13 research outputs found
Skills and capabilities for a sustainable and circular economy: The changing role of design
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordImplementing practices for a circular economy transforms the way companies do business, notably in the manufacturing industry. However, a circular economy requires a transformation of both production and consumption systems; the standard approach for creation, fabrication, and commerce of products is challenged. Authors repeatedly call for the development of new proficiencies to attend to system transformations, but these so far have not been described for design and engineering. Given that the design of a product directly influences the way a value chain will be managed, building circular, globally sustainable value chains inevitably signifies a fundamental change in the practice of design. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on case studies from a variety of multinational enterprises that are transforming their product strategies for climate change. Changes in design processes were identified, revealing a growing necessity for industry to employ new proficiencies that support closure of material loops. This paper contributes to existing literature by depicting successful practices being implemented in industry. A variety of new capabilities are key to design for a sustainable future; these range from deeper knowledge of material composition to rich understanding of social behaviour. Resulting from this research, learning goals are proposed to serve as guidance for manufacturing companies seeking to tackle climate change. Conclusions aim to encourage researchers and academics to respond to emerging needs by re-thinking education in design and engineering.Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT
Skills and capabilities for a sustainable and circular economy: The changing role of design
No full textImplementing practices for a circular economy transforms the way companies do business, notably in the manufacturing industry. However, a circular economy requires a transformation of both production and consumption systems; the standard approach for creation, fabrication, and commerce of products is challenged. Authors repeatedly call for the development of new proficiencies to attend to system transformations, but these so far have not been described for design and engineering. Given that the design of a product directly influences the way a value chain will be managed, building circular, globally sustainable value chains inevitably signifies a fundamental change in the practice of design. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on case studies from a variety of multinational enterprises that are transforming their product strategies for climate change. Changes in design processes were identified, revealing a growing necessity for industry to employ new proficiencies that support closure of material loops. This paper contributes to existing literature by depicting successful practices being implemented in industry. A variety of new capabilities are key to design for a sustainable future; these range from deeper knowledge of material composition to rich understanding of social behaviour. Resulting from this research, learning goals are proposed to serve as guidance for manufacturing companies seeking to tackle climate change. Conclusions aim to encourage researchers and academics to respond to emerging needs by re-thinking education in design and engineering
Experimental stiffness investigation of finger joints in glued laminated timber beams using digital image correlation
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s)Glued laminated timber (GLT) is an engineered wood product widely used in structural applications. The mechanical properties of the GLT beams significantly depend on the mechanical properties of local weak sections such as knots and finger joints (FJs). Conventionally, the mechanical behavior of the local weak sections has been mainly investigated in the individual lamellae. In the present study, their mechanical behaviors within the GLT beams are investigated. 22 GLT beams with well-known beam setups in four-point bending tests were studied. Digital image correlation was used to measure displacements and strains in the region of the beams with the constant bending moment. This paper presents the strain distributions in the GLT beams and discusses the influence of the timber board arrangements and, accordingly, the knots and the FJs. As expected, the strain distributions of the GLT beams vary significantly. Depending on the arrangement of the knots, they can cause strain concentrations in the beams, which can be distributed to the adjacent lamellae. FJs do not cause significant strain concentrations; however, they can influence the strain distribution along the lamellae. Furthermore, a reduced stiffness of the FJs, compared to the connected timber boards, is identified.Peer reviewe
Macro-micro mechanics of Fujian River sand under triaxial shear using X-ray micro-tomography
