87,677 research outputs found
Biography: Chih-Chang Chu
No full textBiography of
Chih-Chang Chu,
Professor,
Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design (FSAD
Xinjiang (China), folk dancing of Uyghurs
No full textFolk-dance of UighursImage is part of research conducted by Chang Chih-Yi for the article: Land Utilization and Settlement Possibilities in Sinkiang
Author(s): Chang Chih-Yi
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan., 1949), pp. 57-75
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/211157http://www.jstor.org/stable/211157Grayscal
Two new earthworm species of the genus Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from southwestern Taiwan
No full textShen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han, Chih, Wen-Jay (2018): Two new earthworm species of the genus Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from southwestern Taiwan. Zootaxa 4496 (1): 302-312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.2
Metaphire matsuensis Shen & Chang & Chih 2013, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Metaphire matsuensis</i> Shen, sp. nov. <p>(Figure 7)</p> <i>Type material</i> <p> <i>Holotype.</i> Clitellate (mature) specimen (84 mm in length, dissected) collected 28 June 2012 beside the Yanhsiu Fort (elevation 19 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (TESRI-O-H-42) (voucher number: MTS 135).</p> <p> (<i>Continued</i>)</p> <p> <i>Paratypes.</i> Ten clitellates [one dissected (voucher number: MTS 71)] collected 31 May 2012 at Matsu Temple (elevation 67 m), Magang, Nangan by H.P. Chen and T. L. Ai (TESRI-O-P-37).</p> <i>Other material</i> <p>Two clitellates collected 28 May 2012 along the Central Boulevard near the borders of Changshou and Chingshui villages (elevation 121 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–33) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 7); six clitellates collected 28 May 2012 at Ten Martyrs Monument (elevation 90 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–34); one clitellate collected 28 May 2012 at Shangyaoshan bus stop (elevation 99 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–35); two clitellates collected 28 May 2012 beside Beihai Tunnel (elevation 21 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–36); four clitellates collected 29 May 2012 in front of Banli Reservoir (elevation 33 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–38) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 20); two clitellates collected 29 May 2012 from a roadside ditch at Chinbi Village (elevation 11 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–39); 14 clitellates collected 29 May 2012 along Luoshan Nature Trail (elevation 66 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–41) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 35); 13 clitellates collected 29 May 2012 at Junghsin Reservoir (elevation 54 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–42) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 37); one clitellate collected 29 May 2012 in front of Matsu Broadcasting Station (elevation 205 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–43); six clitellates collected 31 May 2012 from a roadside ditch near the weather station (elevation 48 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–54); 12 clitellates collected 31 May 2012 along the road facing Huangguan Channel (elevation 48 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–56) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 77); three clitellates collected 31 May 2012 in front of Tunnel 88 (elevation 62 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and T.L. Ai (coll. no. 2012–57); eight clitellates collected 25 June 2012 from roadside ditches (elevation 39 m), Hanlinjiao, Nangan by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–58) (voucher numbers of specimens used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 81, 82, 83); four clitellates collected 25 June 2012 at Stronghold No. 12 (elevation 59 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–60); six clitellates collected 26 June 2012 from Mount Nigu (elevation 59 m), Beigan by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–64) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 110); one clitellate collected 27 June 2012 above the tidal zone (elevation 8 m) near Dapu Stone Inscription, Dongju by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–68); two clitellates collected 28 June 2012 at Stronghold No. 33 (elevation 61 