80,506 research outputs found
Chan An Ancient Maya Farming Community
No full textThe farming community of Chan thrived for over twenty centuries, surpassing the longevity of many larger Maya urban centers. Between 800 BC and 1200 AD it was a major food production center, and this collection of essays reveals the important role played by Maya farmers in the development of ancient Maya society. Chan offers a synthesis of compelling and groundbreaking discoveries gathered over ten years of research at this one archaeological site in Belize. The contributors develop three central themes, which structure the book. They examine how sustainable farming practices maintained the surrounding forest, allowing the community to exist for two millennia. They trace the origins of elite Maya state religion to the complex religious belief system developed in small communities such as Chan. Finally, they describe how the group-focused political strategies employed by local leaders differed from the highly hierarchical strategies of the Classic Maya kings in their large cities. In breadth, methodology, and findings, this volume scales new heights in the study of Maya society and culture.Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introducing the Chan Site: Farmers in Complex Societies -- Part 1. Time, Space, and Landscapes -- 2. A Changing Cultural Landscape: Settlement Survey and GIS at Chan -- 3. Ceramics and Chronology at Chan -- 4. Agricultural Practices at Chan: Farming and Political Economy in an Ancient Maya Community -- 5. Agroforestry and Agricultural Production of the Ancient Maya at Chan -- Part 2. Life in a Farming Community Center -- 6. Ritual in a Farming Community -- 7. Nonroyal Governance at Chan's Community Center -- 8. "Empty" Spaces and Public Places: A Microscopic View of Chan's Late Classic West Plaza -- Part 3. Diversity across the Chan Community -- 9. Recognizing Difference in Small-Scale Settings: An Examination of Social Identity Formation at the Northeast Group, Chan -- 10. Organization of Chert Tool Economy during the Late and Terminal Classic Periods at Chan: Preliminary Thoughts Based upon Debitage Analyses -- 11. Limestone Quarrying and Household Organization at Chan -- Part 4. Bodies, Material Culture, and Meaning -- 12. The Chan Community: A Bioarchaeological Perspective -- 13. Creating Community with Shell -- 14. Obsidian Acquisition, Trade, and Regional Interaction at Chan -- 15. Contextualizing Ritual Behavior: Caches, Burials, and Problematical Deposits from Chan's Community Center -- Part 5. Conclusion -- 16. Learning from an Ancient Maya Farming Community -- References -- List of Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- X -- YThe farming community of Chan thrived for over twenty centuries, surpassing the longevity of many larger Maya urban centers. Between 800 BC and 1200 AD it was a major food production center, and this collection of essays reveals the important role played by Maya farmers in the development of ancient Maya society. Chan offers a synthesis of compelling and groundbreaking discoveries gathered over ten years of research at this one archaeological site in Belize. The contributors develop three central themes, which structure the book. They examine how sustainable farming practices maintained the surrounding forest, allowing the community to exist for two millennia. They trace the origins of elite Maya state religion to the complex religious belief system developed in small communities such as Chan. Finally, they describe how the group-focused political strategies employed by local leaders differed from the highly hierarchical strategies of the Classic Maya kings in their large cities. In breadth, methodology, and findings, this volume scales new heights in the study of Maya society and culture.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
More on Change-Making and Related Problems
Get PDFGiven a set of n integer-valued coin types and a target value t, the well-known change-making problem asks for the minimum number of coins that sum to t, assuming an unlimited number of coins in each type. In the more general all-targets version of the problem, we want the minimum number of coins summing to j, for every j = 0,…,t. For example, the textbook dynamic programming algorithms can solve the all-targets problem in O(nt) time. Recently, Chan and He (SOSA'20) described a number of O(t polylog t)-time algorithms for the original (single-target) version of the change-making problem, but not the all-targets version.
In this paper, we obtain a number of new results on change-making and related problems:
- We present a new algorithm for the all-targets change-making problem with running time Õ(t^{4/3}), improving a previous Õ(t^{3/2})-time algorithm.
- We present a very simple Õ(u²+t)-time algorithm for the all-targets change-making problem, where u denotes the maximum coin value. The analysis of the algorithm uses a theorem of Erdős and Graham (1972) on the Frobenius problem. This algorithm can be extended to solve the all-capacities version of the unbounded knapsack problem (for integer item weights bounded by u).