No full textFujian River sand (FJS) is a complex mixture of minerals and rock fragments shaped by the dynamic geological history of Fujian province, China. The macro-micro mechanical responses of FJS under triaxial shear were carefully investigated through the X-ray tomography-based in-situ triaxial test. By utilizing the particle tracking strategy with the signature of histograms of orientation, both intact and crushed FJS particles can be successfully recognized and tracked at different stages of axial strain. It is found that a. smaller particles are more likely to crush than larger ones, and the crushed particles have more irregular particle shapes than the original set of particles; b. the coordination number, fabric anisotropy, 3D rose map, and particle displacement are found to highly correlate to the phase transition point from volumetric contraction to dilation; c. The sample deformation is found to be uniform at the early stage, and then it starts to spread from the boundaries to the inner part, and finally develops into an inclined shear band; d. locations of particle breakage within the granular assemblage show an overall sporadic and irregular pattern throughout the shearing process, which is not strongly correlated with the shear band developed, even at large strains.The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
The impact of patellofemoral joint diseases on functional outcomes and prosthesis survival in patients undergoing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textAbstract Background Patellofemoral joint (PFJ) diseases are chronic degenerative conditions that contribute to knee joint symptoms. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is widely regarded as an effective treatment for knee osteoarthritis (KOA); however, its specific indications remain a subject of debate. Hypothesis Patients with PFJ disease are expected to experience outcomes post-UKA comparable to those of patients without PFJ disease. Methods We conducted this meta-analysis following the guidelines outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted for studies examining the association between PFJ disease and UKA, including publications up to September 2024. Extracted data encompassed author, publication year, country, disease type, prosthesis type, sample size, mean patient age, gender distribution, follow-up duration, PFJ disease prevalence at surgery, diagnostic methods, and whether PFJ disease was considered a contraindication for UKA. To maintain objectivity, only studies in which PFJ diseases were visually identifiable were included in the meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 15.0 and Review Manager 5.4.1. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Knee Society Score (KSS), flexion range of motion (ROM), Forgotten Joint Score (FJS), Tegner activity score, and prosthesis survival rate, with outcomes stratified by PFJ disease type (PFJ degeneration or patella cartilage injury). Mean differences, confidence intervals, and P values were calculated for comparisons between the PFJ disease and non-PFJ disease groups. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) were applied to evaluate the risk of bias. To address heterogeneity, sensitivity analyses were performed, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Results A total of 14,866 knees from 48 relevant studies were included in this systematic review. Methodological quality was assessed using the MINORS criteria, with case series scoring 11.0/16 and cohort studies scoring 18.2/24. PFJ degeneration emerged as the most studied condition, followed by patella cartilage injury. Clinical outcomes assessments indicated that medial PFJ degeneration, anterior knee pain, patella cartilage damage, and patella baja did not significantly impact UKA outcomes or prosthesis survival. However, severe lateral PFJ degeneration, lateral patellar subluxation, lateral trochlear osteophytes, and patellar bone marrow edema did influence results. Fifteen high-quality studies were included in the meta-analysis, involving 6080 patients-1338 in the PFJ disease group and 4,742 in the non-PFJ disease group. With an average NOS score of 7.2, the studies were generally of high quality. Meta-analysis results showed no significant differences between groups in final follow-up OKS, FJS, Tegner activity score, or prosthesis survival rate. However, the PFJ disease group had lower KSS and reduced flexion ROM compared to the non-PFJ disease group. Subgroup analysis further revealed that the PFJ degeneration group scored lower than the patella cartilage injury group on OKS, KSS, and flexion ROM following UKA. Conclusion In summary, PFJ disease was found to have limited impact on UKA outcomes; however, caution is recommended for cases involving severe lateral PFJ degeneration due to potential restrictions in postoperative knee function, particularly affecting flexion ROM in UKA patients
Emotional intelligence: The key to improving IT management in the U.S. government
No full textThe purpose of this study is to address gap in management literature on technology management in the public sector by studying the relationship between leader emotional intelligence (EI) and effective technology management.Emotional Intelligence: The Key to Improving IT Management in the U.S. Government
Tammy M. Borkowski
Doctoral Candidate
University of Maryland University College
[email protected]
July 2012
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Transformational Leadership, Chief Information Officer (CIO) Agenda
•
Purpose and Scope
•
Research Questions
•
Significance for Management
•
Literature Themes
•
Key Propositions
•
Conceptual Framework
•
Thesis Statement
•
Research Approach
•
Findings
•
Implications for Management Practice
•
Areas for Future Research Purpose and Scope
•
Purpose
Address gap in management literature on technology management in the public sector by studying the relationship between leader emotional intelligence (EI) and effective technology management.
•
Scope
Study focuses on the performance effectiveness of U.S. Federal Chief Information Officers (CIOs) and their employees.
Twenty-eight studies representing the last decade of empirical research are analyzed.