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–72); five clitellates collected 28 June 2012 from Chingshuiao (elevation 15 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–74); seven clitellates collected 28 June 2012 near Northernmost Frontier (elevation 79 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–75) (voucher numbers of specimens used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 129, 130); five clitellates collected 28 June 2012 from a roadside ditch near Stronghold No. 26 (elevation 19 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–76); three clitellates collected 28 June 2012 in front of Beihai Tunnel (elevation 24 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–77) (voucher numbers: MTS 131, 132, 133); three clitellates collected 28 June 2012 beside the Yanhsiu Fort (elevation 19 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–78) (voucher numbers of specimens used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 134, 136); one clitellate collected 28 August 2012 from a roadside ditch in Nioubei Ridge (elevation 138 m), Nangan by H.P. Chen and H.H. Huang (coll. no. 2012–116).</p> <i>Diagnosis</i> <p>Small to medium; length (clitellates) 58–135 mm. Segments numbering 95–100. Setae 50–68 in VII, 53–74 in XX, 11–18 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Spermathecal pores dorsolateral, three pairs in 5/6–7/8, 0.34–0.37 body circumference dorsally apart. Male pores 0.28–0.38 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each pore surrounded by 0–10 small papillae on top of a cone-shaped everted copulatory chamber, the secondary aperture of each copulatory chamber as a longitudinal slit when the chamber invaginated, wrinkled around its margin. Spermathecae three pairs in VI–VIII. Seminal vesicles large, two pairs in XI and XII. Prostate glands large in XVI–XXI or XVII–XXI, wrinkled and lobed. Prostatic duct stout, U-shaped in XVIII. Accessory glands stalked, mushroom-like or irregularshaped, corresponding to external genital papillae.</p> <i>Description</i> <p> <i>External characters.</i> Total length (clitellates) 58–135 mm. Weight 0.26–2.26 g. Segments numbering 95–100. Clitellum XIV–XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, length 3.14–6.31 mm and width 2.52–5.73 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setae minute, number 50–68 in VII, 53–74 in XX, and 11–18 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Spermathecal pores lip-like, dorsolateral, three pairs in intersegmental furrows of 5/6–7/8 (Figure 7A), distance between paired pores 0.34–0.37 body circumference dorsally apart. Each pore surrounded by two tiny papillae: one anterior and the other posterior. Occasionally one or two papillae medial to each pore (Figure 7A). Genital papillae absent, one to three median, or one to three lateral on both left and right sides in presetal VIII (Figure 7B). Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV.</p> <p>Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.28–0.38 body circumference ventrally apart. In the case of protrusion, each pore surrounded by 0–10 small papillae on top of a coneshaped everted copulatory chamber (Figure 7C). The secondary aperture of each copulatory chamber as a longitudinal slit when the chamber invaginated, wrinkled around its margin (Figure 7D). The whole male area surrounded by several concentric skin folds.</p> <p>Preserved specimens brown to greyish brown in colour with brown clitellum.</p> <p> <i>Internal characters.</i> Septa 5/6–7/8 and 10/11–13/14 thick, 8/9 membranous, 9/10 absent. Nephridial tufts on anterior faces of 5/6/7. Gizzard large in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIV–XXV, each simple, wrinkled, distal end either straight or bent. Oesophageal hearts in X–XIII.</p> <p>Spermathecae three pairs in VI–VIII, each with a peach-shaped or elongated ovalshaped ampulla 1.79–3.07 mm long and 1.2–3.06 mm wide, and a stout spermathecal stalk 0.63–1.0 mm in length. Diverticulum slender and straight at proximal part, coiled and enlarged at distal part (Figure 7E). Accessory glands stalked, mushroomlike, each corresponding to external genital papilla, about 1.0 mm in total length.</p> <p>Holandry: testes large, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles large, finely folliculated, two pairs in XI and XII, occupying the full compartment, usually anterior pair larger, without a dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large in XVI–XXI or XVII–XXI, wrinkled and lobed. Prostatic duct stout, U-shaped in XVIII. Accessory glands stalked, mushroom-like or irregular-shaped, 0.46–1.08 mm in total length, corresponding to external genital papillae (Figure 7F).