252,130 research outputs found
Chan An Ancient Maya Farming Community
No full textThe farming community of Chan thrived for over twenty centuries, surpassing the longevity of many larger Maya urban centers. Between 800 BC and 1200 AD it was a major food production center, and this collection of essays reveals the important role played by Maya farmers in the development of ancient Maya society. Chan offers a synthesis of compelling and groundbreaking discoveries gathered over ten years of research at this one archaeological site in Belize. The contributors develop three central themes, which structure the book. They examine how sustainable farming practices maintained the surrounding forest, allowing the community to exist for two millennia. They trace the origins of elite Maya state religion to the complex religious belief system developed in small communities such as Chan. Finally, they describe how the group-focused political strategies employed by local leaders differed from the highly hierarchical strategies of the Classic Maya kings in their large cities. In breadth, methodology, and findings, this volume scales new heights in the study of Maya society and culture.Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introducing the Chan Site: Farmers in Complex Societies -- Part 1. Time, Space, and Landscapes -- 2. A Changing Cultural Landscape: Settlement Survey and GIS at Chan -- 3. Ceramics and Chronology at Chan -- 4. Agricultural Practices at Chan: Farming and Political Economy in an Ancient Maya Community -- 5. Agroforestry and Agricultural Production of the Ancient Maya at Chan -- Part 2. Life in a Farming Community Center -- 6. Ritual in a Farming Community -- 7. Nonroyal Governance at Chan's Community Center -- 8. "Empty" Spaces and Public Places: A Microscopic View of Chan's Late Classic West Plaza -- Part 3. Diversity across the Chan Community -- 9. Recognizing Difference in Small-Scale Settings: An Examination of Social Identity Formation at the Northeast Group, Chan -- 10. Organization of Chert Tool Economy during the Late and Terminal Classic Periods at Chan: Preliminary Thoughts Based upon Debitage Analyses -- 11. Limestone Quarrying and Household Organization at Chan -- Part 4. Bodies, Material Culture, and Meaning -- 12. The Chan Community: A Bioarchaeological Perspective -- 13. Creating Community with Shell -- 14. Obsidian Acquisition, Trade, and Regional Interaction at Chan -- 15. Contextualizing Ritual Behavior: Caches, Burials, and Problematical Deposits from Chan's Community Center -- Part 5. Conclusion -- 16. Learning from an Ancient Maya Farming Community -- References -- List of Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- X -- YThe farming community of Chan thrived for over twenty centuries, surpassing the longevity of many larger Maya urban centers. Between 800 BC and 1200 AD it was a major food production center, and this collection of essays reveals the important role played by Maya farmers in the development of ancient Maya society. Chan offers a synthesis of compelling and groundbreaking discoveries gathered over ten years of research at this one archaeological site in Belize. The contributors develop three central themes, which structure the book. They examine how sustainable farming practices maintained the surrounding forest, allowing the community to exist for two millennia. They trace the origins of elite Maya state religion to the complex religious belief system developed in small communities such as Chan. Finally, they describe how the group-focused political strategies employed by local leaders differed from the highly hierarchical strategies of the Classic Maya kings in their large cities. In breadth, methodology, and findings, this volume scales new heights in the study of Maya society and culture.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Atroposelective Chan-Evans-Lam Amination
No full textThe synthetic control of atropoisomerism along C─N bonds is a major challenge, and methods that allow C─N atroposelective bond formation are rare. This is a problem because each atropoisomer can feature starkly differentiated biological properties. Yet, among the three most practical and applicable classical amination methods available: 1) the Cu-catalyzed Ullmann-Goldberg reaction, 2) the Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, and 3) the Cu-catalyzed Chan-Evans-Lam reaction, none has truly been rendered atroposelective at the newly formed C─N bond. The first ever Chan-Evans-Lam atroposelective amination is herein described with a simple copper catalyst and new PyrOx chiral ligand. This method constitutes a change of paradigm in the field
Judicial deference at work: Some reflections on Chan Kin Sum and Kong Yun Ming
Full text link"Due deference" - the giving of appropriate weight to the government's judgment in the court's reasoning - is a tool that courts use to maintain the separation of powers in constitutional rights review. This note aims to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the issue of deference, and to analyse the Court of First Instance (CFI)'s approach to deference in two recent cases, Chan Kin Sum and Kong Yun Ming. The author argues that the CFI has adopted a spatial approach that failed to specify the contested issues that called for deference, inappropriately considered democratic legitimacy as a factor for deference and made broad presumptions about the democratic character of primary decisions. This approach may lead to an over-deferential attitude that threatens the separation of powers, and the malleability of the approach may be subject to courts' manipulation. The author argues for a more context-sensitive approach based purely on institutional factors.published_or_final_versio
Sandy C. Marks Collection: A Finding Aid
No full textThis collection was processed by Lisa Grasso and Kristine Sjostedt, 2023-2024.The Sandy C. Marks Collection chronicles Dr. Marks’s career as a faculty member at UMass Chan Medical School