Public, private and non-profit organizations are represented in the previous research studies.
2011 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey triangulates previous empirical research findings. Research Questions
1.
How does Federal CIO EI affect their effectiveness?
2.
How does Federal CIO EI affect follower response behaviors?
Leader-member exchange (LMX) quality
Follower organizational commitment (FOC)
Follower job performance (FJP)
Follower job satisfaction (FJS)
Follower happiness (FH) Significance for Management
•
U.S. Government spends more than $60 billion annually on IT, but fails to achieve the productivity gains that private industry has realized from IT (Kundra, 2010; Seifert, 2005).
•
Given the current fiscal climate, the Obama Administration has a renewed focus on IT innovation to improve operational efficiencies and reduce costs in order to create a more efficient and effective government (Kundra, 2010; McClure, 2010)
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An opportunity for improving Federal IT management lies in Federal CIOs’ utilization of EI and transformational behaviors to build effective work relationships and positively affect strategic outcomes within U.S. Government agencies. Literature Themes
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CIO Role - History and Importance
Boyle & Burbridge (1991); Synnott (1985, 1987); Weaver (1981)
McClure (2000); U.S. Government Accountability Office (2000)
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Leadership & Contribution to Leader Effectiveness
Bass (1985, 1990); Burns (1978); House (1971, 1977)
Applegate & Elam (1992); Feeny & Willcocks (1998); Hagel & Brown (2001)
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EI & Contribution to Leader Effectiveness
Gardner (1983) ; Sternberg (1986, 1997); Thorndike (1920)
Bar-On (1997); Dulewicz & Higgs (2000); Goleman (1995); Mayer & Salovey (1990)
•
CIO Effectiveness – Antecedents & Outcomes
Rockart (1982); Smaltz, Sambamurthy, & Agarwal (2006) Key Propositions
From the literature review, 25 propositions were derived. Five are integral to the study.
[P7]: Transformational leaders are more effective and have higher quality relationships with their followers.
[P8]: Transformational leadership style increases follower productivity, job satisfaction, and happiness.
[P15]: Followers respond to emotionally intelligent leaders by increasing their commitment to the organization.
[P19]: Emotional intelligence is an emotional competency that is often present in transformational leaders.
[P20]: Emotional intelligence is positively related to one’s effectiveness and has become increasingly popular as a measure for identifying potentially effective leaders.. 7
Conceptual Model Thesis Statement
A high degree of emotional intelligence positively affects Federal CIO effectiveness, the quality of the leader-member exchange, and follower response behaviors, including organizational commitment, job performance, job satisfaction, and happiness. Research Approach
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Research Synthesis
Developed seven search strings and six complex searches
Searched EBSCO’s Business Source Complete, ProQuest’s ABI/INFORM Complete, and Internet
Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in the identification of 28 empirical studies
Qualitative analysis of previous study findings
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Triangulation with Secondary Data
Results from 2011 U.S. Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS) validated previous empirical research findings
Department of Defense chosen as target population (high percentage of technology workers)
Ran Pearson correlation coefficient between independent and dependent variables Data Collection and Analysis – Previous Studies
Author (year)
Dependent
Variables
LE
LMX
FOC
FJP
FJS
FH
Bono et al. (2007)
X
Bushra et al. (2011)
X
X
Carmeli & Josman (2006)
X
Carmeli (2003)
X
Carter et al. (2009)
X
Chih & Lin (2009)
X
Cote & Miners (2006)
X
De Vries et al. (2010)
X
X
X
Dhawan & Mulla (2011)
X
Farahani et al. (2011)
X
Geer et al. (2008)
X
Jadhav & Mulla (2010)
X
Law et al. (2008)
X
Liang & Chi (2011)
X
Liu et al. (2010)
X
Lo et al. (2010)
X
Mohammad et al. (2011)
X
Mustafa & Amjad (2011)
X
X
X
Piccolo & Colquitt (2006)
X
Rangriz& Mehrabi (2010)
X
X
Rosete& Ciarrochi (2005)
X
Semadar et al. (2006)
X
Strauss et al. (2009)
X
Tse & Wing (2008)
X
X
Viator (2001)
X
X
X
Wang et al. (2005)
X
Weinberger (2009)
X
Wong & Law (2002)
X
X
Findings – Previous Studies
H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5 are supported.
