1,721,053 research outputs found
Evaluation of Real-Time Pcr Methods for Quantification of Acanthamoeba in Anthropogenic Water and Biofilms
No full textAims: To assess two real-time PCR methods (the Riviere and Qvarnstrom assays) for environmental Acanthamoeba. Methods and Results: DNA extracted from Acanthamoeba castellanii taken from water and biofilms of cooling towers was analysed by the Riviere and Qvarnstrom assays. To quantify environmental Acanthamoeba, the calibration curves (DNA quantity vs cell number) were constructed with samples spiked with A. castellanii. The calibration curves for both quantitative PCR assays showed low variation ( coefficient of variation of C-t = 0 center dot 99) over six orders of magnitudes with detection limit of three cells per water sample. DNA quantity determined by Qvarnstrom assay was equivalent between trophozoites and cysts (P = 0 center dot 49), whereas a significant difference was observed with Riviere assay (P < 0 center dot 0001). Riviere assay failed to detect Acanthamoeba in 21% (15/ 71) of the environmental samples which were positively detected by Qvarnstrom assay, while one sample (1 center dot 4%) was shown positive by Riviere assay but negative by Qvarnstrom assay. Moreover, Acanthamoeba counts by Qvarnstrom assay were greater than those by Riviere assay (P < 0 center dot 0001). Conclusions: Qvarnstrom assay performs better than Riviere assay for detection and quantification of Acanthamoeba in anthropogenic water and biofilms. Significance and Impact of the Study: Qvarnstrom assay may significantly contribute to a better knowledge about the distribution and abundance of Acanthamoeba in environments
A Preliminary Investigation on Genetic Association Analysis of Twin Pairs Data
No full text雙胞胎資料包含同卵雙胞胎與異卵雙胞胎，由於同卵雙胞胎和異卵雙胞胎在遺傳上有差異，但在環境上有良好的配對，所以雙胞胎資料常用於傳統雙胞胎研究及複雜疾病的基因定位研究，然而受單基因座影響的疾病的遺傳相關研究，很少使用雙胞胎資料做分析，所以本研究嘗試以染病狀態一致同卵雙胞對、染病狀態一致異卵雙胞對及染病狀態不一致異卵雙胞對三種研究設計，萃取二分類性狀遺傳訊息，進行遺傳相關分析，並以模擬研究評估此三種研究設計所對應的三種檢定方法之型Ⅰ錯誤率與檢定力。模擬結果顯示，在四種遺傳模式下，以染病狀態一致同卵雙胞對所建立的檢定方法之檢定力較其他兩種研究設計所建立的檢定方法之檢定力高。第一章緒論 ............................................... 1.1遺傳相關研究............................................1.2雙胞胎研究 ........................................... 4.3研究動機與目的 ....................................... 7二章研究方法 .......................................... 8.1 符號定義.............................................. 9.2 染病狀態一致同卵雙胞對 .............................. 10.3 染病狀態一致異卵雙胞對 ...............................12.4 染病狀態不一致異卵雙胞對 ............................ 15三章模擬研究 .......................................... 18.1模擬流程 ............................................. 18.1.1產生同卵雙胞對疾病基因與標識基因資料 ................19.1.2產生異卵雙胞對疾病基因座與標識基因座處於連鎖平衡態的疾病基因與標識基因資料..................................... 20.1.3產生異卵雙胞對疾病基因座與標識基因座處於連鎖不平衡態的疾病基因與標識基因資料................................... 26.2模擬結果...............................................26四章討論 .............................................. 34考文獻 ................................................ 35錄病狀態一致同卵雙胞對、染病狀態一致異卵雙胞對及染病狀態不一致異卵雙胞對的三種檢定方法之檢定力表現 .................. 38目錄1.1 以基因型分析的資料結構............................. 21.2 以對偶基因分析的資料結構 ...........................31.3 兩基因座單套型機率分布 ............................32.1 染病狀態一致同卵雙胞對2×3列聯表...................102.2 染病狀態一致異卵雙胞對2×6列聯表 ...................122.3 染病狀態不一致異卵雙胞對資料結構 ..................163.1 疾病基因座與標識基因座單套型機率分布 ..............193.2 標識與疾病基因型機率分布 ..........................193.3 遺傳模式 ......................................... 