, KAT2,DREB2A, RD29A和RD29B)的H3乙醯化與甲基化程度，而Col野生型與axe1-5 之間的差異亦可證明HDA6參與其中。由這個結果可推論出離層酸與高鹽環境透過改變H3乙醯化與甲基化程度的方式來增加其離層酸與高鹽逆經相關基因的表現量，而HDA6扮演著重要的角色。Acetylation and deacetylation of nucleosomal core histones play important roles in regulation of eukaryotic transcriptional activity. Histone acetylation levels are determined by the action of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. Acetylation of the histone is often associated with increased gene activity, whereas deacetylation of histones is correlated with transcriptional repression. Recent studies indicated that histone acetylation is involved in plant response to ABA and abiotic stresses including salt, drought and cold stresses. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of how histone acetylation and deacetylation are involved in stress response in plants. In this study, I focus on ABA, salt, drought and cold stresses to study the role of Arabidopsis histone deacetylases HDA6 and HDA19 in ABA response and abiotic stress signaling. HDA6 and HDA19 are members of RPD3/HDA1 histone deacetylases family, and they have similar amino acid sequence and gene expression patterns in different development stages. A hda6 mutant line, axe1-5, and a HDA6 RNA interfering line, CS24039, as well as a HDA19 T-DNA insertion line, athd1-t1, were used to study the role of HDA6 and HDA19 in ABA and abiotic stress signaling. axe1-5 is a splicing mutant which carries a point mutation in the HDA6 splicing site, athd1-t1 has a T-DNA inserted in second exon of HDA19.ompared with wild-type, axe1-5, CS24039 and athd1-t1 displayed higher sensitivity to ABA during the seed germination stage, and lower expression level of ABA-responsive genes (ABI1, ABI2, KAT1, KAT2 and RD29B). In high salinity stress, axe1-5 and CS24039 displayed lower germination rates and survival rates compared with wild-type. However, athd1-t1 has no significant difference with wild-type in high salinity stress. Compared with wild-type, axe1-5 and CS24039 displayed lower expression of salt-responsive genes (MYB2, RD29B, DREB2A and RD29A) under salt stress, but athd1-t1 displayed lower expression of RD29B and DREB2A only under salt stress. These results suggested that HDA6 might plat an important role in salt stress signaling pathway. Phenotypic comparison and RT-PCR analysis of cold stress responsive genes indicated that there was no significant difference between wild types, hda6 and hda19 mutants, suggesting that HDA6 and HDA19 are not involved in cold stress signaling pathways. further analyzed the H3 acetylation and methylation levels of the salt and ABA response genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. It was found that ABA and salt can increase the H3 acetylation and methylation level of ABA and salt response genes (ABI1, ABI2, KAT1, KAT2, DREB2A, RD29A and RD29B), and wild-type and axe1-5 displayed different level of H3 acetylation and methylation. These results suggested that ABA and salt can induces the response gene expression by altering the H3 acetylation and methylaiton level, and HDA6 is required for this process.Table of Contentsbstract..................................................Ibbreviations...........................................IIIable of Contents......................................VIIIist of Figures..........................................XIist of Tables.........................................XIIIntroduction..............................................1.Histone acetylation.....................................1.Abiotic stress responses and signaling pathways in plants...................................................12.Histone acetylation and plant abiotic stress response.................................................15aterials and methods....................................18esults..................................................35.HDA6 and HDA19 mutants were more sensitive to ABA and NaCl in seed germination.................................35.axe1-5 and HDA6 RNAi plants were more sensitive to salt........................................................38.axe1-5 and HDA6 RNAi plants were more sensitive to drought stress...........................................40.No significant difference was found among wild-type, HDA6 and HDA19 mutantsin cold response...................40.HDA6 and HDA19 mutants displayed decreased expression of ABA-responsive genes.....................................42.HDA6 and HDA19 mutants displayed lower expression of salt stress-responsive genes.............................44.HDA6 and HDA19 did not affect gene expression involved in cold and drought stress pathways......................47.ABA affected the level of histone acetylation and methylation of some ABA-responsive genes.................48.Salt affected the level of histone acetylation and methylation of some salt-responsive genes................51iscussion...............................................54.HDA6 and HDA19 are both involved in ABA response in Arabidopsis..............................................54.HDA6 and HDA19 may have distinct functions in abiotic stress response..........................................55.ABA and salt can affect the histone acetylation and methylation and HDA6 is required for this process........56eferences...............................................6