None of the previous studies addressed H6. Data Collection and Analysis – Employee Survey
Hypothesis
Independent Variable
Dependent
Variables
LEI
LE
LMX
FOC
FJP
FJS
FJH
H1
SL
LKMI
H2
SL
EEI-IR
H3
SL
EEI-CO
H4
SL
EEI-EC
H5
SL
JSI
H6
SL
PWE
Study Variables
FEVS Analysis Areas
FEVS Questions
Leader EI (LEI)
Supervisor and leadership indices (SL)
42, 44, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61
Leader Effectiveness (LE)
Leadership & Knowledge Management Index (LKMI)
10, 35, 36, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61, 64, 66
LMX
Interpersonal relationship index (EEI-IR)
47, 48, 49, 51, 52
Follower Organizational Commitment (FOC)
Communication index (EEI-CO )
53, 54, 56, 60, 61
Follower Job Performance (FJP)
Employee motivation & competency index (EEI-EC)
3, 4, 6, 11, 12
Follower Job Satisfaction (FJS)
Job Satisfaction Index (JSI)
4, 5, 13, 63, 67, 69, 70
Follower Happiness (FH)
Personal work experience index (PWE)
1, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19
r = Pearson Correlation CoefficientFindings – Employee Survey
r = 1
r = .95
r = 1
r = .86
r = .93
r = .91 Implications for Management Practice
•
Study findings indicate that Federal CIO EI has a profound effect on their effectiveness, LMX quality, and the organizational commitment, job performance, job satisfaction, and happiness of their employees.
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Improve IT operational efficiencies and reduce costs, creating a more efficient and effective government.
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Unlike cognitive intelligence, EI can be improved with leadership training and development. Therefore, the study informs
Talent management practice in the U.S. Government
Federal CIO career planning
Higher education curriculum Areas for Future Research
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Employee happiness as a construct holds much promise for improving organizational performance outcomes by increasing employee productivity.
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Consistent methodology for measuring EI and transformational behaviors.
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Cultural influence on generalizability of results.
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Lack of LMX studies addressing the public sector.
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EI job-related moderators, such as follower job autonomy and follower job complexity.
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Degree to which CIO emotional competencies vary by agency, organization size, job or position type, job role, or gender. Trends
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Technology is continually evolving
Federal CIOs need to stay abreast of new and emerging technology
Federal CIOs must be able to cross the generational divide
Federal agencies need to be learning organizations
•
IT budget control being centralized
IT requirements are decentralized within agencies
Agencies must manage this incongruence Conclusions
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This study is the first to explore the critical success factors for U.S. Federal CIOs and inform technology management in the public sector.
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Study highlights the organizational management challenges faced by public sector managers.
•
Study results clearly affirm the utilization of EI and transformational leadership behaviors as a management tool for nurturing positive leader-follower work relationships, which have the potential to influence strategic outcomes, creating a more efficient and effective government
The outflow from Hudson Strait and its contribution to the Labrador Current
No full textAuthor Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55 (2008): 926-946, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.012.Hudson Strait delivers a large amount of fresh water to the subpolar North Atlantic due to
a large riverine input into the upstream Hudson Bay System and to the rerouting
of Arctic
Ocean waters. The fresh waters flowing out of Hudson Strait feed the Labrador Current, a
current that has a significant impact on the climate and ecosystem of the entire northeastern
seaboard. The lack of measurements from the strait have, until recently, made it difficult to
determine the relative contribution of Hudson Strait to the properties and variability of the
Labrador Current compared to other sources. This study describes the first year round
observations of the outflow as obtained from a moored array deployed midstrait
from August
2004 to 2005, and from a highresolution
hydrographic section conducted in September of 2005.
The outflow from Hudson Strait has the structure of a buoyant boundary current spread
across the sloping topography of its southern edge. The variability in the flow is dominated by the
extreme semidiurnal
tides and by vigorous, mostly barotropic, fluctuations over several days.