273.4 遺傳模式為隱性模式，互換率為0.5，疾病基因座與標識基因座處於連鎖平衡態下，三種方法之型Ⅰ錯誤 ................. 273.5 遺傳模式為顯性模式，互換率為0.5，疾病基因座與標識基因座處於連鎖平衡態下，三種方法之型Ⅰ錯誤 ............................... 283.6 遺傳模式為累加模式，互換率為0.5，疾病基因座與標識基因座處於連鎖平衡態下，三種方法之型Ⅰ錯誤 ............................... 283.7 遺傳模式為相乘模式，互換率為0.5，疾病基因座與標識基因座處於連鎖平衡態下，三種方法之型Ⅰ錯誤 ............................... 293.8 遺傳模式為隱性模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.1，互換率為0.0，於不同標準化連鎖不平衡係數，三種方法之檢定力 ............................................. 383.9 遺傳模式為顯性模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.1，互換率為0.0，於不同標準化連鎖不平衡係數，三種方法之檢定力 .............................................. 383.10 遺傳模式為累加模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.1，互換率為0.0，於不同標準化連鎖不平衡係數，三種方法之檢定力 .............................................. 393.11 遺傳模式為相乘模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.1，互換率為0.0，於不同標準化連鎖不平衡係數，三種方法之檢定力 .............................................. 393.12 遺傳模式為隱性模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因 頻率為0.3，互換率為0.0，於不同標準化連鎖不平衡係數，三 種方法之檢定力 ........................................... 403.13 遺傳模式為顯性模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.3，互換率為0.0，於不同標準化連鎖不平衡係數，三種方法之檢定力 ............................................. 403.14 遺傳模式為累加模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.3，互換率為0.0，於不同標準化連鎖不平衡係數，三種方法之檢定力 .............................................. 413.15 遺傳模式為相乘模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.3，互換率為0.0，於不同標準化連鎖不平衡係數，三種方法之檢定力 ............................................... 41目錄2.1 雙胞對資料 ......................................... 82.2 染病狀態一致同卵雙胞對 ............................ 102.3 染病狀態一致異卵雙胞對 ............................ 122.4 染病狀態不一致異卵雙胞對 .......................... 153.1 遺傳模式為隱性模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.1，三種方法之檢定力 ...........................303.2 遺傳模式為顯性模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.1，三種方法之檢定力............................ 303.3 遺傳模式為累加模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.1，三種方法之檢定力............................ 313.4 遺傳模式為相乘模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.1，三種方法之檢定力 ........................... 313.5 遺傳模式為隱性模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.3，三種方法之檢定力............................ 323.6 遺傳模式為顯性模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.3，三種方法之檢定力 ........................... 323.7 遺傳模式為累加模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.3，三種方法之檢定力............................ 333.8 遺傳模式為相乘模式，標識對偶基因頻率為0.3，疾病對偶基因頻率為0.3，三種方法之檢定力............................ 3
A Novel Cyclic AMP/Epac1/CaMKI Signaling Cascade Promotes GCM1 Desumoylation and Placental Cell Fusion
No full textStudies on chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of cultivated Armillariella mellea
