13 research outputs found
Social Robots and Wearable Sensors for Mitigating Meltdowns in Autism - A Pilot Test
No full textYoung individuals with ASD may exhibit challenging behaviors. Among these, self-injurious behavior (SIB) is the most devastating for a person’s physical health and inclusion within the community. SIB refers to a class of behaviors that an individual inflicts upon himself or herself, which may potentially result in physical injury (e.g. hitting one’s own head with the hand or the wrist, banging one’s head on the wall, biting oneself and pulling out one’s own hair). We evaluate the feasibility of a wrist-wearable sensor in detecting challenging behaviors in a child with autism prior to any visible signs through the monitoring of the child’s heart rate, electrodermal activity, and movements. Furthermore, we evaluate the feasibility of such sensor to be used on an ankle instead of the wrist to reduce harm due to hitting oneself by hands and to improve wearable tolerance. Thus, we conducted two pilot tests. The first test involved a wearable sensor on the wrist of a child with autism. In a second test, we investigated wearable sensors on the wrist and on the ankle of a neurotypical child. Both pilot test results showed that the readings from the wearable sensors correlated with the children’s behaviors that were obtained from the videos taken during the tests. Wearable sensors could provide additional information that can be passed to social robots or to the caregivers for mitigating SIBs
Origins of human communication: development of linguistic element in the gestural communication system
No full textM.Phil.Studies in recent decades have indicated that a homesign system exhibits morphological and syntactic structures found in natural languages (Feldman, Goldin-Meadow, & Gleitman, 1978; Goldin-Meadow, 2005a; Goldin-Meadow, Mylander, & Franklin, 2007). However, these studies examined the development of language structures over a period of time (e.g., a year). The question remains whether those language structures can emerge when the communication system is created on the spot. Past studies have shown that, silent gestures, the improvised communication form invented on the spot by hearing speakers of different languages, are found to have consistent syntactic orders representing motion events (Goldin-Meadow, So, Özyürek, & Mylander, 2008). The present study examines whether there are any language properties in silent gestures produced by speakers of different languages. Specifically, we focus on language properties including form-meaning mapping at a word level, syntactic structure, and grammatical devices for negation and questions. We apply the linguistic analysis used in previous studies on homesign to the rudimentary gestural communication system created on the spot, and find that the ad hoc gestural communication system also displays some of the language properties assumed in the homesign system. Yet, we also observed inconsistent patterns among different language properties. Our findings imply that different language properties may not all be structured instantly, with some (e.g., forms or lexicons) taking a longer time to be systematized than others (e.g., syntactic orders). Moreover, the findings provide some insight into possible factors shaping the form of human language.語言無疑是構築當前人類輝煌歷史的基石。一方面語言是人類賴以交流溝通，傳遞文明火炬的工具，另一方面語言的各項要素又影響著人類感知世界，認識事物的方式。雖然大部分的人對於語言的使用方式爛熟於心，但人類卻對語言的來源知之甚少。人類的語言來源何方？人類的溝通方式是如何從簡單的信號交流，轉變成像今天這樣如此複雜的語言系統?要瞭解語言如何誕生，最為有效的方法是觀測那些我們用以界定自然語言的各項特質出現在簡單溝通系統的過程。要實現這種觀測並不容易。 一般的人類兒童往往在嬰兒時期便開始受到周圍語言的影響。因此兒童語言習得的過程更多是兒童認知能力發展及周邊語言輸入的結果，並不能作為語言本身發展的過程來觀測。然而，雖然在口頭語言上難以觀測語言創造的過程，但手勢語言的特點使這種觀測成為可能。例如，近數十年來有關語言誕生的研究都側重與對先天性聽覺障礙兒童溝通系統 （homsign system）的研究。這些兒童的父母大多數都為聽覺正常，而不懂手語的一般人。因此在這些兒童的生命早期他們往往會自發創造一套手勢交流系統用於與聽覺正常的家庭成員溝通。這些手勢溝通系統因此可以視為不受其他語言影響，由兒童獨自創造的簡單的溝通系統。有趣的是，近十年來的研究顯示，即使由單個並沒有任何語言知識的兒童創造，這些早期溝通系統呈現了很多與我們自然語言一致的語言特質，例如這些系統中具有系統的詞法結構；有固定的語序；有獨特的語言結構表示否定，疑問，數字；有規則的詞類系統以區分動名詞。基於先天性聽覺障礙兒童溝通系統的研究表明，即使是處於非常早期的語言系統，我們仍然能夠找到跟自然語言相當一致的語言特質。這是否意味著，即使在最為原始的溝通系統，我們仍然能夠找到部分跟自然語言一致的語言特點。而這些特點是否反映了人類對這些語言特點有著先天性的偏好呢？單從先天性聽覺障礙兒童溝通系統的研究中我們無法得到這些問題的答案，因為這些系統往往已經經由兒童自己發展了數年之久，因此時間有可能對系統中的部分特點造成影響。然而，利用手勢語言的形象性（iconicity）的特點，我們實則上可以即時創造一個新的溝通系統，即通過要求正常人僅通過手勢去溝通一段比較長的時間。我們能否在一個由不同母語背景的成年人組成的溝通團體所即時創造的手勢語言系統中觀測到任何和我們自然語言相似的語言特質？這些特質是否會受到參與者的母語背景影響而展現出不同的模式？與先天性聽覺障礙兒童溝通系統相比這些語言特質有何異同？這些異同是來源於以習得的語言影響還是其他因素如時間，溝通環境？本文試圖回答以上問題。通過研究一個由四位母語不同的參與者僅使用手勢交流八小時所創造的手勢交流系統，本文旨在探索這一在手勢語言管道即時創立的溝通系統是否存在任何與自然語言相似的語言特質。具體而言，我們著重對改系統詞法構築，句子結構，以及對否定及疑問詞運用幾方面。綜合以往對先天性聽覺障礙兒童的研究結果，本文希望為理解語言生成這一重要命題提供新的方向以及證據。Yang, Jiahao.Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2017.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-85).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 10, February, 2020)
CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection
No full textHou, Shumeng.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-72).Abstracts and appendix also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 08, November, 2016)
Gestural learning in children with autism
No full textPh.D.Communication impairment is one of the core features in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the effectiveness of spoken language interventions may be limited for individuals with ASD. Therefore, it is important for individuals with ASD to acquire augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) skills. Gesture is a natural and convenient method of communication which may compensate for the low verbal ability in children with ASD.The present study aimed to investigate the impairment in gestural skills in children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children, as well as to examine the role of imitation and prior knowledge in the gestural learning process of both children with ASD and TD children. In study 1, a narrative task was conducted in which children were asked to look at six cartoon pictures and then retell the story freely. The results of Study 1 revealed that the children with ASD had impaired gestural skills. Specifically, compared to the TD children, the children with ASD produced fewer gestures and had lower gesture rates. In addition, they produced fewer emblems and supplementary gestures.In Study 2, a gestural intervention was conducted in which 20 target gestures were taught. Compared to the TD children, the children with ASD showed poorer gestural skills, in terms of both gestural recognition and production, before the intervention. However, the children with ASD learned as well as the TD children during the intervention and acquired comparable skills with respect to the target gestures. We found that consistent prior knowledge benefited gestural learning