Synthesis of Low Polydispersity Polyfluorene and Their Block Copolymer via Coupling Reaction
No full text本研究是利用Suzuki-Miyaura 偶合反應合成出一系列具均一分子量分布(monodisperse)的聚芴高分子 (poly(9,9-di-n-octyl-2,7-fluorene), PFO) ，並利用帶有醛基的金屬鈀錯合物為觸媒合成出尾端帶有醛基的聚芴高分子，再以陰離子聚合法合成兩組不同分子量大小且分子量分布(polydispersity index, PDI) 均在1.2以內的聚2乙烯吡啶 (poly(2-vinylpyridine) ，再將兩種高分子進行尾端偶合反應，得到兩組導電─絕緣團聯共聚高分子。 將四組聚芴高分子及兩組共聚高分子進行基本的性質測試。包含以膠體滲透層析儀 (Gel Permeation Chromatography, GPC) 測量其分子量與分子量分布情形、以質譜儀 (MALDI-TOF) 鑑定尾端官能基結構、以及用紫外光─可見光光譜儀 (UV-Vis Spectrophotometer) 和螢光光譜儀 (Photoluminescence) 量測其光學性質，還有利用熱重分析儀 (Thermogravimetric Analyzer, TGA) 及微差掃描卡計 (differential scanning calorimeter, DSC) 進行熱性質量測，了解團聯共聚高分子與原組成高分子的性質差異之處。也藉由小角度X光散射 (small angle X-ray scattering, SAXS)、廣角度X光散射 (wide angle X-ray scattering, WAXS) 及穿透式電子顯微鏡 (Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM) 來偵測聚芴高分子及共聚高分子的微結構排列情形、使用偏光顯微鏡 (polarized optical microscopy, POM) 來觀測相轉換的情形。總結以上的數據資訊，獲得不同分子量之聚芴高分子、以聚芴和聚2乙烯吡啶所組成的團聯共聚高分子之基本特性與其在微結構方面的認識。In the thesis, a series of low polydispersity poly(9,9-di-n-octyl-2,7-fluorene) (PFO) was synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, and was tried to use arylpalladium(II) halide complexes with formyl group as catalysts to convert aldehyde-terminated PFO. In addition, a monodispersed homopolymer living anion of poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) was synthesized via anionic polymerization using sec-butyllithium as an initiator. Block copolymers of PFO-b-P2VP were synthesized by a nucleophilic addition reaction between P2VP living anion and aldehyde-terminated PFO. Two PFO-b-P2VP block copolymers with different PFO/P2VP molar ratio were successfully synthesized with high yield. The synthesized PFO and PFO-b-P2VP were characterized by using various techniques including Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), MALTI-TOF, UV-Vis, Photoluminescence (PL), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Furthermore, we used the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) techniques to study the crystalline structures of homo PFO and PFO in the PFO-b-P2VP nanostructures, and used Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) to observe phase transition phenomenon. It was found that the different properties and microstructures of PFO and their block copolymers.誌謝 ............................................................................................................................... I要 .............................................................................................................................. IIbstract ...................................................................................................................... III錄 ............................................................................................................................. IV目錄 ........................................................................................................................ VII目錄 .......................................................................................................................... X圖目錄 .............................................................................................................. X一章 緒論 ................................................................................................................. 1二章 文獻回顧 ........................................................................................................ 2.1 聚芴高分子 (Polyfluorene) ......................................................................... 2.1.1 合成方法 ............................................................................................. 2.1.1-1 Yamamoto coupling .......................................................................... 2.1.1-2 Suzuki coupling6 ............................................................................... 3.1.1-3 Grignard metathesis method ............................................................. 6.1.2 PFO的相行為及分子堆疊 ................................................................ 8.1.3 光學性質 ............................................................................................. 9.2 陰離子聚合15 .............................................................................................. 11.2.1 陰離子反應之起始劑 ...................................................................... 11.2.2 陰離子反應之單體與反應機制 ...................................................... 11.2.3 特殊尾端官能基之陰離子聚合17 .................................................. 13.3 團聯共聚高分子 (Block Copolymer)....................................................... 16三章 實驗 ............................................................................................................... 18.1 實驗藥品 ...................................................................................................... 