</p> <i>DNA barcodes</i> <p>GenBank accession numbers KC897033 (MTS 135, holotype), KC897038 (MTS 71, dissected paratype), KC897029, KC897030, KC897025, KC897039, KC897028, KC897031, KC897027, KC897037, KC897032, KC897040, KC897041, KC897034, KC897026, KC897024, KC897036 and KC897035 (MTS 7, 20, 35, 37, 77, 81, 82, 83, 110, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 and 136, respectively).</p> <i>Etymology</i> <p> The name <i>matsuensis</i> is given to this species with reference to its type locality of the islands of Matsu.</p> <i>Remarks</i> <p> <i>Metaphire matsuensis</i> sp. nov. is common on the islands of Nangan, Beigan, Dongyin and Hsiyin. However, only one specimen was collected on Dongju and none was found on Hsiju. It is easily distinguishable from all other <i>Metaphire</i> species with three pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 5/6–7/8 listed in Sims and Easton (1972) simply by the male pore structure. Instead, its male pore structure is morphologically fairly similar to <i>Metaphire guillelmi</i> (Michaelsen, 1895) from Hupei, China and <i>Metaphire bifoliolare</i> Tan and Zhong, 1987 from Hunan, China. <i>Metaphire guillelmi</i> is a sexthecate earthworm with three pairs of ventrolateral spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 6/7–8/9 (Michaelsen 1895). The structure of its spermatheca is morphologically fairly similar to <i>M. matsuensis</i>. <i>Metaphire bifoliolare</i> is also sexthecate with three pairs of intrasegmental spermathecal pores in posterior V–VII (Tan and Zhong 1987). It has slender, straight diverticulum with a sausage-shaped seminal chamber, which is different from the coiled diverticulum of <i>M. matsuensis</i>. In addition, the internal and external morphological characters of <i>M. matsuensis</i> are also similar to the sexthecate <i>Metaphire thecodorsata</i> (Chen, 1933) from Jiangxi, China, but the spermathecal pores of the latter are large transverse slits close to the dorsomedian line in posterior V–VII (Chen 1933). All the above three species, <i>M. guillelmi</i>, <i>M. bifoliolare</i> and <i>M. thecodorsata</i>, are distributed along the lower Yangtze Valley, central China.</p> <p> The male pore structure of <i>M. matsuensis</i> is also similar to that of <i>Metaphire soulensis</i> (Kobayashi, 1938) from Korea. However, <i>M. soulensis</i> is quadrithecate with two pairs of ventrolateral spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 6/7/8. The characteristics of complex caeca consisting of five or six finger-shaped processes, absence of prostate glands and prostatic ducts, and vestigial spermathecae without diverticulum of <i>M. soulensis</i> (Kobayashi 1938a) are distinctly different from those of <i>M. matsuensis.</i></p>Published as part of <i>Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han & Chih, Wen-Jay, 2013, Five new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Matsu, Taiwan, pp. 495-522 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (9 - 10)</i> on pages 514-520, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.826742, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5199325">http://zenodo.org/record/5199325</a>
Two new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan, with comments on some recent species assignments in Amynthas and Metaphire
No full textShen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han, Chih, Wen-Jay (2019): Two new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan, with comments on some recent species assignments in Amynthas and Metaphire. Zootaxa 4658 (1): 101-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.1.
Han lin shuo chang zhuan ji dai
No full textLive recording.Possibly reproduced from other commercial recording or radio broadcast (Pending for review)Electronic reproduction from Rulan Chao Pian Betamax collection.Performing group: 漢霖民俗說唱藝術團.Sung in Chinese.Performing group: han lin min su shuo chang yi shu tuan