in both groups. In addition, we found interactions between group (ASD and TD) and gesture type, group and imitation, and group and inconsistent prior knowledge. Specifically, we found that the TD children, but not the children with ASD, learned iconic gestures better than emblems and had better learning outcomes if they imitated better during the intervention. Also, only the children with ASD were hindered by inconsistent prior knowledge: If they had already acquired another form of the target gestures, their learning was poorer. These findings suggested that the children with ASD had a learning advantage in a structural setting with explicit goals and instructions. We also found that consistent prior knowledge helped to ease, while inconsistent prior knowledge possibly distracted, their learning process. In addition, opposite to previous findings, the effect of imitation was not significant in this study, indicating that explicit imitative behavior may not represent the underlying learning process of children with ASD.溝通障礙是自閉症的核心症狀之一。過往研究發現，針對口語的康復訓練效果有限。部分兒童在接受口語訓練後口語能力只得到很少的提升，更有相當一部分自閉症患者終身無法發展出口語能力。增加口語訓練的時長或次數對這部分患者也沒有顯著的幫助。因此，替代性的溝通方式對自閉症患者尤為重要。手勢溝通是一種自然且方便的替代性溝通方式，可用於彌補自閉症兒童口語能力的不足。與普通兒童相比，自閉症兒童在手勢溝通能力上存在障礙，因此需要通過針對手勢的康復訓練，提高手勢溝通能力。本研究旨在探討自閉症兒童在手勢溝通能力上的不足，以及他們在手勢學習上的特點及其潛在機制。在研究一中，研究者使用了一項敘事任務以測試普通兒童與自閉症兒童的手勢溝通能力。研究結果表明，與普通兒童相比，自閉症兒童使用的手勢數量更少，頻率更低，並且在象徵性手勢及補充性手勢的數量上顯著低於普通兒童。在研究二中，研究者設計了一個課程以教導二十個常見手勢的使用。在課程開始前，自閉症兒童對這二十個常見手勢的了解和運用能力顯著低於普通兒童。然而在完成課程後，自閉症兒童使用這二十個手勢的能力已與普通兒童相當。此外研究二進一步探討了手勢類型、先驗知識及模仿行為對手勢學習的影響。研究發現一致性的先驗知識對普通兒童及自閉症兒童的手勢學習均有促進作用。普通兒童在標誌性手勢的學習上有優勢，並且學習時的模仿行為也能增益學習效果。自閉症兒童會受到非一致性先驗知識的阻礙。與此同時，他們在標誌性手勢的學習上並沒有表現出優勢，模仿行為對學習結果也沒有影響。根據本研究的結果，結構化的課程能有效提高自閉症兒童的手勢溝通能力，幫助其把手勢溝通發展為一種替代性的溝通方式。在設計課程時，專業人員須重視先驗知識的作用，以使課程達到最佳效果。Huang, Ying.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2019.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-98).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 18, January, 2021)
The evolution of citizenship education in nation-building in Singapore and Hong Kong
No full textCitizenship Education is a highly political agenda for politicians and governments, especially those of the emerging nations studied in transitology. Political circumstances that surround the birth of ล nation are inextricably tied up with the unique economic, social and even globalisation contexts that shape the formation of that particular nation. Citizenship education mirrors the political climate of such circumstances. A ruling government's policies and ideologies are often transmitted to the masses through education in the form of citizenship education in its evolving forms that take after the political orientations of the nation. A historical-comparative study of Singapore and Hong Kong is the focus of the thesis and a combined case in point. This historical-comparative approach presents a chronological and qualitative analysis of Singapore and Hong Kong that links the past to the present, and points to future direction on how citizenship education has transformed in its focus, dimensions, content, message and values. Theories of nationalism, nation-state and national identity provide a basis for the understanding of the political, economic and social factors that impact nation- building and the subsequent evolvement of Civic and Moral Education in Singapore and Hong Kong after independence. In an analysis of the content-domain of citizenship education, Singapore’s curriculum is shown to reflect the ruling party's ideologies infused through National Education, where the Singapore story is sacrosanct and has to be mastered by all students so that the continual survival instinct is preserved at ill times. Hong Kong covers more breadth with a curriculum that includes the history of China that can be taught critically and a Chinese cultural heritage element that is infused into all the Key Learning subjects. The Life Event Approach is also more practical and relevant to the students' appreciation of the more individual-growth values learnt. Singapore is identified as an Objective/Globalised nation-state with a parallel Objective/Globalised National Identity that has a predominantly strong political leadership and economic priority in its nation-building foundation. It recognizes the need to rise up to the global challenges ahead. Hong Kong has a combination of Objective/Subjective/Globalised region-state with a parallel Objective/Subjective/Globalised National Identity with China due to its cultural heritage component inherited from China and also the need to meet global challenges. The thesis demonstrates how education can be used as a channel to serve the ideologies of the politicians who have a direct stake in shaping the focus of the political content in citizenship education in building national identity. It also illustrates how the respective political circumstances, economic reasons, social contexts and globalisation challenges drive the evolvement of the citizenship education in both Singapore and Hong Kong
The Socio-Economic Causes of Obesity
No full textAn increasing number of Americans are obese, with a body mass index of 30 or more. In fact, the latest estimates indicate that about 30% of Americans are currently obese, which is roughly a 100% increase from 25 years ago. It is well accepted that weight gain is caused by caloric imbalance, where more calories are consumed than expended. Nevertheless, it is not clear why the prevalence of obesity has increased so dramatically over the last 30 years. We simultaneously estimate the effects of the various socio-economic factors on weight status, considering in our analysis many of the socio-economic factors that have been identified by other researchers as important influences on caloric imbalance: employment, physical activity at work, food prices, the prevalence of restaurants, cigarette smoking, cigarette prices and taxes, food stamp receipt, and urbanization. We use 1979- and 1997-cohort National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, which allows us to compare the prevalence of obesity between cohorts surveyed roughly 25 years apart. Using the traditional Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, we find that cigarette smoking has the largest effect: the decline in cigarette smoking explains about 2% of the increase in the weight measures. The other significant factors explain less.
Aikidō and spirituality: Japanese religious influences in a martial art
