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Synthesis of Alkyl Citrates (−)-CJ-13,981, (−)-CJ-13,982, and (−)-L-731,120 via a Cyclobutene Diester
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efficient and step-economic new approach to alkyl citrate natural
products from a cyclobutene diester is presented. The key sequence
involves a formal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition of a silylketene acetal with
dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate to provide the cyclobutene diester 14 with 4.5:1 stereoselectivity. Exposure of diester 14 in acidic methanol effected a hydrolysis, intramolecular
oxy-Michael reaction, and cyclobutanone methanolysis cascade to give
the triester 15. Iodination and elimination then afforded
a key alkyl citrate alkene intermediate, which was converted into
the natural products (−)-CJ-13,982 (1), (−)-CJ-13,981
(2), and (−)-L-731,120 (3) via a
cross-metathesis and subsequent reduction
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
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The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
Murine coronavirus-induced apoptosis in 17Cl-1 cells involves a mitochondria-mediated pathway and its downstream caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage.
No full textEpidemiology of HBV infection in Asian blood donors: Emphasis on occult HBV infection and the role of NAT
No full textCauses of Increased Mortality from Hepatocellular Carcinoma in High Incidence Country: The Taiwan Experience
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