549 research outputs found
Isolation of gE gene deleted pseudorabies virus by using a gE-specific monoclonal antibody
No full textCetraria nivalis (L.) Ach. op het Kootwijkerzand
No full textThe author mentions a new Lichen for the Netherlands, Cetraria nivalis (L.) Ach., found in the Kootwijkerzand, Veluwe (prov. Gelderland)
The development of an assessment tool to gather evidence and evaluate the progress of performance skills of students in the Edgerton High School Band
Full text linkProject chair, Dr. Glenn C. Hayes.Because of the block schedule and the lack of certain basic music skills among the incoming band students at Edgerton High School, it is necessary to create a system to help students establish their basic performance skills. The purpose of this project is to design a set of assessment tools that will help students define and perform basic musical skills. A series of quarterly study sheets allows the student to study scales, rhythms, tone, and expression in a progressive manner through all grade levels. The student is required to master each form and the skill level demonstrated serves as a portion of his or her final grade. It is also necessary to have a way to assess the students’ skills. This project uses literature and methods from a variety of sources to develop a set of tools that will accomplish both of these objectives.
This project focuses on the four areas of skills basic to musical performance on a musical instrument including scales and arpeggios, rhythm, tone, and expression. The study of scales, arpeggios, and rhythm has been systematically designed to increase the technical skill of students on their instruments. Students will have studied the major, minor, and chromatic scales and arpeggios in a systematic method over a four-year course of study. Each term for four years (16 terms), the student will have studied one major scale, the relative minor scale, arpeggios, and the chromatic scale. In addition, the student will have studied a specific rhythm pattern each term. The chromatic scale study has been coordinated to the rhythm study for each term to help reinforce the rhythm pattern. The rhythm patterns began with the easiest whole rhythms (whole, half, and quarter notes) and get progressively more difficult with each term.
In addressing tone quality, the teacher will have assigned a phrase of music from the literature studied by the band. The student will have performed the phrase with the best tone quality he/she can produce. A rubric has been developed to assess the student’s level of tone production quality and to help the student begin to identify the qualities of an excellent tone.
Musical expression has been addressed in two manners. The first has been through a demonstration of expression during the same performance of the tone quality assignment. Students have been assessed on a rubric similar to the one designed for tone quality. In addition, the student has been presented with a blank phrase of music. The student then adds expression markings that they feel are appropriate and performs the excerpt. Again, a rubric has been designed to assess the work of the student
Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese : a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the late Neolithic age
No full textThis study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany). Contents 1. Recent developments in the field of historical linguistics 2. Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3. Tonal accents of Middle Chinese 4. Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants and vowels 5. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone 6. Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 7. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 8. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 9. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 10. Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yün-ching 11. Old Chinese vocalism 12. Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 13. Initials of Old Chinese 14. Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-stems 15. Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 16. Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 17. Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the middle of the third millennium B.C. Appendix * Abbrevations * Bibliography * Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) * Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) * Word Index o English o Pinyin In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative historical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia. During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc., but Indo-Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin (1871) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European. In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of Chinese characters. Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled Grammata Serica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch by Pokorny (1959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons. Soon thereafter, some Sinologists made use of the two dictionaries by Karlgren and Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Übereinstirnrnungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of Goteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-European roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equivalents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field. The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only morphology is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to discard any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or onomatopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset. Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-European language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the monosyllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereotypical structure is: initial consonant(s) + vowel(s) + final consonant(s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is fundamentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the syllable nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo-European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differentiation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf. Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Shen Yüeh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A P'ing-sheng 平 a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2). B Shang-sheng 上 a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3). C Ch'u-sheng 去 a vanishing, i.e. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4). D Ju-sheng 入 an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials). In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. The final stops -p, -t, -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several dialects in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a Taiwan dialect of Minnan origin, I could immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was also a great help for this study. In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations: IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE l, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); Ø, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satem"-forms) IE velars = dental sibilants and affricates. Regarding the manner of articulation, there are no regular correspondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanently change their qualities from one language to another, and from time to time within one language also, as is well known from the history of English pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo-European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic verbs is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infinitive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non-flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best
Author response
Full text linkA great deal of interest has been focused recently on the habenula and its critical role in aversion, negative-reward and drug dependence. Using a conditional mouse model of the ACh-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (Chat), we report that local elimination of acetylcholine (ACh) in medial habenula (MHb) neurons alters glutamate corelease and presynaptic facilitation. Electron microscopy and immuno-isolation analyses revealed colocalization of ACh and glutamate vesicular transporters in synaptic vesicles (SVs) in the central IPN. Glutamate reuptake in SVs prepared from the IPN was increased by ACh, indicating vesicular synergy. Mice lacking CHAT in habenular neurons were insensitive to nicotine-conditioned reward and withdrawal. These data demonstrate that ACh controls the quantal size and release frequency of glutamate at habenular synapses, and suggest that the synergistic functions of ACh and glutamate may be generally important for modulation of cholinergic circuit function and behavior
Concentration-responses of W55G mutant to ACh and nicotine.