No full textThis thesis examines spirituality in the Japanese martial art aikidō, which was created in the 1940s in Japan by Ueshiba Morihei. He described aikidō entirely in spiritual terms and claimed that it is an art of peace which leads religion to completion. The study has two aims: first, to show how spirituality, defined as ultimate concern and action directed towards it, is possible in the context of a martial art; second, to gain an overview of the original teaching of Ueshiba Morihei which has been fragmented and often misunderstood since his death. After considering some conceptual hindrances to appreciation of spirituality in the martial arts, the main themes of Japanese spirituality are identified in order to provide context for spirituality in aikidō. An analysis of Ueshiba's life and the evolution of aikidō is then given. Spirituality in this martial art is then evaluated by comparing the aikidō world view and method of practice with those of four religious belief systems influential in Japan: Daoism, Zen Buddhism, Shingon Mikkyō and Shinto. The research entailed reading and analysing primary and secondary documents concerning aikidō in several languages scattered in private archives and libraries, as well as discussion with a member of the Omoto organisation, consultation of library resources and quality internet sites. By positioning aikidō within a religious context, this work aims to provide a clearer understanding of the origins of aikidō in Japanese spirituality and the intent of its founder. In so doing, it hopes to contribute to removing some of the confusion which has surrounded this art's role as spiritual technique since it spread outside Japan
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
No full text2929siIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.reservedmixedKlionsky, Daniel J; Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal; Abdelfatah, Sara; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Abdoli, Asghar; Abel, Steffen; Abeliovich, Hagai; Abildgaard, Marie H; Abudu, Yakubu Princely; Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham; Adamopoulos, Iannis E; Adeli, Khosrow; Adolph, Timon E; Adornetto, Annagrazia; Aflaki, Elma; Agam, Galila; Agarwal, Anupam; Aggarwal, Bharat B; Agnello, Maria; Agostinis, Patrizia; Agrewala, Javed N; Agrotis, Alexander; Aguilar, Patricia V; Ahmad, S Tariq; Ahmed, Zubair M; Ahumada-Castro, Ulises; Aits, Sonja; Aizawa, Shu; Akkoc, Yunus; Akoumianaki, Tonia; Akpinar, Hafize Aysin; Al-Abd, Ahmed M; Al-Akra, Lina; Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer; Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A; Alberti, Simon; Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet; Alessandri, Cristiano; Ali, Muhammad; Alim Al-Bari, M Abdul; Aliwaini, Saeb; Alizadeh, Javad; Almacellas, Eugènia; Almasan, Alexandru; Alonso, Alicia; Alonso, Guillermo D; Altan-Bonnet, Nihal; Altieri, Dario C; Álvarez, Élida M C; Alves, Sara; Alves da Costa, Cristine; Alzaharna, Mazen M; Amadio, Marialaura; Amantini, Consuelo; Amaral, Cristina; Ambrosio, Susanna; Amer, Amal O; Ammanathan, Veena; An, Zhenyi; Andersen, Stig U; Andrabi, Shaida A; Andrade-Silva, Magaiver; Andres, Allen M; Angelini, Sabrina; Ann, David; Anozie, Uche C; Ansari, Mohammad Y; Antas, Pedro; Antebi, Adam; Antón, Zuriñe; Anwar, Tahira; Apetoh, Lionel; Apostolova, Nadezda; Araki, Toshiyuki; Araki, Yasuhiro; Arasaki, Kohei; Araújo, Wagner L; Araya, Jun; Arden, Catherine; Arévalo, Maria-Angeles; Arguelles, Sandro; Arias, Esperanza; Arikkath, Jyothi; Arimoto, Hirokazu; Ariosa, Aileen R; Armstrong-James, Darius; Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia; Aroca, Angeles; Arroyo, Daniela S; Arsov, Ivica; Artero, Rubén; Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia; Aschner, Michael; Ashrafizadeh, Milad; Ashur-Fabian, Osnat; Atanasov, Atanas G; Au, Alicia K; Auberger, Patrick; Auner, Holger W; Aurelian, Laure; Autelli, Riccardo; Avagliano, Laura; Ávalos, Yenniffer; Aveic, Sanja; Aveleira, Célia Alexandra; Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar; Aydin, Yucel; Ayton, Scott; Ayyadevara, Srinivas; Azzopardi, Maria; Baba, Misuzu; Backer, Jonathan M; Backues, Steven K; Bae, Dong-Hun; Bae, Ok-Nam; Bae, Soo Han; Baehrecke, Eric H; Baek, Ahruem; Baek, Seung-Hoon; Baek, Sung Hee; Bagetta, Giacinto; Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka; Bai, Hua; Bai, Jie; Bai, Xiyuan; Bai, Yidong; Bairagi, Nandadulal; Baksi, Shounak; Balbi, Teresa; Baldari, Cosima T; Balduini, Walter; Ballabio, Andrea; Ballester, Maria; Balazadeh, Salma; Balzan, Rena; Bandopadhyay, Rina; Banerjee, Sreeparna; Banerjee, Sulagna; Bánréti, Ágnes; Bao, Yan; Baptista, Mauricio S; Baracca, Alessandra; Barbati, Cristiana; Bargiela, Ariadna; Barilà, Daniela; Barlow, Peter G; Barmada, Sami J; Barreiro, Esther; Barreto, George E; Bartek, Jiri; Bartel, Bonnie; Bartolome, Alberto; Barve, Gaurav R; Basagoudanavar, Suresh H; Bassham, Diane C; Bast, Robert C; Basu, Alakananda; Batoko, Henri; Batten, Isabella; Baulieu, Etienne E; Baumgarner, Bradley L; Bayry, Jagadeesh; Beale, Rupert; Beau, Isabelle; Beaumatin, Florian; Bechara, Luiz R G; Beck, George R; Beers, Michael F; Begun, Jakob; Behrends, Christian; Behrens, Georg M N; Bei, Roberto; Bejarano, Eloy; Bel, Shai; Behl, Christian; Belaid, Amine; Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma; Bellarosa, Cristina; Belleudi, Francesca; Belló Pérez, Melissa; Bello-Morales, Raquel; Beltran, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira; Beltran, Sebastián; Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina; Bendorius, Mykolas; Benitez, Bruno A; Benito-Cuesta, Irene; Bensalem, Julien; Berchtold, Martin W; Berezowska, Sabina; Bergamaschi, Daniele; Bergami, Matteo; Bergmann, Andreas; Berliocchi, Laura; Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse; Bernard, Amélie; Berthoux, Lionel; Besirli, Cagri G; Besteiro, Sebastien; Betin, Virginie M; Beyaert, Rudi; Bezbradica, Jelena S; Bhaskar, Kiran; Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid; Bhattacharya, Resham; Bhattacharya, Sujoy; Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli; Bhuiyan, Md Shenuarin; Bhutia, Sujit Kumar; Bi, Lanrong; Bi, Xiaolin; Biden, Trevor J; Bijian, Krikor; Billes, Viktor A; Binart, Nadine; Bincoletto, Claudia; Birgisdottir, Asa B; Bjorkoy, Geir; Blanco, Gonzalo; Blas-Garcia, Ana; Blasiak, Janusz; Blomgran, Robert; Blomgren, Klas; Blum, Janice S; Boada-Romero, Emilio; Boban, Mirta; Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen; Boeuf, Philippe; Boland, Barry; Bomont, Pascale; Bonaldo, Paolo; Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy; Bonfili, Laura; Bonifacino, Juan S; Boone, Brian A; Bootman, Martin D; Bordi, Matteo; Borner, Christoph; Bornhauser, Beat C; Borthakur, Gautam; Bosch, Jürgen; Bose, Santanu; Botana, Luis M; Botas, Juan; Boulanger, Chantal M; Boulton, Michael E; Bourdenx, Mathieu; Bourgeois, Benjamin; Bourke, Nollaig