Amynthas dongyinensis Shen & Chang & Chih 2013, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Amynthas dongyinensis</i> Shen, sp. nov. <p>(Figure 5)</p> <i>Type material</i> <p> <i>Holotype.</i> Clitellate (mature) specimen (62 mm in length, dissected) collected 28 June 2012 beside the Yanhsiu Fort (elevation 19 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (TESRI-O-H-40) (voucher number: MTS 120). <i>Paratypes.</i> Four clitellates [one dissected (voucher number: MTS 114)] collected 28 June 2012 from roadside ditches outside Stronghold No. 33 (elevation 40 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (TESRI-O-P-35).</p> <i>Other material</i> <p>Three clitellates (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 113) and two aclitellates collected 28 June 2012 under a tree at Stronghold No. 33 (elevation 61 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–72); three clitellates (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 117) and two aclitellates collected 28 June 2012 near Northernmost Frontier (elevation 79 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–75); two clitellates collected 28 June 2012 from a roadside ditch near Stronghold No. 26 (elevation 19 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–76) (voucher number of specimen used for DNA barcoding analyses: MTS 119); one clitellate collected 28 June 2012 beside the Yanhsiu Fort (elevation 19 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and W.J. Chih (coll. no. 2012–78); one clitellate collected 30 August 2012 from a ditch under Drum Rock (elevation 99 m) on the way to Dongyong Lighthouse, Dongyin by H.P. Chen and H.H. Huang (coll. no. 2012–121) (voucher number: MTS 122); one clitellate collected 31 August 2012 from Chingshuiao (elevation 15 m), Hsiyin by H.P. Chen and H.H. Huang (coll. no. 2012–124) (voucher number: MTS 125); three aclitellates collected 31 August 2012 around Dongyong Reservoir (elevation 40 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and H.H. Huang (coll. no. 2012–126); one clitellate collected 31 August 2012 from a ditch beside the coastline between Huangpaitan and Mopantou (elevation 68 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and H.H. Huang (coll. no. 2012– 129) (voucher number: MTS 128); nine aclitellates collected 31 August 2012 near Zhongling Temple (elevation 76 m), Dongyin by H.P. Chen and H.H. Huang (coll. no. 2012–130).</p> <i>Diagnosis</i> <p>Small to medium; length (clitellates) 49–91 mm. Segments numbering 91–113. Setae 38–54 in VII, 38–57 in XX, 7–9 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7–8/9, 0.28–0.31 body circumference ventrally apart, each pore on a tubercle or papilla about 0.3 mm in diameter. Male pores 0.26– 0.3 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a round porophore surrounded by one or two circular or diamond-shaped folds. Genital papillae absent. Spermathecae three pairs in VII–IX. Accessory glands sessile, each corresponding to external spermathecal papilla. Seminal vesicles large, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a round, prominent dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, occupying five to six segments in XVI–XXI. Prostatic duct small, C- or U-shaped in XVIII. Accessory glands absent in the postclitellar region.</p> <i>Description</i> <p> <i>External characters.</i> Total length (clitellates) 49–91 mm. Weight 0.37–1.08 g. Segments numbering 91–113. Clitellum XIV–XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, length 1.43–4.98 mm and width 2.84–4.06 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setal number 38–54 in VII, 38–57 in XX, and 7–9 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Spermathecal pores three pairs in intersegmental furrows of 6/7–8/9, distance between paired pores 0.28–0.31 body circumference ventrally apart, each pore on a tubercle or papilla about 0.3 mm in diameter (Figure 5A). No other genital papilla in the preclitellar region. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV.</p> <p>Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.26–0.3 body circumference ventrally apart. Each pore on a round porophore surrounded by one or two circular or diamond-shaped folds (Figure 5B). Genital papillae absent in the postclitellar region.</p> <p>Preserved specimens brown in colour with dark brown clitellum.</p> <p> <i>Internal characters.</i> Septa 5/6–7/8 thick, 10/11–13/14 thickened, 8/9/10 absent. Nephridial tufts on anterior faces of 5/6/7. Gizzard large in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXII–XXIII, each simple, slender, straight. Oesophageal hearts in XI–XIII.</p> <p>Spermathecae three pairs in VII–IX, varied in size and shape (Figure 5C). Each ampulla round, peach-shaped or elongated oval-shaped, surface wrinkled, 0.81–1.81 mm long and 0.65–1.57 mm wide, with a stout spermathecal stalk of 0.2–0.6 mm in length. Diverticulum with an iridescent, oval- or rod-shaped seminal chamber of 0.4–0.85 mm long and a long, slender to stout stalk of 0.84–2.1 mm in length. Accessory glands sessile, round or slightly lobed, 0.3 mm in diameter, each corresponding to external spermathecal papilla (Figure 5C).