The fresh water export is seasonally concentrated between June and March with a peak in
NovemberDecember,
consistent with the seasonal riverine input and seaice
melt. It is highly
variable on weekly timescales due to synchronous salinity and velocity variations. The estimated
volume and liquid fresh water transports during 20042005
are respectively of 11.2
Sv and 7888
(2829)
mSv relative to a salinity of 34.8 (33). This implies that the Hudson Strait outflow
accounts for approximately 15% of the volume and 50% of the fresh water transports of the
Labrador Current. This larger than previously estimated contribution is partially due to the
recycling, within the Hudson Bay System, of relatively fresh waters that flow into Hudson Strait,
along its northern edge. It is speculated that the source of this inflow is the outflow from Davis
Strait.Straneo acknowledges support from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's
Ocean and Climate Change Institute and the Comer Foundation, in particular, as well as support for NSF OCE0629411.
Support to FJS from NSERC Research Grant and the Canadian Program on Energy Research and
Development
Pattern-Matching Algorithms on Indeterminate Strings
No full textTitle: Pattern-Matching Algorithms on Indeterminate Strings, Author: Shu Wang, Location: ThodeIn computing, strings are sequences of simple elements (letters) drawn from some
alphabet. A string is one of the most basic and important data structures in computer
science, it exists everywhere in computer systems. Disk files, contents of memory,
source and object code of computer programs, e-mail messages are all examples of
strings. Also in bioinformatics, nucleotides in DNA can be viewed as strings drawn
from an alphabet of four basic symbols- A, C, G and T. Algorithms that deal with
strings are correspondingly very important in the field of computer science as well as
in bioinformatics, data compression, cryptanalysis and other scientific areas. A pattern-matching algorithm is one of the most fundamental string algorithms.
Simply speaking, it outputs the occurrences of a string (called the pattern) within
another string (called the text). Exact pattern-matching algorithms have been extensively
studied in the last three decades and many algorithms have been proposed.
Among them are two well known algorithms, the Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) algorithm
[KMP77], with good worst-case performance, and the Boyer-Moore (BM) algorithm
[BM77], with good average-case performance. A recent attempt to combine
the virtues of the two algorithms results in the Franek-Jennings-Smyth (FJS) algorithm
[Jen02, FJS05b, FJS05a], which has both excellent average-case and worst-case
performance. Indeterminate strings are a new class of strings proposed in [HS03] driven by the
increasingly common application of string algorithms on biological (DNA) sequences.
Unlike letters in a normal alphabet, an indeterminate letter matches a set of letters
(under certain constraints) rather than just one during pattern-matching. Perhaps the most straightforward example of an indeterminate letter is the don't care letter
'*', that matches all letters in the alphabet. The main purpose of an indeterminate
string is to increase the flexibility of pattern-matching. It can also be seen as a
model of a DNA sequence with a polymorphism property, which is a commonplace in
molecular biology. An indeterminate string is a relatively new idea and not too many known algorithms
work on it, except for a particular version of the ShiftOr algorithm [WM92].
However as we will see, even this version can only handle a special case of indeterminate
pattern-matching. Faster and more general indeterminate pattern-matching
algorithms are desired. In this thesis we first give rigorous definitions of indeterminate
strings and then develop our new indeterminate pattern-matching algorithms,
adapted and modified from existing exact pattern-matching algorithms. There are
many different constraints and also different models of patten-matching. We present
our solution with all these variations in order of increasing complexity. We present
our rationale of development and investigate the possibility of developing new algorithms
from different categories of existing determinate algorithms. After describing
our algorithms we conduct comprehensive experiments and compare the results carefully.