M; Bousquet, Guilhem; Boya, Patricia; Bozhkov, Peter V; Bozi, Luiz H M; Bozkurt, Tolga O; Brackney, Doug E; Brandts, Christian H; Braun, Ralf J; Braus, Gerhard H; Bravo-Sagua, Roberto; Bravo-San Pedro, José M; Brest, Patrick; Bringer, Marie-Agnès; Briones-Herrera, Alfredo; Broaddus, V Courtney; Brodersen, Peter; Brodsky, Jeffrey L; Brody, Steven L; Bronson, Paola G; Bronstein, Jeff M; Brown, Carolyn N; Brown, Rhoderick E; Brum, Patricia C; Brumell, John H; Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola; Bruno, Daniele; Bryson-Richardson, Robert J; Bucci, Cecilia; Buchrieser, Carmen; Bueno, Marta; Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa; Buraschi, Simone; Buch, Shilpa; Buchan, J Ross; Buckingham, Erin M; Budak, Hikmet; Budini, Mauricio; Bultynck, Geert; Burada, Florin; Burgoyne, Joseph R; Burón, M Isabel; Bustos, Victor; Büttner, Sabrina; Butturini, Elena; Byrd, Aaron; Cabas, Isabel; Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra; Cadwell, Ken; Cai, Jingjing; Cai, Lu; Cai, Qian; Cairó, Montserrat; Calbet, Jose A; Caldwell, Guy A; Caldwell, Kim A; Call, Jarrod A; Calvani, Riccardo; Calvo, Ana C; Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel; Camara, Niels Os; Camonis, Jacques H; Camougrand, Nadine; Campanella, Michelangelo; Campbell, Edward M; Campbell-Valois, François-Xavier; Campello, Silvia; Campesi, Ilaria; Campos, Juliane C; Camuzard, Olivier; Cancino, Jorge; Candido de Almeida, Danilo; Canesi, Laura; Caniggia, Isabella; Canonico, Barbara; Cantí, Carles; Cao, Bin; Caraglia, Michele; Caramés, Beatriz; Carchman, Evie H; Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena; Cardenas, Cesar; Cardenas, Luis; Cardoso, Sandra M; Carew, Jennifer S; Carle, Georges F; Carleton, Gillian; Carloni, Silvia; Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac; Carneiro, Leticia A; Carnevali, Oliana; Carosi, Julian M; Carra, Serena; Carrier, Alice; Carrier, Lucie; Carroll, Bernadette; Carter, A Brent; Carvalho, Andreia Neves; Casanova, Magali; Casas, Caty; Casas, Josefina; Cassioli, Chiara; Castillo, Eliseo F; Castillo, Karen; Castillo-Lluva, Sonia; Castoldi, Francesca; Castori, Marco; Castro, Ariel F; Castro-Caldas, Margarida; Castro-Hernandez, Javier; Castro-Obregon, Susana; Catz, Sergio D; Cavadas, Claudia; Cavaliere, Federica; Cavallini, Gabriella; Cavinato, Maria; Cayuela, Maria L; Cebollada Rica, Paula; Cecarini, Valentina; Cecconi, Francesco; Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna; Cenci, Simone; Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria; Cerqueira, João J; Cerutti, Janete M; Cervia, Davide; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Cetrullo, Silvia; Chae, Han-Jung; Chagin, Andrei S; Chai, Chee-Yin; Chakrabarti, Gopal; Chakrabarti, Oishee; Chakraborty, Tapas; Chakraborty, Trinad; Chami, Mounia; Chamilos, Georgios; Chan, David W; Chan, Edmond Y W; Chan, Edward D; Chan, H Y Edwin; Chan, Helen H; Chan, Hung; Chan, Matthew T V; Chan, Yau Sang; Chandra, Partha K; Chang, Chih-Peng; Chang, Chunmei; Chang, Hao-Chun; Chang, Kai; Chao, Jie; Chapman, Tracey; Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas; Chatterjee, Samrat; Chaube, Shail K; Chaudhary, Anu; Chauhan, Santosh; Chaum, Edward; Checler, Frédéric; Cheetham, Michael E; Chen, Chang-Shi; Chen, Guang-Chao; Chen, Jian-Fu; Chen, Liam L; Chen, Leilei; Chen, Lin; Chen, Mingliang; Chen, Mu-Kuan; Chen, Ning; Chen, Quan; Chen, Ruey-Hwa; Chen, Shi; Chen, Wei; Chen, Weiqiang; Chen, Xin-Ming; Chen, Xiong-Wen; Chen, Xu; Chen, Yan; Chen, Ye-Guang; Chen, Yingyu; Chen, Yongqiang; Chen, Yu-Jen; Chen, Yue-Qin; Chen, Zhefan Stephen; Chen, Zhi; Chen, Zhi-Hua; Chen, Zhijian J; Chen, Zhixiang; Cheng, Hanhua; Cheng, Jun; Cheng, Shi-Yuan; Cheng, Wei; Cheng, Xiaodong; Cheng, Xiu-Tang; Cheng, Yiyun; Cheng, Zhiyong; Chen, Zhong; Cheong, Heesun; Cheong, Jit Kong; Chernyak, Boris V; Cherry, Sara; Cheung, Chi Fai Randy; Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio; Cheung, King-Ho; Chevet, Eric; Chi, Richard J; Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing; Chiaradonna, Ferdinando; Chiarelli, Roberto; Chiariello, Mario; Chica, Nathalia; Chiocca, Susanna; Chiong, Mario; Chiou, Shih-Hwa; Chiramel, Abhilash I; Chiurchiù, Valerio; Cho, Dong-Hyung; Choe, Seong-Kyu; Choi, Augustine M K; Choi, Mary E; Choudhury, Kamalika Roy; Chow, Norman S; Chu, Charleen T; Chua, Jason P; Chua, John Jia En; Chung, Hyewon; Chung, Kin Pan; Chung, Seockhoon; Chung, So-Hyang; Chung, Yuen-Li; Cianfanelli, Valentina; Ciechomska, Iwona A; Cifuentes, Mariana; Cinque, Laura; Cirak, Sebahattin; Cirone, Mara; Clague, Michael J; Clarke, Robert; Clementi, Emilio; Coccia, Eliana M; Codogno, Patrice; Cohen, Ehud; Cohen, Mickael M; Colasanti, Tania; Colasuonno, Fiorella; Colbert, Robert A; Colell, Anna; Čolić, Miodrag; Coll, Nuria S; Collins, Mark O; Colombo, María I; Colón-Ramos, Daniel A; Combaret, Lydie; Comincini, Sergio; Cominetti, Márcia R; Consiglio, Antonella; Conte, Andrea; Conti, Fabrizio; Contu, Viorica Raluca; Cookson, Mark R; Coombs, Kevin M; Coppens, Isabelle; Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana; Corkery, Dale P; Cordes, Nils; Cortese, Katia; Costa, Maria do Carmo; Costantino, Sarah; Costelli, Paola; Coto-Montes, Ana; Crack, Peter J; Crespo, Jose L; Criollo, Alfredo; Crippa, Valeria; Cristofani, Riccardo; Csizmadia, Tamas; Cuadrado, Antonio; Cui, Bing; Cui, Jun; Cui, Yixian; Cui, Yong; Culetto, Emmanuel; Cumino, Andrea C; Cybulsky, Andrey V; Czaja, Mark J; Czuczwar, Stanislaw J; D'Adamo, Stefania; D'Amelio, Marcello; D'Arcangelo, Daniela; D'Lugos, Andrew C; D'Orazi, Gabriella; da Silva, James A; Dafsari, Hormos Salimi; Dagda, Ruben K; Dagdas, Yasin; Daglia, Maria; Dai, Xiaoxia; Dai, Yun; Dai, Yuyuan; Dal Col, Jessica; Dalhaimer, Paul; Dalla Valle, Luisa; Dallenga, Tobias; Dalmasso, Guillaume; Damme, Markus; Dando, Ilaria; Dantuma, Nico P; Darling, April L; Das, Hiranmoy; Dasarathy, Srinivasan; Dasari, Santosh K; Dash, Srikanta; Daumke, Oliver; Dauphinee, Adrian N; Davies, Jeffrey S; Dávila, Valeria A; Davis, Roger J; Davis, Tanja; Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha; De Amicis, Francesca; De Bosscher, Karolien; De Felice, Francesca; De Franceschi, Lucia; De Leonibus, Chiara; de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G; De Meyer, Guido R Y; De Milito, Angelo; De Nunzio, Cosimo; De Palma, Clara; De Santi, Mauro; De Virgilio, Claudio; De Zio, Daniela; Debnath, Jayanta; DeBosch, Brian J; Decuypere, Jean-Paul; Deehan, Mark A; Deflorian, Gianluca; DeGregori, James; Dehay, Benjamin; Del Rio, Gabriel; Delaney, Joe R; Delbridge, Lea M D; Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth; Delpino, M Victoria; Demarchi, Francesca; Dembitz, Vilma; Demers, Nicholas