No full text<p>A. Concentration responses of the wild type and W55G to ACh. Top: raw current traces; bottom: normalized and averaged currents. Lines are least-squares fit of the data to the Hill equation. The resulting EC<sub>50</sub> for ACh in the wild type receptor was 210.5±24.3 μM, and the EC<sub>50</sub> for W55G mutant was 1375.3±130.5 μM (N = 5). B. Concentration responses of the wild type and W55G to nicotine. Top: raw current traces; bottom: normalized and averaged currents. Lines are least-squares fit of the data to the Hill equation. The resulting EC<sub>50</sub> values for nicotine were 43.6±4.8 μM and 530.40±12.91 μM for the wild type and mutant receptor respectively (N = 5).</p
Electrical stimulation of LDTg or PPTg increases ACh at the SCN.
No full text<p>Stimulating LDTg (<b>A</b>) or PPTg (<b>B</b>) at 150 µA, 10 Hz, 2-msec pulse duration causes significant increase in ACh levels in SCN dialysate. When LDTg (<b>C</b>) or PPTg (<b>D</b>) is stimulated at different times of day, SCN levels of ACh increased significantly at all times tested. The magnitude of response across different times of day is not significant. Black bars denote times of stimulation; significance level is marked (* = p<0.05, ** = p<0.001, Two-Way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak <i>post hoc</i> test). ACh, acetylcholine; LDTg, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; PPTg, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus; SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus; ZT, Zeitgeber Time.</p
PNU120596 concentration-response for the rescued nonfunctional mutants with a fixed ACh or nicotine concentration.
No full text<p><b>A</b>. Representative current traces induced by increasing concentration of PNU-120596 in the presence of 200 μM ACh. <b>B</b>. Normalized and averaged (each group had at least 6 oocytes) current responses to ACh from A. Lines are nonlinear least squares fits of the normalized averages of the responses to the Hill equation. The derived EC<sub>50</sub> values from individual fits are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0137588#pone.0137588.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. <b>C</b>. Representative current traces induced by increasing concentration of PNU-120596 in the presence of 200 μM nicotine. <b>D</b>. Normalized and averaged current responses (each group had at least 6 oocytes) to ACh from C. The derived EC<sub>50</sub> values from individual fits are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0137588#pone.0137588.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p
Le dieu de Râs ach-Chaq‘a-Théouprosopon
No full textخلاصة •بعد دراسة شناخ رأس الشقعة الذي عُرِف في العصور الكلاسيكيّة باسم شناخ وجه الله، وبعد استعراض النصوص التي جاءت على ذكره، منذ العصور القديمة حتّى الحديثة، يقترح المؤلف أنّ هذا الشناخ هو عينه الذي ورد اسمه في حوليّات شلمناصر الثالث تحت ومن خلال الاعتماد على المستندات الإيقونوغرافية، لا سيّما منها المنقوشات المسكوكاتيّة، يقترح المؤلّف أيضاً اعتبار. «
بعلي رأسي»
اسم إله البترون، وبالتالي إله رأس وجه الله، تجلّياً من تجلّيات إله الرعود والبروق والخصوبة الكونيّة العظيم. كما يقترح أن إيقونوغرافيّة هذا الإله وطقوس عبادته قد انتشرت في مناطق البقاع ولبنان الشمالي على إثر سيطرة العرب الإيطوريّين عليها.After a geographic description of the promontory of Râs ach-Chaq‘ a, the Theouprosopon of the Ancients, and an inventory of the texts that mention it under various appellations from the Antiquity to the contemporary period, the author proposes to recognize it as the Ba‘ li Ra’si of the Annals of Salmanasar III. Backing up on iconographic documents, particulary on coins, he proposes to recognize the god of Batrun, and therefore the god of the Theouprosopon, as an avatar of the great storm-god and cosmic fertility, whose iconography and cult had been propagated by the Itureans in the regions that they have controled in the north of the Beqa‘ and the north of Lebanon.Après une description géographique du promontoire de Râs ach-Chaq‘ a, le Théouprosopon des Anciens, et une recension des textes qui le mentionnent sous diverses appellations depuis l’Antiquité jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine, l’auteur propose d’y reconnaître le Ba‘ li Ra’si des Annales de Salmanasar III. S’appuyant sur des documents iconographiques, particulièrement des monnaies, il propose de reconnaître dans le dieu de Batroun, et partant le dieu du Théouprosopon, un avatar du grand dieu de l’orage et de la fécondité cosmique, dont l’iconographie et le culte ont dû être propagés par les Ituréens dans les régions qu’ils ont dominées dans le nord de la Béqa‘ et le nord du Liban.Salame-Sarkis Hassan. Le dieu de Râs ach-Chaq‘a-Théouprosopon. In: Syria. Tome 82, 2005. pp. 173-188
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