No full text蜜環菌 (Armillariella mellea) 是中國傳統的中草藥，在過去的研究中被指出其內含多醣體成份具抗發炎能力。因此，得到兼具產量與品質的蜜環菌，便是本研究的目標。本研究發現在培養四十九天時，蜜環菌的乾重產量可以達到15.73 ± 0.16 g/l，同時多醣體和酒精萃取物的產量也可以分別達在到0.63 ± 0.04 g/l和5.51 ± 0.38 g/l。蜜環菌多醣體中以半乳糖和葡萄糖為主要成份，含量分別為1071.30 ± 10.89 和525.45 ± 4.14 mmol/g polysaccharide。蜜環菌酒精萃取物中含有成份ADP、cytidine和adenosine，在每毫克酒精萃取物中含量分別為0.48、0.34和0.74 mg。在抗發炎能力測定中，將蜜環菌萃取出來的多醣體、含硫多醣體和酒精萃取物分別處理在小鼠巨噬細胞RAW264.7及人類臍靜脈細胞EAhy926上，並分別以脂多醣體 (lipoplysaccharide) 和腫瘤壞死因子 (tumor necrosis factor-a) 刺激細胞使其發炎後，偵測tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)、interleukin-6 (IL-6) 和monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) 的含量。結果發現：在RAW264.7中，酒精萃取物的濃度和TNF-a及IL-6的產量有劑量正相關。此外，培養四十九天的蜜環菌多醣體500 mg/ml顯著抑制TNF-a 及IL-6分泌的能力達31.17%和62.74%。含硫多醣體對TNF-a及IL-6產量的抑制達100%及56.82%，其效果優於不含硫的多醣體。EAhy中MCP-1的含量可被培養四十九天蜜環菌的多醣體、酒精萃取物和含硫多醣體抑制到52.17％、37.49％和34.53％。以上結果皆證實蜜環菌萃取物有抗發炎的效果。綜上所述，在本研究的培養條件下，蜜環菌乾重和多醣體的產量在培養四十九天後都能有效的被提升，而半乳糖和葡萄糖則是蜜環菌多醣體中含量最多的單糖成份。除此之外，無論是蜜環菌的多醣體、含硫多醣體或酒精萃取物，都能有效抑制TNF-a、IL-6 和MCP-1等和發炎相關的細胞激素。Armillariella mellea was reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity, especially that of the polysaccharide (PS) . To mass produce high quality of A. mellea was the aim of the study. The maximum production of 15.73 ± 0.16 g/l was obtained at 49 days, with the yield of PS and ethanolic extract of 0.63 ± 0.04 g/l and 5.51 ± 0.38 g/l, respectively. Galactose and glucose was the major sugar of PS with value of 1071.30 ± 10.89 and 525.45 ± 4.14 mmol/g PS at 49-day-culture, respectively. The components of ethanolic extract included ADP, cytidine and adenosine with the value of 0.48, 0.34 and 0.74 mg/mg ethanolic extract, respectively. Effects of extracted PS, sulfated polysaccharide (SPS) and ethanolic extract from cultured A. mellea on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-a induced inflammation-related cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages and EAhy926 were evaluated. Secretions of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected in RAW264.7. The results showed that inhibition of TNF-a and IL-6 production were in a dose-dependent manner with ethanolic extract of A. mellea. PS from 49-day-cultured mycelia at 500 mg/ml showed significant inhibition of TNF-a and IL-6 in the value of 31.17% and 62.74%, respectively. Furthermore, SPS exhibited more effective on inhibition of TNF-a and IL-6 secretion as compared that with non-SPS in the value of 100% and 56.82% suppression, respectively. On the other hand, the secretion of cytokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was significantly reduced in 52.17%, 37.49% and 34.53% for 49-day-culture PS, ethanolic extract and sulfated-PS (SPS), respectively. All of the above results suggested that A. mellea exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. In conclusion, in our cultured condition, A. mellea''s dry weight and PS production could be enhanced at 49-cultured days. Glactose and glucose was the major component of A. mellea PS. PS, ethanolic extract and SPS of A. mellea significantly inhibited the release of the inflammatory related cytokines of TNF-a, IL-6 and MCP-1
The Effects of Green Light Intensity on Growth and Functional Properties of Lavandula heterophylla
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Willingness to Pay for Drug Abuse Treatment: Results from a Contingent Valuation Study in Taiwan
No full textStimulation of GCMa Transcriptional Activity by Cyclic AMP/Protein Kinase A Signaling Is Attributed to CBP-Mediated Acetylation of GCMa
No full textCharacteristics of fungal flora in onion farmlands with potential link to human mycotic keratitis
No full textIn vitro and in vivo evaluation of the possible echanisms of adlay bran extract in preventing and attenuating type 2 diabetes
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