D; Deng, Hongbin; Deng, Zhiqiang; Dengjel, Joern; Dent, Paul; Denton, Donna; DePamphilis, Melvin L; Der, Channing J; Deretic, Vojo; Descoteaux, Albert; Devis, Laura; Devkota, Sushil; Devuyst, Olivier; Dewson, Grant; Dharmasivam, Mahendiran; Dhiman, Rohan; di Bernardo, Diego; Di Cristina, Manlio; Di Domenico, Fabio; Di Fazio, Pietro; Di Fonzo, Alessio; Di Guardo, Giovanni; Di Guglielmo, Gianni M; Di Leo, Luca; Di Malta, Chiara; Di Nardo, Alessia; Di Rienzo, Martina; Di Sano, Federica; Diallinas, George; Diao, Jiajie; Diaz-Araya, Guillermo; Díaz-Laviada, Inés; Dickinson, Jared M; Diederich, Marc; Dieudé, Mélanie; Dikic, Ivan; Ding, Shiping; Ding, Wen-Xing; Dini, Luciana; Dinić, Jelena; Dinic, Miroslav; Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T; Dionne, Marc S; Distler, Jörg H W; Diwan, Abhinav; Dixon, Ian M C; Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan; Dobrinski, Ina; Dobrovinskaya, Oxana; Dobrowolski, Radek; Dobson, Renwick C J; Đokić, Jelena; Dokmeci Emre, Serap; Donadelli, Massimo; Dong, Bo; Dong, Xiaonan; Dong, Zhiwu; Dorn Ii, Gerald W; Dotsch, Volker; Dou, Huan; Dou, Juan; Dowaidar, Moataz; Dridi, Sami; Drucker, Liat; Du, Ailian; Du, Caigan; Du, Guangwei; Du, Hai-Ning; Du, Li-Lin; du Toit, André; Duan, Shao-Bin; Duan, Xiaoqiong; Duarte, Sónia P; Dubrovska, Anna; Dunlop, Elaine A; Dupont, Nicolas; Durán, Raúl V; Dwarakanath, Bilikere S; Dyshlovoy, Sergey A; Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius; Eckhart, Leopold; Edelstein, Charles L; Efferth, Thomas; Eftekharpour, Eftekhar; Eichinger, Ludwig; Eid, Nabil; Eisenberg, Tobias; Eissa, N Tony; Eissa, Sanaa; Ejarque, Miriam; El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar; El-Hage, Nazira; El-Naggar, Shahenda; Eleuteri, Anna Maria; El-Shafey, Eman S; Elgendy, Mohamed; Eliopoulos, Aristides G; Elizalde, María M; Elks, Philip M; Elsasser, Hans-Peter; Elsherbiny, Eslam S; Emerling, Brooke M; Emre, N C Tolga; Eng, Christina H; Engedal, Nikolai; Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart; Engelsen, Agnete S T; Enserink, Jorrit M; Escalante, Ricardo; Esclatine, Audrey; Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda; Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa; Espert, Lucile; Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola; Fabrias, Gemma; Fabrizi, Cinzia; Facchiano, Antonio; Facchiano, Francesco; Fadeel, Bengt; Fader, Claudio; Faesen, Alex C; Fairlie, W Douglas; Falcó, Alberto; Falkenburger, Bjorn H; Fan, Daping; Fan, Jie; Fan, Yanbo; Fang, Evandro F; Fang, Yanshan; Fang, Yognqi; Fanto, Manolis; Farfel-Becker, Tamar; Faure, Mathias; Fazeli, Gholamreza; Fedele, Anthony O; Feldman, Arthur M; Feng, Du; Feng, Jiachun; Feng, Lifeng; Feng, Yibin; Feng, Yuchen; Feng, Wei; Fenz Araujo, Thais; Ferguson, Thomas A; Fernández, Álvaro F; Fernandez-Checa, Jose C; Fernández-Veledo, Sonia; Fernie, Alisdair R; Ferrante, Anthony W; Ferraresi, Alessandra; Ferrari, Merari F; Ferreira, Julio C B; Ferro-Novick, Susan; Figueras, Antonio; Filadi, Riccardo; Filigheddu, Nicoletta; Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo; Filomeni, Giuseppe; Fimia, Gian Maria; Fineschi, Vittorio; Finetti, Francesca; Finkbeiner, Steven; Fisher, Edward A; Fisher, Paul B; Flamigni, Flavio; Fliesler, Steven J; Flo, Trude H; Florance, Ida; Florey, Oliver; Florio, Tullio; Fodor, Erika; Follo, Carlo; Fon, Edward A; Forlino, Antonella; Fornai, Francesco; Fortini, Paola; Fracassi, Anna; Fraldi, Alessandro; Franco, Brunella; Franco, Rodrigo; Franconi, Flavia; Frankel, Lisa B; Friedman, Scott L; Fröhlich, Leopold F; Frühbeck, Gema; Fuentes, Jose M; Fujiki, Yukio; Fujita, Naonobu; Fujiwara, Yuuki; Fukuda, Mitsunori; Fulda, Simone; Furic, Luc; Furuya, Norihiko; Fusco, Carmela; Gack, Michaela U; Gaffke, Lidia; Galadari, Sehamuddin; Galasso, Alessia; Galindo, Maria F; Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Galy, Vincent; Gammoh, Noor; Gan, Boyi; Ganley, Ian G; Gao, Feng; Gao, Hui; Gao, Minghui; Gao, Ping; Gao, Shou-Jiang; Gao, Wentao; Gao, Xiaobo; Garcera, Ana; Garcia, Maria Noé; Garcia, Verónica E; García-Del Portillo, Francisco; Garcia-Escudero, Vega; Garcia-Garcia, Aracely; Garcia-Macia, Marina; García-Moreno, Diana; Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen; García-Sanz, Patricia; Garg, Abhishek D; Gargini, Ricardo; Garofalo, Tina; Garry, Robert F; Gassen, Nils C; Gatica, Damian; Ge, Liang; Ge, Wanzhong; Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth; Gelfi, Cecilia; Genschik, Pascal; Gentle, Ian E; Gerbino, Valeria; Gerhardt, Christoph; Germain, Kyla; Germain, Marc; Gewirtz, David A; Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham; Ghavami, Saeid; Ghigo, Alessandra; Ghosh, Manosij; Giamas, Georgios; Giampietri, Claudia; Giatromanolaki, Alexandra; Gibson, Gary E; Gibson, Spencer B; Ginet, Vanessa; Giniger, Edward; Giorgi, Carlotta; Girao, Henrique; Girardin, Stephen E; Giridharan, Mridhula; Giuliano, Sandy; Giulivi, Cecilia; Giuriato, Sylvie; Giustiniani, Julien; Gluschko, Alexander; Goder, Veit; Goginashvili, Alexander; Golab, Jakub; Goldstone, David C; Golebiewska, Anna; Gomes, Luciana R; Gomez, Rodrigo; Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén; Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina; Gomez-Sintes, Raquel; Gong, Qingqiu; Goni, Felix M; González-Gallego, Javier; Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas; Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa A; Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A; González-Rodríguez, Patricia; Goping, Ing Swie; Gorbatyuk, Marina S; Gorbunov, Nikolai V; Görgülü, Kıvanç; Gorojod, Roxana M; Gorski, Sharon M; Goruppi, Sandro; Gotor, Cecilia; Gottlieb, Roberta A; Gozes, Illana; Gozuacik, Devrim; Graef, Martin; Gräler, Markus H; Granatiero, Veronica; Grasso, Daniel; Gray, Joshua P; Green, Douglas R; Greenhough, Alexander; Gregory, Stephen L; Griffin, Edward F; Grinstaff, Mark W; Gros, Frederic; Grose, Charles; Gross, Angelina S; Gruber, Florian; Grumati, Paolo; Grune, Tilman; Gu, Xueyan; Guan, Jun-Lin; Guardia, Carlos M; Guda, Kishore; Guerra, Flora; Guerri, Consuelo; Guha, Prasun; Guillén, Carlos; Gujar, Shashi; Gukovskaya, Anna; Gukovsky, Ilya; Gunst, Jan; Günther, Andreas; Guntur, Anyonya R; Guo, Chuanyong; Guo, Chun; Guo, Hongqing; Guo, Lian-Wang; Guo, Ming; Gupta, Pawan; Gupta, Shashi Kumar; Gupta, Swapnil; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek; Gustafsson, Asa B; Gutterman, David D; H B, Ranjitha; Haapasalo, Annakaisa; Haber, James E; Hać, Aleksandra; Hadano, Shinji; Hafrén, Anders J; Haidar, Mansour; Hall, Belinda S; Halldén, Gunnel; Hamacher-Brady, Anne; Hamann, Andrea; Hamasaki, Maho; Han, Weidong; Hansen, Malene; Hanson, Phyllis