- For the original (single-target) coin changing problem, we describe a simple modification of one of Chan and He’s algorithms that runs in Õ(u) time (instead of Õ(t)).
- For the original (single-capacity) unbounded knapsack problem, we describe a simple algorithm that runs in Õ(nu) time, improving previous near-u²-time algorithms.
- We also observe how one of our ideas implies a new result on the minimum word break problem, an optimization version of a string problem studied by Bringmann et al. (FOCS'17), generalizing change-making (which corresponds to the unary special case)
Faughnia formosae Manning & Chan 1997
No full textFaughnia formosae Manning & Chan, 1997 Faughnia formosae Manning & Chan, 1997: 546, figs. 1–4 [type locality: off TaiShi, NE Taiwan]. — Ahyong & Naiyanetr, 2002: 289. Material examined. ZRC 2004.0611, 1 male (TL 124 mm), Balicasag Island, P. Ng et al. from local fishermen, 2 Mar 2004. Distribution. Japan, Taiwan, the Andaman Sea and now the Philippines at depths between 40–200 m..Published as part of Ahyong, Shane T., 2004, New species and new records of stomatopod Crustacea from the Philippines, pp. 1-28 in Zootaxa 793 on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16964
Supplemental Material2 - Supplemental material for Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textSupplemental material, Supplemental Material2 for Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis by K M Thong and T M Chan in Lupus</p
Supplemental Material1 - Supplemental material for Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textSupplemental material, Supplemental Material1 for Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis by K M Thong and T M Chan in Lupus</p
Supplemental Material3 - Supplemental material for Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textSupplemental material, Supplemental Material3 for Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis by K M Thong and T M Chan in Lupus</p
Heterogeneous and tissue-specific regulation of effector T cell responses by IFN-gamma during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.
Get PDFIFN-γ and T cells are both required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Surprisingly, however, the role of IFN-γ in shaping the effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response during this infection has not been examined in detail. To address this, we have compared the effector T cell responses in wild-type and IFN-γ(-/-) mice during P. berghei ANKA infection. The expansion of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during P. berghei ANKA infection was unaffected by the absence of IFN-γ, but the contraction phase of the T cell response was significantly attenuated. Splenic T cell activation and effector function were essentially normal in IFN-γ(-/-) mice; however, the migration to, and accumulation of, effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lung, liver, and brain was altered in IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Interestingly, activation and accumulation of T cells in various nonlymphoid organs was differently affected by lack of IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ influences T cell effector function to varying levels in different anatomical locations. Importantly, control of splenic T cell numbers during P. berghei ANKA infection depended on active IFN-γ-dependent environmental signals--leading to T cell apoptosis--rather than upon intrinsic alterations in T cell programming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to fully investigate the role of IFN-γ in modulating T cell function during P. berghei ANKA infection and reveals that IFN-γ is required for efficient contraction of the pool of activated T cells
Munidopsis dentifalx Osawa, Lin & Chan 2007
No full textMunidopsis dentifalx Osawa, Lin & Chan, 2007 Munidopsis dentifalx Osawa, Lin & Chan, 2007: 15, figs 1–3 (between Negros and Mindanao, Philippines, 2120–2323 m). Type data: holotype, ovigerous female, NMCR. Type locality: Philippines, 8°49.6´N, 123°02.6´E, 2120–2149 m.Published as part of Baba, Keiji, Macpherson, Enrique, Poore, Gary C. B., Ahyong, Shane T., Bermudez, Adriana, Cabezas, Patricia, Lin, Chia-Wei, Nizinski, Martha, Rodrigues, Celso & Schnabel, Kareen E., 2008, Catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura-families Chirostylidae, Galatheidae and Kiwaidae), pp. 1-220 in Zootaxa 1905 (1) on page 140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1905.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/513458
Settling of finite-size particles in isotropically forced, homogeneous turbulence: interface-resolved simulations
