188,084 research outputs found
Forman Christian College Magazine
No full textLall, A. S.-Editorial. pp. 1-2; Modern Times. pp. 3-4; Jain, M. P.-Article-The Cambridge Days of Wordsworth. pp. 5-7; Krishan Chander-The Clerk. pp. 8-9; Sardari Lal-Poetry-The Life Clock. pp. 9; Essay-Knockout Blows. pp. 10-13; The Professor and the Cat. pp. 14-18; Krishan Chander-The Song of the Soul of a Shepherd. pp. 19; Eric A. Sadiq-Story-Love in a Dream. pp. 20-22; Talwar, O. P.-Article-High Prospects of Sugar Cane Industry in India. pp. 22-27; Vacation Addresses of the Staff. pp. 27-28; Mohd. Yamin Qureshi-News and Notes. pp. 29-31; Mohd. Yamin Qureshi-Hostel News. pp. 31-33; [Hindi]. 16 p.; Khisa-e-Urdu [Urdu]. 32 p
The Core of a Normal Form Game
No full textDue to the externalities, in normal form games a deviation changes the payoff of all players inducing a retaliation by the remaining or residual players. The stability of an outcome depends on the expectations potential deviators have about this reaction, but so far no satisfactory theory has been provided. The present paper continues the work of Chander and Tulkens (1997) where deviators consider residual equilibria, but we allow coalitions to form, moreover introduce consistency between the residual solution and the solution of the original game. Optimistic and pessimistic considerations produce a pair of cores. These cores are compared to some existing cooperative concepts such as the gamma- and r-cores and the equilibrium binding agreements. In our final section we discuss the predominance of the grand coalition and suggest a generalisation of the normal form where such a precedence can be removed.externalities, residual game, cohesiveness, partition function
Risk Aversion and Income Tax Enforcement
No full textThis paper characterizes optimal income tax and audit schemes in the presence of costly enforcement when the agent is risk averse and not necessarily risk neutral. It is shown that the results under risk-neutrality (Chander and Wilde (1998)) largely hold under risk aversion. We first show that in an optimal scheme the tax evasion decision of the agent is equivalent to risking his entire income against a possible gain in terms of lower tax payment. We then introduce a measure of aversion to such large risks. In contrast, the Arrow-Pratt coefficients of risk aversion measure aversion to small risks only. We show that the optimal tax function is non-decreasing and concave if the agent’s aversion to large risks, as defined in terms of our measure, is decreasing with income. The optimal audit function is non-increasing and the audits may be random or deterministic.expected utility, risk aversion, principal-agent, adverse selection
The Gamma-Core and Coalition Formation
No full textThis paper reinterprets the gamma-core (Chander and Tulkens (1995, 1997)) and justifies it as well as its prediction that the efficient coalition structure is stable in terms of the coalition formation theory. It is assumed that coalitions can freely merge or break apart, are farsighted (that is, it is the final and not the immediate payoffs that matter to the coalitions) and a coalition may deviate if and only if it stands to gain from it. It is then shown that subsequent to a deviation by a coalition, the nonmembers will have incentives to break apart into singletons, as is assumed in the definition of the gamma-characteristic function, and that the grand coalition is the only stable coalition structure.strategic games, coalition formation, farsighted, core, characteristic function
Forman Christian College Magazine
No full textAta Ullah Kalim-Editorial. pp. 1-2; Bhatty, M. S.-Article-Disarmament. pp. 2-6; Article-The Feminine Element in Literature. pp. 6-9; Jaggan Nath Dhamija-Bald Heads and Spectacles. pp. 9-11; Krishan Chander-Essay-Books and Crooks. pp. 12-14; Buland Akhtar-Essay-Arts at Stake. pp. 14-15; Krishan Kumar-Fops and Fops. pp. 16-17; Sant Ram Mohindra-Travelogue-A Trip to Rajputana and the South West of India. pp. 18-19; Krishan Chander-News and Notes. pp. 20-21; Letters to the Editor. pp. 21-23; Mohd. Yamin Qureshi-Our Hostels. pp. 23-25; Late News. pp. 25; [Hindi]. 8 p.; Punjabi Kiyari [Punjabi] pp. 13-16; Khisa-e-Urdu [Urdu]. 12 p
Cooperation, Stability and Self-Enforcement in International Environmental Agreements: A Conceptual Discussion
No full textIn essence, any international environmental agreement (IEA) implies cooperation of a form or another. The paper seeks for logical foundations of this. It first deals with how the need for cooperation derives from the public good aspect of the externalities involved, as well as with where the source of cooperation lies in cooperative game theory. In either case, the quest for efficiency is claimed to be at the root of cooperation. Next, cooperation is considered from the point of view of stability. After recalling the two competing concepts of stability in use in the IEA literature, new insights on the nature of the gamma core in general are given as well as of the Chander-Tulkens solution within the gamma core. Free riding is also evaluated in relation with the alternative forms of stability under scrutiny. Finally, it is asked whether with the often mentioned virtue of “self enforcement” any conceptual gain is achieved, different from what is meant by efficiency and stability. A skeptical answer is offered, as a reply to Barrett’s (2003) attempt at giving the notion a specific content.International Environmental Agreements, Cooperation, Stability, Self-enforcement