I; Hao, Zijian; Harada, Masaru; Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica; Hariharan, Nirmala; Haroon, Nigil; Harris, James; Hasegawa, Takafumi; Hasima Nagoor, Noor; Haspel, Jeffrey A; Haucke, Volker; Hawkins, Wayne D; Hay, Bruce A; Haynes, Cole M; Hayrabedyan, Soren B; Hays, Thomas S; He, Congcong; He, Qin; He, Rong-Rong; He, You-Wen; He, Yu-Ying; Heakal, Yasser; Heberle, Alexander M; Hejtmancik, J Fielding; Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir; Henkel, Vanessa; Herb, Marc; Hergovich, Alexander; Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna; Hernández, Agustín; Hernandez, Carlos; Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio; Hernandez-Gea, Virginia; Herpin, Amaury; Herreros, Judit; Hervás, Javier H; Hesselson, Daniel; Hetz, Claudio; Heussler, Volker T; Higuchi, Yujiro; Hilfiker, Sabine; Hill, Joseph A; Hlavacek, William S; Ho, Emmanuel A; Ho, Idy H T; Ho, Philip Wing-Lok; Ho, Shu-Leong; Ho, Wan Yun; Hobbs, G Aaron; Hochstrasser, Mark; Hoet, Peter H M; Hofius, Daniel; Hofman, Paul; Höhn, Annika; Holmberg, Carina I; Hombrebueno, Jose R; Yi-Ren Hong, Chang-Won Hong; Hooper, Lora V; Hoppe, Thorsten; Horos, Rastislav; Hoshida, Yujin; Hsin, I-Lun; Hsu, Hsin-Yun; Hu, Bing; Hu, Dong; Hu, Li-Fang; Hu, Ming Chang; Hu, Ronggui; Hu, Wei; Hu, Yu-Chen; Hu, Zhuo-Wei; Hua, Fang; Hua, Jinlian; Hua, Yingqi; Huan, Chongmin; Huang, Canhua; Huang, Chuanshu; Huang, Chuanxin; Huang, Chunling; Huang, Haishan; Huang, Kun; Huang, Michael L H; Huang, Rui; Huang, Shan; Huang, Tianzhi; Huang, Xing; Huang, Yuxiang Jack; Huber, Tobias B; Hubert, Virginie; Hubner, Christian A; Hughes, Stephanie M; Hughes, William E; Humbert, Magali; Hummer, Gerhard; Hurley, James H; Hussain, Sabah; Hussain, Salik; Hussey, Patrick J; Hutabarat, Martina; Hwang, Hui-Yun; Hwang, Seungmin; Ieni, Antonio; Ikeda, Fumiyo; Imagawa, Yusuke; Imai, Yuzuru; Imbriano, Carol; Imoto, Masaya; Inman, Denise M; Inoki, Ken; Iovanna, Juan; Iozzo, Renato V; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Irazoqui, Javier E; Iribarren, Pablo; Ishaq, Mohd; Ishikawa, Makoto; Ishimwe, Nestor; Isidoro, Ciro; Ismail, Nahed; Issazadeh-Navikas, Shohreh; Itakura, Eisuke; Ito, Daisuke; Ivankovic, Davor; Ivanova, Saška; Iyer, Anand Krishnan V; Izquierdo, José M; Izumi, Masanori; Jäättelä, Marja; Jabir, Majid Sakhi; Jackson, William T; Jacobo-Herrera, Nadia; Jacomin, Anne-Claire; Jacquin, Elise; Jadiya, Pooja; Jaeschke, Hartmut; Jagannath, Chinnaswamy; Jakobi, Arjen J; Jakobsson, Johan; Janji, Bassam; Jansen-Dürr, Pidder; Jansson, Patric J; Jantsch, Jonathan; Januszewski, Sławomir; Jassey, Alagie; Jean, Steve; Jeltsch-David, Hélène; Jendelova, Pavla; Jenny, Andreas; Jensen, Thomas E; Jessen, Niels; Jewell, Jenna L; Ji, Jing; Jia, Lijun; Jia, Rui; Jiang, Liwen; Jiang, Qing; Jiang, Richeng; Jiang, Teng; Jiang, Xuejun; Jiang, Yu; Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria; Jin, Eun-Jung; Jin, Fengyan; Jin, Hongchuan; Jin, Li; Jin, Luqi; Jin, Meiyan; Jin, Si; Jo, Eun-Kyeong; Joffre, Carine; Johansen, Terje; Johnson, Gail V W; Johnston, Simon A; Jokitalo, Eija; Jolly, Mohit Kumar; Jooste
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
No full textIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this
topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base
and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular
basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews,
there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in
multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret
methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and
reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant
to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question
being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation,
calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting.
Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block
autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in
distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also
regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for
bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and
the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical
innovation in the field.Authors: Daniel J. Klionsky, Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz, Sara Abdelfatah, Mahmoud
Abdellatif, Asghar Abdoli, Steffen Abel, Hagai Abeliovich, Marie H.
Abildgaard, Yakubu Princely Abudu, Abraham Acevedo-Arozena, Iannis E.
Adamopoulos, Khosrow Adeli, Timon E. Adolph, Annagrazia Adornetto, Elma
Aflaki, Galila Agam, Anupam Agarwal, Bharat B. Aggarwal, Maria Agnello,
Patrizia Agostinis, Javed N. Agrewala, Alexander Agrotis, Patricia V. Aguilar,
S. Tariq Ahmad, Zubair M. Ahmed, Ulises Ahumada-Castro, Sonja Aits, Shu
Aizawa, Yunus Akkoc, Tonia Akoumianaki, Hafize Aysin Akpinar, Ahmed M.
Al-Abd, Lina Al-Akra, Abeer Al-Gharaibeh, Moulay A. Alaoui-Jamali, Simon
Alberti, Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Cristiano Alessandri, Muhammad Ali,
M. Abdul Alim Al-Bari, Saeb Aliwaini, Javad Alizadeh, Eugènia Almacellas,
Alexandru Almasan, Alicia Alonso, Guillermo D. Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet,
Dario C. Altieri, Élida M. C. Álvarez, Sara Alves, Cristine Alves da Costa,
Mazen M. Alzaharna, Marialaura Amadio, Consuelo Amantini, Cristina
Amaral, Susanna Ambrosio, Amal O. Amer, Veena Ammanathan, Zhenyi
An, Stig U. Andersen, Shaida A. Andrabi, Magaiver Andrade-Silva, Allen
M. Andres, Sabrina Angelini, David Ann, Uche C. Anozie, Mohammad Y.
Ansari, Pedro Antas, Adam Antebi, Zuriñe Antón, Tahira Anwar, Lionel
Apetoh, Nadezda Apostolova, Toshiyuki Araki, Yasuhiro Araki, Kohei Arasaki,
Wagner L. Araújo, Jun Araya, Catherine Arden, Maria-Angeles Arévalo,
Sandro Arguelles, Esperanza Arias, Jyothi Arikkath, Hirokazu Arimoto,
Aileen R. Ariosa, Darius Armstrong-James, Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin,
Angeles Aroca, Daniela S. Arroyo, Ivica Arsov, Rubén Artero, Dalia Maria
Lucia Asaro, Michael Aschner, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Osnat Ashur-Fabian,
Atanas G. Atanasov, Alicia K. Au, Patrick Auberger, Holger W. Auner, Laure
Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Yenniffer Ávalos, Sanja Aveic,
Célia Alexandra Aveleira, Tamar Avin-Wittenberg, Yucel Aydin, Scott Ayton,
Srinivas Ayyadevara, Maria Azzopardi, Misuzu Baba, Jonathan M. Backer,
Steven K. Backues, Dong-Hun Bae, Ok-Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H.
Baehrecke, Ahruem Baek, Seung-Hoon Baek, Sung Hee Baek, Giacinto
Bagetta, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xiyuan Bai,
Yidong Bai, Nandadulal Bairagi, Shounak Baksi, Teresa Balbi, Cosima T.
