1,721,901 research outputs found
Electrophysiology of Endocannabinoid Signaling
No full textElectrophysiological technique is an efficient tool for investigating the synaptic regulatory effects mediated by the endocannabinoid system. Stimulation of presynaptic type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is the principal mode by which endocannabinoids suppress transmitter release in the central nervous system, but a non-retrograde manner of functioning and other receptors have also been described. Endocannabinoids are key modulators of both short- and long-term plasticity. Here, we discuss ex vivo electrophysiological approaches to examine synaptic signaling induced by cannabinoid and endocannabinoid molecules in the mammalian brain
The endocannabinoid pathway in Huntington's disease: a comparison with other neurodegenerative diseases
No full textEndocannabinoids are endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors, and comprise amides, esters and ethers of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are the best-studied members of this class of lipid mediators, and it is now widely accepted that their in vivo concentration and biological activity are largely dependent on a "metabolic control." Therefore, the proteins that synthesize, transport and degrade endocannabinoids, and that together with the target receptors form the so-called "endocannabinoid system," are the focus of intense research. This new system will be presented in this review, in order to put in a better perspective the impact of its modulation on Huntington's disease. In particular, the effect of agonists/antagonists of endocannabinoid receptors, or of inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism, will be discussed in the context of onset and progression of Huntington's disease, and will be compared with other neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotropic lateral sclerosis. Also the plastic changes of endocannabinoids in multiple sclerosis will be reviewed, as a paradigm of their impact in neuroinflammatory disorders. [...
Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: multiple sclerosis spasticity nervous pathways
No full textSpasticity arises from hyperexcitability of the neural stretch reflex arc secondary to injury of the corticospinal tract. In response to injury, the density of glutamatergic inputs from afferent 1A fibers to motor neurons increases dramatically and adaptive changes occur in the morphology of microglia cells in the spinal cord.
SUMMARY:
Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for spasticity has been demonstrated in animal models of MS. Stimulation of cannabinoid (CB)1 receptors reduces the hyperglutamatergic drive from sensory afferents to spinal cord motor neurons and blocks the synaptic effects of activated microglia and pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. TNF-α) on glutamatergic transmission. Enhancing corticospinal tract excitability through intermittent theta burst stimulation inhibits the stretch reflex and spasticity by promoting long-term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity that requires stimulation of CB1 receptors. Evidence indicates that the antispasticity effects of THC:CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex®) are associated with enhanced cortical long-term potentiation. Key Messages: Glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways are involved in the regulation of muscle tone. CB1 receptors, which are associated with movement, postural control, and pain and sensory perception, influence glutamatergic pathways. THC:CBD oromucosal spray was shown to reverse motor cortex plasticity from long-term depression through long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, thereby restoring, at least in part, effective corticospinal inputs to spinal circuits
Biomarkers for determining the sensitivity of an individual to multiple sclerosis treatment with an S1P modulator
No full textChemometric discrimination of X-ray irradiated mozzarella cheese based on the volatile profile by HS-SPME/GC-MS
No full textChemometric discrimination of X-ray irradiated mozzarella cheese
based on the volatile profile by HS-SPME/GC-MS
Zianni R.
1, Mentana A.2, Campaniello M. 2, Tomauiolo M. 2, Iammarino M.2, Centonze
D.3, Palermo C.1
1 Università di Foggia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Via Napoli 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il
trattamento degli alimenti e dei loro ingredienti con radiazioni ionizzanti, Via Manfredonia, 20 - 71121 Foggia, Italy
3 Università di Foggia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Via Napoli 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
AIM X-ray irradiation is a non-thermal technology employed to destroy and inactivate
pathogen and microbial contaminants in foodstuffs. To date, few analytical investigations have
been carried out on volatile profile of X-ray irradiated dairy products (Zianni et al., 2022). For
this reason, in this work, a Central Composite Design (CCD) for Response Surface
Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise the HS-SPME parameters for investigating the
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of irradiated mozzarella cheese. The best conditions were
applied to non irradiated and irradiated samples at three dose levels (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 kGy),
the differences have been evaluated by means of a chemometric discrimination.
MATERIAL AND METHODS The X-ray radiation treatment was performed using a lowenergy X-ray irradiator. VOCs were sampled by HS-SPME and analysed by GC-MS.
The collected data were handled by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant
Analysis (LDA) and Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), to discriminate the
variation of volatile profiles among non-irradiated and irradiated samples.
RESULTS LDA and PLS-DA demonstrated that the X-ray irradiation treatment differently
affected the volatile classes of aroma mozzarella cheese. The results highlighted the
effectiveness of the volatolomic approach to evaluate the variations with respect to the
irradiation and to identify potential markers of X-ray treatment.
Keywords: Experimental design, Statistical analysis, Food irradiation, Volatile organic
compounds, HS-SPME/GC-MS
Contact person: Rosalia Zianni, [email protected]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Supported by funding from the Italian Ministry of Health, Project code GR-2018-
12367064.
REFERENCES
Zianni R (2022): An investigation using a validated method based on HS-SPME-GC-MS
detection for the determination of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone in Xray irradiated dairy products. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 153, 112466. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.11246
Laquinimod for treatment of cannabinoid receptor type 1(cb1) mediated disorders
No full textThis invention provides a method of treating a human subject suffering from a CB1 receptor related disorder comprising periodically administering to the subject an effective amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an
amount effective to treat the subject
Laquinimod for treatment of gaba mediated disorders
No full textThis invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from a GABA
related disorder comprising periodically administering to the subject an effective
amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount
effective to treat the subject
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