Modelling interaction forces at a curved physical human-exoskeleton interface
No full textIn virtual modelling of exoskeletons, the human-exoskeleton interface is often simplified by modelling the interface forces at a single point instead of contact forces due to the straps or cuffs. In the past, force-generating elements (FGEs) have been used to predict ground reaction forces. However, unlike the ground, which is a planar surface, the human-exoskeleton interface presents curved surfaces. This work discusses the modifications required for using the FGEs for predicting the curved human-exoskeleton interface forces of a passive lower-limb exoskeleton, the Chairless Chair. A pressure mat was positioned at the human-exoskeleton interface to measure the area of contact and the centre of pressure (CoP) in three different sitting conditions. The strength of the FGEs was analysed in detail and its optimization based on the model outputs is discussed. The strength affects the model assistance and the CoP, and these outputs could be used to identify the optimal value of the strength. The strength of the FGEs affects the biomechanical outputs from the model also. Therefore, it is crucial to select the correct value of the strength. The results of this work would be useful for the detailed modelling of the human-exoskeleton interface
Sources of heavy metals and their long-term effects on microbial C, N and P relationships in soil
No full textThe effects of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, and Cu) on microbial biomass C, N, and P were assessed in soils contaminated over a wide range by sewage sludge, exhaust dust deposition of a lead factory and river sediments of mining residues. Microbial biomass C, N, and P did not show any clear heavy metal effect related to soil dry weight. Also the ratios of microbial biomass C/N and biomass C/P remained unaffected by heavy metals. The ratios of microbial biomass C/soil organic C, biomass N/total N, and biomass P/total P were all negatively affected by increasing concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cu as detected by a source-specific analysis of covariance using the different heavy metal fractions as covariate. Negative effects of Zn on the ratios microbial biomass C/soil organic C and biomass N/total N increased with increasing metal solubility in the order: (X-ray fluorescence analysis) XFA-detectable < HNO3 < EDTA << NH4NO3-extractable Zn. The Zn effects on the microbial biomass N/total N were always smaller than those on the microbial biomass C/soil organic C ratio. The same was true for all effects of the Pb and Cu fractions on these two ratios. For this reason, the deposition of highly soluble Zn and Pb by exhaust dust has the most negative effects, although sediments contained the maximum total burden of Zn and Pb. All fractions of Zn, Pb, and Cu had similar negative effects on the microbial biomass P/total P ratio, although the NH4NO3-extractable fraction again showed the most pronounced effects
On the Core of an Economy with Multilateral and Multidimensional Environmental Externalities
No full textFor simple economic models of transfrontier pollution, Chander and Tulkens (1995) and (1997) have offered a formula for transfers to sustain international cooperation on a voluntary basis and which deter coalitionnal free-riding under some reasonable behaviours of countries not in the coalition. Their scheme rests on the assumption that pollution is a scalar. Relaxing this assumption, interesting interactions among pollutants arise that call for a new formula. In this paper we extend Chander and Tulkens formula for this more realistic multidimensional context, and thereby enhance the pratical and theoretical relevance of their seminal analysis.core
Soil Nutrient Mapping for On-farm Fertility Management
No full textFeeding the projected population of 9.1 billion globally and 1.6 billion
in India by 2050 is one of the greatest challenges of the century,
and in this endeavour to ensure future food security, efficient soil
nutrient management is crucial (Wani et al., 2003; Sahrawat et al.,
2010; Chander et al., 2013). Since the era of the Green Revolution in
India in the late 1960s, the focus has been on only three macronutrients,
namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and
this has brought nutrient imbalances and widespread deficiencies of
micro and secondary nutrients such as sulfur (S), boron (B) and zinc
(Zn) in addition to macronutrients (Wani et al., 2009; Sahrawat and
Wani, 2013; Chander et al., 2014). Most farmers and stakeholders are
not aware of soil fertility issues and management alongside water and
crop management, which is the main reason for large yield gaps in
the semi-arid tropics (SAT). In order to ensure future food security
and the future of smallholder farmers, science-led interventions are
needed to bridge the yield gaps in the SAT. Some pilot initiatives
such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT)—Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihood Programme
(APRLP) initiative in Andhra Pradesh and the Bhoochetana initiative in
Karnataka have shown that soil nutrient mapping is the best entry point
activity to enhance productivity and livelihoods through soil-needbased
fertility management (Wani et al., 2011; Chander et al., 2013;
Sahrawat and Wani, 2013). This chapter therefore focuses on soil fertility
management issues and the need of soil nutrient mapping for
informed decisions..
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