Baldari, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Maria Ballester, Salma Balazadeh,
Rena Balzan, Rina Bandopadhyay, Sreeparna Banerjee, Sulagna Banerjee,
Ágnes Bánréti, Yan Bao, Mauricio S. Baptista, Alessandra Baracca, Cristiana
Barbati, Ariadna Bargiela, Daniela Barilà, Peter G. Barlow, Sami J. Barmada,
Esther Barreiro, George E. Barreto, Jiri Bartek, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto
Bartolome, Gaurav R. Barve, Suresh H. Basagoudanavar, Diane C. Bassham,
Robert C. Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Henri Batoko, Isabella Batten, Etienne
E. Baulieu, Bradley L. Baumgarner, Jagadeesh Bayry, Rupert Beale, Isabelle
Beau, Florian Beaumatin, Luiz R.G. Bechara, George R. Beck Jr., Michael
F. Beers, Jakob Begun, Christian Behrends, Georg M.N. Behrens, Roberto
Bei, Eloy Bejarano, Shai Bel, Christian Behl, Amine Belaid, Naïma BelgarehTouzé, Cristina Bellarosa, Francesca Belleudi, Melissa Belló Pérez, Raquel
Bello-Morales, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira Beltran, Sebastián Beltran, Doris
Mangiaracina Benbrook, Mykolas Bendorius, Bruno A. Benitez, Irene BenitoCuesta, Julien Bensalem, Martin W. Berchtold, Sabina Berezowska, Daniele
Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Andreas Bergmann, Laura Berliocchi,
Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent, Amélie Bernard, Lionel Berthoux, Cagri G. Besirli,
Sebastien Besteiro, Virginie M. Betin, Rudi Beyaert, Jelena S. Bezbradica,
Kiran Bhaskar, Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova, Resham Bhattacharya, Sujoy
Bhattacharya, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Md. Shenuarin Bhuiyan, Sujit Kumar
Bhutia, Lanrong Bi, Xiaolin Bi, Trevor J. Biden, Krikor Bijian, Viktor A. Billes,
Nadine Binart, Claudia Bincoletto, Asa B. Birgisdottir, Geir Bjorkoy, Gonzalo
Blanco, Ana Blas-Garcia, Janusz Blasiak, Robert Blomgran, Klas Blomgren,
Janice S. Blum, Emilio Boada-Romero, Mirta Boban, Kathleen BoeszeBattaglia, Philippe Boeuf, Barry Boland, Pascale Bomont, Paolo Bonaldo,
Srinivasa Reddy Bonam, Laura Bonfili, Juan S. Bonifacino, Brian A. Boone,
Martin D. Bootman, Matteo Bordi, Christoph Borner, Beat C. Bornhauser,
Gautam Borthakur, Jürgen Bosch, Santanu Bose, Luis M. Botana, Juan Botas,
Chantal M. Boulanger, Michael E. Boulton, Mathieu Bourdenx, Benjamin
Bourgeois, Nollaig M. Bourke, Guilhem Bousquet, Patricia Boya, Peter V.
Bozhkov, Luiz H. M. Bozi, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Doug E. Brackney, Christian
H. Brandts, Ralf J. Braun, Gerhard H. Braus, Roberto Bravo-Sagua, José
M. Bravo-San Pedro, Patrick Brest, Marie-Agnès Bringer, Alfredo BrionesHerrera, V. Courtney Broaddus, Peter Brodersen, Jeffrey L. Brodsky, Steven
L. Brody, Paola G. Bronson, Jeff M. Bronstein, Carolyn N. Brown, Rhoderick
E. Brown, Patricia C. Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Daniele
Bruno, Robert J. Bryson-Richardson, Cecilia Bucci, Carmen Buchrieser,
Marta Bueno, Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina, Simone Buraschi, Shilpa Buch, J.
Ross Buchan, Erin M. Buckingham, Hikmet Budak, Mauricio Budini, Geert
Bultynck, Florin Burada, Joseph R. Burgoyne, M. Isabel Burón, Victor Bustos,
Sabrina Büttner, Elena Butturini, Aaron Byrd, Isabel Cabas, Sandra CabreraBenitez, Ken Cadwell, Jingjing Cai, Lu Cai, Qian Cai, Montserrat Cairó, Jose A.
Calbet, Guy A. Caldwell, Kim A. Caldwell, Jarrod A. Call, Riccardo Calvani, Ana
C. Calvo, Miguel Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Niels OS Camara, Jacques H. Camonis,
Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Edward M. Campbell,
François-Xavier Campbell-Valois, Silvia Campello, Ilaria Campesi, Juliane C.
Campos, Olivier Camuzard, Jorge Cancino, Danilo Candido de Almeida, Laura
Canesi, Isabella Caniggia, Barbara Canonico, Carles Cantí, Bin Cao, Michele
Caraglia, Beatriz Caramés, Evie H. Carchman, Elena Cardenal-Muñoz, Cesar
Cardenas, Luis Cardenas, Sandra M. Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Georges
F. Carle, Gillian Carleton, Silvia Carloni, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Leticia
A. Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Julian M. Carosi, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier,
Lucie Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, A. Brent Carter, Andreia Neves Carvalho,
Magali Casanova, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Chiara Cassioli, Eliseo F.
Castillo, Karen Castillo, Sonia Castillo-Lluva, Francesca Castoldi, Marco
Castori, Ariel F. Castro, Margarida Castro-Caldas, Javier Castro-Hernandez,
Susana Castro-Obregon, Sergio D. Catz, Claudia Cavadas, Federica Cavaliere,
Gabriella Cavallini, Maria Cavinato, Maria L. Cayuela, Paula Cebollada Rica,
Valentina Cecarini, Francesco Cecconi, Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko, Simone
Cenci, Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré, João J. Cerqueira, Janete M. Cerutti,
Davide Cervia, Vildan Bozok Cetintas, Silvia Cetrullo, Han-Jung Chae, Andrei
S. Chagin, Chee-Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Oishee Chakrabarti, Tapas
Chakraborty, Trinad Chakraborty, Mounia Chami, Georgios Chamilos, David
W. Chan, Edmond Y. W. Chan, Edward D. Chan, H.Y. Edwin Chan, Helen H.
Chan, Hung Chan, Matthew T.V. Chan, Yau Sang Chan, Partha K. Chandra,
Chih-Peng Chang, Chunmei Chang, Hao-Chun Chang, Kai Chang, Jie Chao,
Tracey Chapman, Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand, Samrat Chatterjee, Shail
K. Chaube, Anu Chaudhary, Santosh Chauhan, Edward Chaum, Frédéric
Checler, Michael E. Cheetham, Chang-Shi Chen, Guang-Chao Chen, Jian-Fu
Chen, Liam L. Chen, Leilei Chen, Lin Chen, Mingliang Chen, Mu-Kuan Chen,
Ning Chen, Quan Chen, Ruey-Hwa Chen, Shi Chen, Wei Chen, Weiqiang Chen,
Xin-Ming Chen, Xiong-Wen Chen, Xu Chen, Yan Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yingyu
Chen, Yongqiang Chen, Yu-Jen Chen, Yue-Qin Chen, Zhefan Stephen Chen,
Zhi Chen, Zhi-Hua Chen, Zhijian J. Chen, Zhixiang Chen, Hanhua Cheng, Jun
Cheng, Shi-Yuan Cheng, Wei Cheng, Xiaodong Cheng, Xiu-Tang Cheng, Yiyun
Cheng, Zhiyong Cheng, Zhong Chen, Heesun Cheong, Jit Kong Cheong, Boris
V. Chernyak, Sara Cherry, Chi Fai Randy Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung,
King-Ho Cheung, Eric Chevet, Richard J. Chi, Alan Kwok Shing Chiang,
Ferdinando Chiaradonna, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Nathalia Chica,
Susanna Chiocca, Mario Chiong, Shih-Hwa Chiou, Abhilash I. Chiramel,
Valerio Chiurchiù, Dong-Hyung Cho, Seong-Kyu Choe, Augustine M.K. Choi,
Mary E. Choi, Kamalika Roy Choudhury, Norman S. Chow, Charleen T. Chu,
Jason P. Chua, John Jia En Chua, Hyewon Chung, Kin Pan Chung, Seockhoon
Chung, So-Hyang Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Valentina Cianfanelli, Iwona A.
Ciechomska, Mariana Cifuentes, Laura Cinque, Sebahattin Cirak, Mara
Cirone, Michael J. Clague, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Eliana M. Coccia,
Patrice Codogno, Ehud Cohen, Mickael M. Cohen, Tania Colasanti, Fiorella
Colasuonno, Robert A. Colbert, Anna Colell, Miodrag Čolić, Nuria S. Coll,
Mark O. Collins, María I. Colombo, Daniel A. Colón-Ramos, Lydie Combaret,
Sergio Comincini, Márcia R. Cominetti, Antonella Consiglio, Andrea Conte,
Fabrizio Conti, Viorica Raluca Contu, Mark R. Cookson, Kevin M. Coombs,
Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Dale P. Corkery, Nils Cordes,
Katia Cortese, Maria do Carmo Costa, Sarah Costantino, Paola Costelli, Ana
Coto-Montes, Peter J. Crack, Jose L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa,
Riccardo Cristofani, Tamas Csizmadia, Antonio Cuadrado, Bing Cui, Jun
Cui, Yixian Cui, Yong Cui, Emmanuel Culetto, Andrea C. Cumino, Andrey V.