</p> <p>Holandry: testes large, oval, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles large, smooth, two pairs in XI and XII, anterior pair occupying the full segmental compartment, posterior pair smaller, about one-half to two-thirds of segment, each vesicle with a round, prominent dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, lobed with follicular surface, occupying five to six segments in XVI–XXI (Figure 5D). Prostatic duct small, C-shaped or U-shaped in XVIII. Accessory glands absent.</p> <i>DNA barcodes</i> <p>GenBank accession numbers KC897044 (MTS 120, holotype), KC897049 (MTS 114, dissected paratype), KC897047, KC897046, KC897043, KC897042, KC897045 and KC897048 (MTS 113, 117, 119, 122, 125 and 128, respectively).</p> <i>Etymology</i> <p> The name <i>dongyinensis</i> is given to this species with reference to its holotype locality in Dongyin, Matsu.</p> <i>Remarks</i> <p> <i>Amynthas dongyinensis</i> sp. nov. is only found on the islands of Dongyin and Hsiyin. It is a sexthecate earthworm with three pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 6/7–8/9, belonging to the <i>sieboldi</i> species-group of the genus <i>Amynthas</i> (Sims and Easton 1972). It has simple male pore structure and no genital papillae (except spermathecal papillae). Among the species of the <i>sieboldi</i> -group listed by Sims and Easton (1972), <i>Amynthas udei</i> (Rosa, 1896) from Sumatra, and <i>Amynthas buitendijki</i> (Michaelsen, 1922) and <i>Amynthas dammermani</i> (Michaelsen, 1924) from Java also have simple male pore structure without any preclitellar or postclitellar papilla. Both the latter two species described by Michaelsen have heavily coiled diverticulum, which is distinctly different from the simple diverticulum structure of <i>A. dongyinensis</i> (Michaelsen, 1922, 1924). <i>Amynthas dongyinensis</i> is morphologically fairly similar to <i>A. udei</i> (Table 2). However, <i>A. dongyinensis</i> has longer diverticular stalk and large prostate glands occupying five to six segments in XVI–XXI and <i>A. udei</i> has short diverticular stalk and small, transversely oval prostate glands in XVIII (Rosa 1896).</p> <p> The simple male pore structure and absence of genital papillae of <i>A. dongyinensis</i> are also similar to that of <i>Amynthas kamitai</i> (Kobayashi, 1934) and <i>Amynthas minjae</i> Hong, 2001 from Korea. However, both species from Korea are sexthecate with three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–7/8, and have small seminal vesicles and smaller prostate glands (XVII–XIX in <i>A. kamitai</i> and XVII–XX in <i>A. minjae</i>) (Kobayashi 1934; Hong et al. 2001). <i>Amynthas kamitai</i> and <i>A. minjae</i> are fairly similar and not easily distinguishable (Table 2). The former has small seminal chamber and prostate glands divided into three main lobes in XVII–XIX, while the latter has stick-shaped diverticulum without terminal expansion and prostate glands divided into two main lobes in XVII–XX (Kobayashi 1934; Hong et al. 2001). Since only two specimens of <i>A. kamitai</i> were collected (Kobayashi 1934), it is possible that such differences might be due to individual variation.</p> <p> Zhao et al. (2013) recently described <i>Amynthas apapillatus</i> based on a single specimen collected from Hainan Island, China. It is fairly similar to <i>A. dongyinensis</i> in that both species belong to the <i>sieboldi</i> species-group, and have simple male pore structure and no genital papillae. However, <i>A. dongyinensis</i> has oesophageal hearts in XI–XIII and large prostate glands occupying five to six segments in XVI–XXI, while <i>A. apapillatus</i> has oesophageal hearts in X–XIII and small prostate glands in XVII– XVIII. Molecular analyses also show that <i>A. dongyinensis</i> is distinctly different from <i>A. apapillatus</i> (Figure 2).</p>Published as part of <i>Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han & Chih, Wen-Jay, 2013, Five new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Matsu, Taiwan, pp. 495-522 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (9 - 10)</i> on pages 506-510, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.826742, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5199325">http://zenodo.org/record/5199325</a>
Amynthas wujhouensis Shen, Chang, Li, Chih & Chen, 2013, sp. nov.