Coulter, Chan L., June 17, 1996 [Interview]
No full textProfessor of Philosophy Chan L. Coulter was interviewed on June 17, 1996, by Michael Birkner and David Hedrick about his childhood, his education, his time as an ROTC instructor, and aspects of his career at Gettysburg College.Clouse, Danner; Richardson, Norman E.; Schubart, W. Richard; Portmess, Lisa; Glassick, Charles E.; Holder, Leonard I.; Potts, David B.; Paul, Willard S.; Hanson, C. ArnoldWillard S. Paul Years; Carl Arnold Hanson Years; Charles E. Glassick Years; Gordon A. Haaland Year
Coulter, Chan L., July 23, 1996 [Interview]
No full textProfessor of Philosophy Chan L. Coulter was interviewed on June 17, 1996, by Michael Birkner and David Hedrick about his career at Gettysburg College, including memorable colleagues, classes, and controversies.Dunn, Seymour B.; Glatfelter, Charles H.; Hanson, C. Arnold; Crapster, Basil L.; Barnes, Robert D.; Baskerville, Edward J.; Mara, Richard T.; Qually, Ingolf; Bugbee, Bruce W.; Richardson, Norman E.; Bolich, Harry F.; Arms, Richard A.; Mason, Francis C.; Taylor, Kathrine Kressmann; Schmidt, Emile O.; Glassick, Charles E.; Potts, David B.Willard S. Paul Years; Carl Arnold Hanson Years; Charles E. Glassick Years; Gordon A. Haaland Year
In ole Virginia; or, Marse Chan, and other stories,
No full textMarse Chan.--"Unc' Edinburg's drowndin."--Meh lady.--Ole's tracted.--"No haid pawn."--Polly.Mode of access: Internet.Mass deacidificationBelle & Kermit Roosevelt Coll. For C-10 6738 copy
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
No full textgreat ruined and abandoned city, the capital of the Chimú kingdom (c. AD 1100–1470) and the largest city in pre-Columbian America. It is situated on the northern coast of present-day Peru, about 300 miles (480 km) north of Lima in the Moche valley, between the Pacific Ocean and the city of Trujillo. Chan Chan was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.
The ruins of Chan Chan, which cover nearly 14 square miles (36 square km), are in fairly good condition because the area is usually rainless. The building material used was adobe brick, and the buildings were finished with mud frequently adorned with patterned relief arabesques. The centre of the city consists of several walled citadels, or quadrangles. Each of these contains pyramidal temples, cemeteries, gardens, reservoirs, and symmetrically arranged rooms. These quadrangles presumably were the living quarters, burial places, and storehouses of the aristocracy. Most of the city's population—artisans and farmers—lived outside the quadrangles in modest quarters of less-durable construction.
Ruled from Chan Chan, the Chimú kingdom was for two centuries the chief state in Peru. It extended approximately from Piura in the north to Paramonga in the south. Its economy was based on agriculture, which in that dry region was supported by irrigation ditches. The Chimú seem to have elaborated a system of social-class stratification. Craftsmen produced fine textiles and gold, silver, and copper objects; a polished blade pottery was mold-made and produced according to standardized designs.
As successors to the Moche civilization, the Chimú spoke Yunca (Yunga, or Moche), a now-extinct language, but had no writing system. Between 1465 and 1470 they came under Inca rule, apparently persuaded that Inca arms were invincible. Chimú historical and mythological traditions were recorded by Spanish writers after the conquest (c. 1532).
Encyclopedia Britannicaaerial vie
Differences in Radiative Forcing, Not Sensitivity, Explain Differences in Summertime Land Temperature Variance Change Between CMIP5 and CMIP6
Full text link© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chan, D., Rigden, A., Proctor, J., Chan, P. W., & Huybers, P. Differences in radiative forcing, not sensitivity, explain differences in summertime land temperature variance change between CMIP5 and CMIP6. Earth’s Future, 10(2), (2022): e2021EF002402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002402.How summertime temperature variability will change with warming has important implications for climate adaptation and mitigation. CMIP5 simulations indicate a compound risk of extreme hot temperatures in western Europe from both warming and increasing temperature variance. CMIP6 simulations, however, indicate only a moderate increase in temperature variance that does not covary with warming. To explore this intergenerational discrepancy in CMIP results, we decompose changes in monthly temperature variance into those arising from changes in sensitivity to forcing and changes in forcing variance. Across models, sensitivity increases with local warming in both CMIP5 and CMIP6 at an average rate of 5.7 ([3.7, 7.9]; 95% c.i.) × 10−3°C per W m−2 per °C warming. We use a simple model of moist surface energetics to explain increased sensitivity as a consequence of greater atmospheric demand (∼70%) and drier soil (∼40%) that is partially offset by the Planck feedback (∼−10%). Conversely, forcing variance is stable in CMIP5 but decreases with warming in CMIP6 at an average rate of −21 ([−28, −15]; 95% c.i.) W2 m−4 per °C warming. We examine scaling relationships with mean cloud fraction and find that mean forcing variance decreases with decreasing cloud fraction at twice the rate in CMIP6 than CMIP5. The stability of CMIP6 temperature variance is, thus, a consequence of offsetting changes in sensitivity and forcing variance. Further work to determine which models and generations of CMIP simulations better represent changes in cloud radiative forcing is important for assessing risks associated with increased temperature variance.This study was supported by the Harvard Global Institute and NSF (Award 1903657). D. Chan was also supported by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Weston Howland Jr. Postdoctoral Fellowship
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