18.2 儀器設備 ...................................................................................................... 20.3 實驗步驟 ...................................................................................................... 21.3.1 合成poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) ....................................................... 21.3.1-1 合成2-(4'',4'',5'',5''-tetramethyl-1'',3'',2''-dioxa-borolan-2''-yl)-7-bromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene 21 ..................................................................................................... 21.3.1-2 合成tBu3PPd(Ph)Br 9 .................................................................... 21.3.1-3 合成PFO 9 ..................................................................................... 22.3.1-4 尾端醛基化之PFO 合成 ............................................................. 22.3.2 陰離子聚合 ...................................................................................... 24.3.2-1 無水溶劑的製備22 ....................................................................... 24.3.2-2 聚合用單體之純化 ....................................................................... 24.3.2-3 陰離子聚合反應步驟 ................................................................... 26.3.3 合成團聯共聚高分子 PFO-b-P2VP ............................................. 28.3.3-1 反應前PFO的製備 ...................................................................... 28.3.3-2 尾端偶合反應 ............................................................................... 28四章 結果與討論 .................................................................................................. 30.1 Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)及單體合成之鑑定 ........................................... 30.1.1 2-(4'',4'',5'',5''-tetramethyl-1'',3'',2''-dioxa-borolan-2''-yl)-7-bromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene合成鑑定 ................................................................................. 30.1.2 PFO合成鑑定 ................................................................................... 31.1.3尾端醛基化之PFO合成鑑定 ......................................................... 33.2 P2VP合成之鑑定 ........................................................................................ 35.3 團聯共聚高分子PFO-b-P2VP合成之鑑定 ............................................ 36.4 熱性質分析 .................................................................................................. 38.4.1 熱重分析儀 (thermal gravimetric analyzer, TGA) .................... 38.4.2微差掃描卡計 (differential scanning calorimeter, DSC) ............ 41.4.2-1 homo PFO ....................................................................................... 41.4.2-2 PFO-b-P2VP ................................................................................... 43.5 光學性質分析 ............................................................................................. 45.5.1 紫外線/可見光 (UV/Vis)光譜及螢光光譜儀 (luminescence spectrophotometer, PL) 分析 .................................................................. 45.5.1-1 Homo PFO ...................................................................................... 45.5.1-2 PFO-b-P2VP ................................................................................... 47.5.1-3 PFO-b-P2VP 在兩種不同溶劑比例混合下之光學性質 ............ 49.6 微結構分析 .................................................................................................. 54.6.1 小角度X光散射 (small angle X-ray scattering, SAXS) 圖譜分析 ................................................................................................................. 54.6.2 廣角度X光散射 (wide angle X-ray scattering, WAXS) 圖譜分析 ................................................................................................................. 56.6.2-1 PFO之WAXS分析 ...................................................................... 56.6.2-2 PFO-b-P2VP之WAXS分析 ........................................................ 59.6.3 偏光顯微鏡 (polarized optical microscopy, POM) ..................... 62.6.3-1 homo PFO ....................................................................................... 62.6.3-2 PFO-b-P2VP ................................................................................... 64.6.4 homo PFO之相圖 ............................................................................ 66.6.5 TEM影像分析 ................................................................................. 66.6.5-1 PFO-b-P2VP之塊材分析 .............................................................. 66.6.5-2 PFO-b-P2VP在溶劑─非溶劑系統下之分析 ............................. 68五章 結論 ............................................................................................................... 72I考文獻 ..................................................................................................................... 74圖 ............................................................................................................................. 7
The effect of sintered dicalcium pyrophosphate on osteoclast metabolism: An ultrastructural study
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