No full textAmynthas wujhouensis sp. nov. (Fig. 3) Holotype: Clitellate (mature) specimen (241 mm in total length, dissected) collected 17 June 2008 at Shueiwei Pagoda (elevation 5 m) beside Lake Shuangli, Guningtou, Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 - 07395). Paratypes: Four clitellates (one dissected, all broken) collected 11 July 2008 along the road near Chingchi (elevation 23 m), Lieyu by C. L. Li (cat. no. 14 -08139). Other material. 12 specimens altogether. One clitellate (broken) collected 27 April 2008 under a banyan tree near Maoshan Pagoda (elevation 30 m), Shueitou Village, Jincheng, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 - 07392); one specimen (broken) collected 29 April 2008 at Shueiwei Pagoda beside Lake Shuangli, Guningtou, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07393); one specimen (broken) collected 20 June 2008 beside Lake Juguang (elevation 13 m), Jincheng, Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -07394); one aclitellate collected 17 June 2008 at Shueiwei Pagoda beside Lake Shuangli, Guningtou, Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -07396); seven aclitellates (only two of them intact) collected 17 June 2008 at Gaokeng (elevation 34 m), Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -08137); one aclitellate (broken) collected 11 July 2008 along the road between Chienpu and Houjing (elevation 34 m), Lieyu by C. L. Li (cat. no. 14 -08138). Diagnosis. Large, easily broken; length 241–345 mm. Segments numbering 128–212. Clitellum with setae ventrally. Setae 68–78 in VII, 59–71 in XX, and 8–10 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Spermathecal pores four pairs, buried deeply in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6–8 / 9, 0.24–0.3 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores 0.26–0.31 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a crescent or semicircular shaped area with a large papilla medial to it. Spermathecae four pairs in VI–IX. Seminal vesicles small, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a round or elongated oval dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, lobed in XVI–XXI. Prostatic duct slender. Accessory glands large, sessile, corresponding to external genital papillae. Description. External: Easily broken, length for four intact specimens 241–345 mm and their segment numbers 128–212. Weight more than 10 g. Clitellum XIV–XVI, with setae on the ventral side, number 3–6 in XIV, 0–8 in XV and 7–11 in XVI, dorsal pores absent, length 6.11–9.59 mm and width 5.15–6.45 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setae 68–78 in VII, 59–71 in XX, and 8–10 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Spermathecal pores four pairs, buried deeply in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6–8 / 9; distance between paired pores 0.24–0.3 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae absent in the preclitellar region. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.26–0.31 body circumference ventrally apart, each on a crescent or semicircular shaped area with a large papilla immediately medial to it. The whole male area including the genital papilla protuberant, 2.01–2.19 mm in width. Each papilla round, center depressed, 1.09–1.37 mm in diameter (Fig. 3 A). Preserved specimens pale in color and pink when alive. Internal: Septa 5 / 6–7 / 8 thick and muscular, 10 / 11–13 / 14 muscular, 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Nephridial tufts thickened on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIV–XXV, each simple, distal end either straight or bent. Esophageal hearts in X–XIII. Spermathecae four pairs in VI–IX (Fig. 3 B), each with a pear-shaped or elongated oval-shaped ampulla 2.03–4.17 mm long and 1.52–2.42 mm wide, and a slender or stout spermathecal stalk 0.4–1.45 mm in length. Diverticulum long, slender, tubular, 2.26–4.8 mm in length. Accessory glands absent in the preclitellar region. Holandric, testes oval, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles small, surface finely folliculated, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a round or elongated oval dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, occupying more than five segments in XVI–XXI (Fig. 3 C), divided into several lobules by grooves. Prostatic duct slender, U-shaped. Accessory glands large, sessile, amorphous, 0.5–1.05 mm wide, corresponding to external genital papillae (Fig. 3 C). DNA barcodes. GenBank accession numbers JQ 936605 (14 -07395, holotype), JQ 936604, JQ 936606, JQ 936603, and JQ 936607 (14 -07392, 14 -07393, 14 -07394, and 14 -07396, respectively). Etymology. “Wujhou” is an ancient name for Kinmen and is used for naming this species. Remarks. Amynthas wujhouensis sp. nov. is the longest earthworm found in Kinmen. It is easily broken during collecting process, and thus, most specimens are amputated. The shape of the male porophore and the arrangement of papillae in the male pore area are fairly similar to Amynthas lunatus (Chen, 1938) from Hainan Island. Both species are octothecal with spermathecal pores in 5 / 6–8 / 9, and both have similar numbers of setae and no genital papillae in the preclitellar region. However, the large, median papilla in XVIII of A. lunatus is not immediately adjacent to each male pore. Furthermore, the two papillae between male pores are in close approximation (less than 2 mm at interval) with only 4 setae between them in A. lunatus (Chen 1938). In A. wujhouensis, the median papillae are immediately adjacent to the male pores and widely separated by 8–10 setae. In addition, A. lunatus has a small gizzard while that of A. wujhouensis is large. Amynthas manicatus manicatus (Gates, 1931) from Burma also has a pair of genital markings internal to the male pores, and this species is octothecal, too. However, the genital markings of A. m. manicatus are elongately oval, extending antero-posteriorly to 17 / 18 and 18 / 19, or slightly onto XVII and XIX (Gates 1931). In addition, there is a space of 3–4 setae between the marking and the male pore (Gates 1931). Also, A. m. manicatus is smaller (56–111 mm long) than A. wujhouensis, has large seminal vesicles and diverticulum coiled into a spherical mass of loops (Gates 1931). The soil pH values (H 2 O) of the localities where the specimens of A. wujhouensis were collected were 5.85–7.51 (unpublished data).Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han, Li, Chi-Lun, Chih, Wen-Jay & Chen, Jiun-Hong, 2013, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kinmen, Taiwan, pp. 471-482 in Zootaxa 3599 (5) on pages 477-479, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/21866
Amynthas wuhumontis Shen, Chang, Li, Chih & Chen, 2013, sp. nov.