In the last chapter we present our conclusions and point out the directions of
future research.ThesisMaster of Science (MS
External validation of a multivariable prediction model for identification of pneumonia and other serious bacterial infections in febrile immunocompromised children
No full text\ua9 2023 Author(s). Published by BMJ.Objective: To externally validate and update the Feverkids tool clinical prediction model for differentiating bacterial pneumonia and other serious bacterial infections (SBIs) from non-SBI causes of fever in immunocompromised children. Design: International, multicentre, prospective observational study embedded in PErsonalised Risk assessment in Febrile illness to Optimise Real-life Management across the European Union (PERFORM). Setting: Fifteen teaching hospitals in nine European countries. Participants: Febrile immunocompromised children aged 0-18 years. Methods: The Feverkids clinical prediction model predicted the probability of bacterial pneumonia, other SBI or no SBI. Model discrimination, calibration and diagnostic performance at different risk thresholds were assessed. The model was then re-fitted and updated. Results: Of 558 episodes, 21 had bacterial pneumonia, 104 other SBI and 433 no SBI. Discrimination was 0.83 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.90) for bacterial pneumonia, with moderate calibration and 0.67 (0.61 to 0.72) for other SBIs, with poor calibration. After model re-fitting, discrimination improved to 0.88 (0.79 to 0.96) and 0.71 (0.65 to 0.76) and calibration improved. Predicted risk <1% ruled out bacterial pneumonia with sensitivity 0.95 (0.86 to 1.00) and negative likelihood ratio (LR) 0.09 (0.00 to 0.32). Predicted risk >10% ruled in bacterial pneumonia with specificity 0.91 (0.88 to 0.94) and positive LR 6.51 (3.71 to 10.3). Predicted risk <10% ruled out other SBIs with sensitivity 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) and negative LR 0.32 (0.13 to 0.57). Predicted risk >30% ruled in other SBIs with specificity 0.89 (0.86 to 0.92) and positive LR 2.86 (1.91 to 4.25). Conclusion: Discrimination and calibration were good for bacterial pneumonia but poorer for other SBIs. The rule-out thresholds have the potential to reduce unnecessary investigations and antibiotics in this high-risk group
Notion, nature and extent of consent in international arbitration
No full textPhDArbitration is a consensual and private mechanism of dispute resolution which leads to
an enforceable arbitral award. In the traditional field of commercial arbitration the
agreement to arbitrate is considered to be the cornerstone of arbitration. On the other
hand, in the international context, arbitration has become increasingly used in other
areas, like investment arbitration and sport arbitration, where the consensual nature of
arbitration appears to be different.
At the beginning of the study it will be underlined that, when speaking about the
consensual nature of arbitration, one needs to differentiate between consensual as one of
the essential criteria for arbitration’s qualification and consent as a condition for the
validity of the arbitration agreement. This differentiation is especially important in sport
arbitration where, between the athletes and sport organisations, there is often induced
consent rather than bargained consent. By sustaining that the consensual character of
arbitration needs to be differentiated, but not abandoned, the thesis clearly takes a
contractual, or better, a consensual approach. It is preferable to speak of a consensual
approach, because the agreement to arbitrate does not always take the form of an
arbitration agreement in the traditional sense. This is particularly the case in investment
arbitration.
This thesis is a comparative study. However, not only a comparison of national laws
and different arbitration rules will be undertaken, but the thesis will also consider the
evolution of arbitration by discussing the implications that evolution has had on the
perception of the consensual character of arbitration. Moreover, and above all, the main
body of the thesis will be dedicated to a comparison focused on the consent issues of the
three main areas where arbitration is nowadays used in an international context:
commercial arbitration, investment arbitration and sport arbitration. It will be stressed
that, although already in the classical area of commercial arbitration, the structures of
arbitrations may be of different types, ranging from bi-party situations to multiparty
scenarios, and might play a role when considering the consensual nature of arbitration,
this becomes even clearer when one analyses the other fields of arbitration. The thesis
then also takes into account that, in the various phases of the arbitral process, the
expectations with regard to the consensual character of arbitration may be different.
In the thesis it will be argued that the reason the consensual nature of arbitration
evolved over time, and the reason that it is different among the various fields of
arbitration, might be seen in the fact that there is an inherent tension between the
contractual and the jurisdictional side of arbitration. In this situation of “inherent
tension” consent may be perceived as being more or less present. Nevertheless, the
“intensity” of consent does not affect the basically consensual character of arbitration.
While the four traditional theories (jurisdictional, contractual, mixed/hybrid and
autonomous) used to explain the juridical nature of arbitration focus rather on the
relationship between State and arbitration, the thesis attempts to indicate other solutions
which seem to be more able to explain the use of arbitration in the different areas/fields
where arbitration is expected to resolve disputes