No full textWe have simulated the gravity-induced settling of finite-size particles in a turbulent background flow which is forced in a statistically-stationary fashion. The simulations are accurately resolving the solid-fluid interface with the aid of an immersed boundary technique [1]. The parameters of the simulation are (apart from background turbulence) identical to those of reference [2], where particle clustering was observed at a Galileo number of 178 and a solid volume fraction of 0.005. In the present case, it is found that a relative turbulence intensity of 0.24 leads to the disappearance of the clusters; as a consequence, the increase in average particle settling velocity found in [2] also vanishes. [1] M. Uhlmann. An immersed boundary method with direct forcing for the simulation of particulate flows. J. Comput. Phys., 209(2):448–476, 2005. [2] M. Uhlmann and T. Doychev. Sedimentation of a dilute suspension of rigid spheres at intermediate Galileo numbers: the effect of clustering upon the particle motion. J. Fluid Mech., 752:310–348, 2014
(Re-)invented Chan Lineage, Unique Vietnamese Meditation School, or Both? Thích Thanh Từ’s “Revived” Trúc Lâm Tradition of Thiền Tông
No full textThis study explores how images of the past have been deployed to set up current arrangements of leadership and institutional identity by considering the career and teachings of Thích Thanh Từ in connection with his “revived” Buddhist tradition in Vietnam. Promoted as a continuation of the unique and pure Vietnamese Buddhist meditation tradition and associated with the Vietnamese national identity, the contemporary Trúc Lâm (Bamboo Grove) is a pride of many Vietnamese Buddhists. The original Trúc Lâm is claimed to be founded by the heroic King-turned-monk Trần Nhân Tông in the thirteenth century. The tradition was supposedly transmitted through the next two generations and died out. In the twentieth century, a Southern Vietnamese monk, Thích Thanh Từ (1924–), who had quit Pure Land (Tịnh Độ, C. Jingtu 淨土) Buddhism to self-learn and practice meditation, decided to reinvent the medieval Trúc Lâm tradition and became the founder of the contemporary Trúc Lâm. Despite growing up during French colonization and American war, Thanh Từ was not politically involved; instead, he focused on setting up new monasteries, taught meditation, and discouraged his followers from political and social engagement. This paper examines how successful Thích Thanh Từ and his disciples are in popularizing Trúc Lâm in Vietnam, given that the majority of Vietnamese Buddhists follow Pure Land devotional practices. More importantly, it describes how Thích Thanh Từ combines the teachings attributed to Trần Nhân Tông and two Chinese Chan masters, Huike 慧可 (the Second Patriarch) and Huineng 惠能 (the Sixth Patriarch), to form Trúc Lâm’s philosophical views and meditation techniques. With the clear-cut distinction between the delusional mind of sentient beings and the perfect mind of enlightened beings, Thích Thanh Từ presents the goal of Trúc Lâm practice as attaining the state of no-thought and sharpening it to perfection to perceive the “buddha nature” (phật tính, S. buddhadhātu, C. foxing 佛性) understood as the pure mind of nonduality and nonform. Outlining that process, he emphasizes the importance of “sudden awakening” (đốn ngộ, C. dunwu 頓悟) followed by “gradual cultivation” (tiệm tu, C. jianxiu 漸修). His meditation manual for ordinary practitioners with no experience of sudden awakening contains key techniques of (1) stabilizing the mind by counting and then observing breaths, (2) recognizing the “true mind” (chân tâm, C. zhenxin 真心) through practicing “no abiding in thoughts” (biết vọng không theo), “no mind for the externals” (đối cảnh vô tâm), “no dualistic discrimination” (không kẹt hai bên), and then proceeding to the stage of permanently abiding in the nature of true mind. These meditation methods are pertinent to Trúc Lâm’s view that all phenomena that emerge via speculative thoughts are unreal and illusory, and that only the true mind is real. The first section of this paper explores historical connections between Vietnamese and Chinese forms of Buddhism, shedding light on why Trúc Lâm embraces Thiền Tông, which is transmitted from Chinese Chan zong, and how Thích Thanh Từ builds connections between Thiền Tông and the Vietnamese national identity. The second section focuses on Thích Thanh Từ’s own life story, on how he practiced meditation and suddenly experienced “unlearned wisdom” (trí vô sư/vô sư trí, C. wushi zhi 無師智, an alternative term for true mind and buddha nature as a result of his practice) and how he succeeded in spreading the “revived” Trúc Lâm. With the first two sections as a background, in the third section, this paper explores Thích Thanh Từ’s views and practices and critically analyzes those views and practices in the conclusion. Overall, I argue that Thích Thanh Từ’s instructions on meditation are closely intertwined with his view of reality, which in turn is based on the mainstream Chan zong ideas
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