No full textAmynthas wuhumontis sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Holotype: Clitellate (mature) specimen (121 mm in total length, dissected) collected 22 May 2008 at Mingwang Temple (elevation 33 m), Shanhsi Village, Jinsha, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07391). Paratype: One clitellate collected 22 May 2008 at the entrance of a hiking trail (elevation 52 m), Mt. Wuhu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07387). Other material. 16 specimens altogether. One clitellate (dissected) collected 1 May 2008 in front of Haiyin Temple (elevation 207 m), Mt. Taiwu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07388); one clitellate collected 22 May 2008 behind Beiyueh Temple (elevation 60 m), Shanhsi, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07389); one clitellate collected 19 June 2008 on a hiking trail at Doumen (elevation 78 m), Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -07390); six clitellates collected 8 September 2008 on a hiking trail (elevation 42 m), Mt. Wuhu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and S. H. Yang (cat. no. 14 -08132); one clitellate and one aclitellate collected 19 June 2008 on a hiking trail at Doumen (elevation 78 m), Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 - 08133); one aclitellate and one semi-clitellate collected 19 June 2008 near Mt. Taiwu Cemetery (elevation 229 m), Mt. Taiwu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -08134); two clitellates collected 19 June 2008 on a hiking trail at Doumen (elevation 38 m), Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -08135); one clitellate collected 22 May 2008 at the entrance of a hiking trail (elevation 52 m), Mt. Wuhu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -08136). Diagnosis. Small to medium; length (clitellates) 65–134 mm. Segments numbering 78–112. Setae 38–45 in VII, 49–61 in XX, and 7–11 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12 or 12 / 13. Spermathecal pores lip-like, three pairs in 6 / 7–8 / 9, 0.19–0.25 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores 0.21–0.29 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a papilla-like porophore surrounded by three genital papillae: one anterior, one posterior and one medial. Preclitellar genital papillae three or two (widely paired) in presetal VIII–IX. Spermathecae three pairs in VI, VII and VIII or in VI, VIII and IX. Seminal vesicles large, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a large, round dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, lobed in XVI–XXI. Prostatic duct large, straight, enlarged in the middle. Accessory glands large, sessile, pad- or tissue-like, corresponding to external genital papillae. Description. External: Total length (clitellates) 65–134 mm. Weight 0.38–1.15 g. Segments numbering 78–112. Clitellum XIV–XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, length 2.11–3.93 mm and width 2.69–4.08 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setae 38–45 in VII, 49–61 in XX, and 7–11 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12 or 12 / 13. Spermathecal pores lip-like, three pairs in intersegmental furrows of 6 / 7–8 / 9; distance between paired pores 0.19–0.25 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae three in presetal VIII or widely paired in presetal VIII (Fig. 2 A); in IX, papillae absent, single median, or same number and arrangement as in VIII. Each papilla round, center depressed, 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.21–0.29 body circumference ventrally apart, each on a papilla-like porophore surrounded by three genital papillae: one anterior, one posterior and one medial. Each papilla round, center depressed, 0.35–0.6 mm in diameter. The male porophore together with the genital papillae are surrounded by three or four diamondshaped skin folds (Fig. 2 B). Preserved specimens brown to grayish brown in color with dark to light brown clitellum. Internal: Septa 5 / 6–7 / 8 thick, 10 / 11–13 / 14 muscular, 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Nephridial tufts on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged from XV or XVI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII–XXV, each simple, distal end either straight or bent. Esophageal hearts in XI–XIII. Spermathecae three pairs in VI, VII and VIII or in VI, VIII and IX (Fig. 2 C), ampulla round or elongated ovalshaped, surface wrinkled, 0.9–2.38 mm long and 0.75–2.25 mm wide, spermathecal stalk short, stout, 0.25–0.55 mm in length. Diverticulum with a slender stalk 0.4–0.8 mm long and an elongated oval seminal chamber 0.3–0.62 mm in length. Accessory glands large, sessile, pad- or flower-like, with shallow grooves on the surface, 0.5–1.3 mm long and 0.4–0.95 mm wide, each corresponding to external genital papilla (Fig. 2 C). Holandric, testes oval, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles large, smooth, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a large, round dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, occupying four or five segments in XVI–XXI (Fig. 2 D), divided into several lobules by grooves. Prostatic duct stout, straight, enlarged in the middle. Accessory glands large, sessile, 0.45–1.05 mm long and 0.4–0.85 mm wide, corresponding to external genital papillae (Fig. 2 D). DNA barcodes. GenBank accession numbers JQ 936599 (14 -07391, holotype), JQ 936601 (14 -07387, paratype), JQ 936598, JQ 936600, and JQ 936602 (14 -07388, 14 -07389 and 14 -07390, respectively). Etymology. The name wuhumontis is given to this species with reference to its type locality at Mt. Wuhu in Kinmen. Remarks. Amynthas wuhumontis sp. nov. is distributed only in areas around Mt. Wuhu and Mt. Taiwu in east Kinmen. It is fairly similar to Amynthas leucocircus (Chen, 1933) from the coastal provinces of central China. Both species are sexthecal with spermathecal pores in 6 / 7–8 / 9 and have similar numbers of setae and similar papillae arrangement in the male pore region. However, A. leucocircus is larger with a body size of 140–212 mm long and 4–7 mm wide; it has papillae in postsetal VII–VIII, four pairs of hearts in X–XIII, small seminal vesicles, and stalked accessory glands (Chen 1933). A. wuhumontis is smaller (65–134 mm in total length and 2.69–4.08 mm in width), and has papillae in presetal VIII–IX, three pairs of hearts in XI–XIII, large seminal vesicles, and sessile accessory glands. Furthermore, the ventral distance between paired spermathecal pores is wider in A. leucocircus (about 1 / 3 body circumference) than that in A. wuhumontis (0.19–0.25 body circumference). The soil pH (H 2 O) values of the localities where the specimens of A. wuhumontis were collected were 4.9–6.48 (unpublished data).Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han, Li, Chi-Lun, Chih, Wen-Jay & Chen, Jiun-Hong, 2013, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kinmen, Taiwan, pp. 471-482 in Zootaxa 3599 (5) on pages 475-477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/21866
Studies in the Chang-chu Commentary of the Han Dynasty
No full text漢代解經之作數量繁多，而立名各異，有故、傳、說、章句、微、通、條例、注等名稱。漢代章句著作今雖多不傳，在漢代經解中實具有重要之地位，對後代義疏之興起亦深具影響。本文在前賢研究基礎上，對漢代章句學之相關問題加以論考，全文分為四節： 一、漢代章句之起源。 二、章句學之增繁與刪減。 三、章句學之內容。 四、章句學之評價。經由以上四節之論考，期能對漢代章句之學有較清楚之認識。The commentaries to the Classics in the Han dynasty are voluminous, and are entitled differently, such as ku, chiian, shuo, chang-chii, wei, t'ung, t'iao-li, chu, etc. Although not many chang-chii commentaries are extant, they are important to the interpretative activities of the Han scholars and bear significant influence to the later yi-shu commentary. This article, based on pervious scholarship, explores in four sections issues in the chang-chii commentary. The four sections are: 1.The origins of the chang-chii commentary. 2.The sophistication and simplification of the chang-chii commentary. 3.The content of the chang-chii commentary. 4.The evaluation of the chang-chii commentary. It is hoped that we can reach a better understanding of the Han chang-chii commentary through the discussion in the four sections
- …