Cybulsky, Mark J. Czaja, Stanislaw J. Czuczwar, Stefania D’Adamo, Marcello
D’Amelio, Daniela D’Arcangelo, Andrew C. D’Lugos, Gabriella D’Orazi, James
A. da Silva, Hormos Salimi Dafsari, Ruben K. Dagda, Yasin Dagdas, Maria
Daglia, Xiaoxia Dai, Yun Dai, Yuyuan Dai, Jessica Dal Col, Paul Dalhaimer,
Luisa Dalla Valle, Tobias Dallenga, Guillaume Dalmasso, Markus Damme,
Ilaria Dando, Nico P. Dantuma, April L. Darling, Hiranmoy Das, Srinivasan
Dasarathy, Santosh K. Dasari, Srikanta Dash, Oliver Daumke, Adrian N.
Dauphinee, Jeffrey S. Davies, Valeria A. Dávila, Roger J. Davis, Tanja Davis,
Sharadha Dayalan Naidu, Francesca De Amicis, Karolien De Bosscher,
Francesca De Felice, Lucia De Franceschi, Chiara De Leonibus, Mayara
G. de Mattos Barbosa, Guido R.Y. De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Cosimo De
Nunzio, Clara De Palma, Mauro De Santi, Claudio De Virgilio, Daniela De
Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Brian J. DeBosch, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Mark A.
Deehan, Gianluca Deflorian, James DeGregori, Benjamin Dehay, Gabriel
Del Rio, Joe R. Delaney, Lea M. D. Delbridge, Elizabeth Delorme-Axford, M.
Victoria Delpino, Francesca Demarchi, Vilma Dembitz, Nicholas D. Demers,
Hongbin Deng, Zhiqiang Deng, Joern Dengjel, Paul Dent, Donna Denton,
Melvin L. DePamphilis, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretic, Albert Descoteaux,
Laura Devis, Sushil Devkota, Olivier Devuyst, Grant Dewson, Mahendiran
Dharmasivam, Rohan Dhiman, Diego di Bernardo, Manlio Di Cristina, Fabio
Di Domenico, Pietro Di Fazio, Alessio Di Fonzo, Giovanni Di Guardo, Gianni
M. Di Guglielmo, Luca Di Leo, Chiara Di Malta, Alessia Di Nardo, Martina Di
Rienzo, Federica Di Sano, George Diallinas, Jiajie Diao, Guillermo Diaz-Araya,
Inés Díaz-Laviada, Jared M. Dickinson, Marc Diederich, Mélanie Dieudé,
Ivan Dikic, Shiping Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Luciana Dini, Jelena Dinić, Miroslav
Dinic, Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova, Marc S. Dionne, Jörg H.W. Distler, Abhinav
Diwan, Ian M.C. Dixon, Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny, Ina Dobrinski, Oxana
Dobrovinskaya, Radek Dobrowolski, Renwick C.J. Dobson, Jelena Đokić,
Serap Dokmeci Emre, Massimo Donadelli, Bo Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zhiwu
Dong, Gerald W. 2nd Dorn, Volker Dotsch, Huan Dou, Juan Dou, Moataz
Dowaidar, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Ailian Du, Caigan Du, Guangwei Du,
Hai-Ning Du, Li-Lin Du, André du Toit, Shao-Bin Duan, Xiaoqiong Duan,
Sónia P. Duarte, Anna Dubrovska, Elaine A. Dunlop, Nicolas Dupont, Raúl
V. Durán, Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, Sergey A. Dyshlovoy, Darius EbrahimiFakhari, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Thomas Efferth, Eftekhar
Eftekharpour, Ludwig Eichinger, Nabil Eid, Tobias Eisenberg, N. Tony Eissa,
Sanaa Eissa, Miriam Ejarque, Abdeljabar El Andaloussi, Nazira El-Hage,
Shahenda El-Naggar, Anna Maria Eleuteri, Eman S. El-Shafey, Mohamed
Elgendy, Aristides G. Eliopoulos, María M. Elizalde, Philip M. Elks, Hans-Peter
Elsasser, Eslam S. Elsherbiny, Brooke M. Emerling, N. C. Tolga Emre, Christina
H. Eng, Nikolai Engedal, Anna-Mart Engelbrecht, Agnete S.T. Engelsen,
Jorrit M. Enserink, Ricardo Escalante, Audrey Esclatine, Mafalda EscobarHenriques, Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Makandjou-Ola Eusebio,
Gemma Fabrias, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Francesco Facchiano,
Bengt Fadeel, Claudio Fader, Alex C. Faesen, W. Douglas Fairlie, Alberto
Falcó, Bjorn H. Falkenburger, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Yanbo Fan, Evandro F.
Fang, Yanshan Fang, Yognqi Fang, Manolis Fanto, Tamar Farfel-Becker,
Mathias Faure, Gholamreza Fazeli, Anthony O. Fedele, Arthur M. Feldman,
Du Feng, Jiachun Feng, Lifeng Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Wei Feng, Thais
Fenz Araujo, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, Jose C. FernandezCheca, Sonia Fernández-Veledo, Alisdair R. Fernie, Anthony W. Ferrante
Jr, Alessandra Ferraresi, Merari F. Ferrari, Julio C.B. Ferreira, Susan FerroNovick, Antonio Figueras, Riccardo Filadi, Nicoletta Filigheddu, Eduardo
Filippi-Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, Vittorio Fineschi,
Francesca Finetti, Steven Finkbeiner, Edward A. Fisher, Paul B. Fisher, Flavio
Flamigni, Steven J. Fliesler, Trude H. Flo, Ida Florance, Oliver Florey, Tullio
Florio, Erika Fodor, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Antonella Forlino, Francesco
Fornai, Paola Fortini, Anna Fracassi, Alessandro Fraldi, Brunella Franco,
Rodrigo Franco, Flavia Franconi, Lisa B. Frankel, Scott L. Friedman, Leopold
F. Fröhlich, Gema Frühbeck, Jose M. Fuentes, Yukio Fujiki, Naonobu Fujita,
Yuuki Fujiwara, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Luc Furic, Norihiko Furuya,
Carmela Fusco, Michaela U. Gack, Lidia Gaffke, Sehamuddin Galadari,
Alessia Galasso, Maria F. Galindo, Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage, Lorenzo
Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Boyi Gan, Ian G. Ganley, Feng Gao,
Hui Gao, Minghui Gao, Ping Gao, Shou-Jiang Gao, Wentao Gao, Xiaobo Gao,
Ana Garcera, Maria Noé Garcia, Verónica E. Garcia, Francisco García-Del
Portillo, Vega Garcia-Escudero, Aracely Garcia-Garcia, Marina Garcia-Macia,
Diana García-Moreno, Carmen Garcia-Ruiz, Patricia García-Sanz, Abhishek
D. Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Tina Garofalo, Robert F. Garry, Nils C. Gassen,
Damian Gatica, Liang Ge, Wanzhong Ge, Ruth Geiss-Friedlander, Cecilia
Gelfi, Pascal Genschik, Ian E. Gentle, Valeria Gerbino, Christoph Gerhardt,
Kyla Germain, Marc Germain, David A. Gewirtz, Elham Ghasemipour Afshar,
Saeid Ghavami, Alessandra Ghigo, Manosij Ghosh, Georgios Giamas, Claudia
Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Gary E. Gibson, Spencer B. Gibson,
Vanessa Ginet, Edward Giniger, Carlotta Giorgi, Henrique Girao, Stephen E.
Girardin, Mridhula Giridharan, Sandy Giuliano, Cecilia Giulivi, Sylvie Giuriato,
Julien Giustiniani, Alexander Gluschko, Veit Goder, Alexander Goginashvili,
Jakub Golab, David C. Goldstone, Anna Golebiewska, Luciana R. Gomes,
Rodrigo Gomez, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto,
Raquel Gomez-Sintes, Qingqiu Gong, Felix M. Goni, Javier González-Gallego,
Tomas Gonzalez-Hernandez, Rosa A. Gonzalez-Polo, Jose A. GonzalezReyes, Patricia González-Rodríguez, Ing Swie Goping, Marina S. Gorbatyuk,
Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Kıvanç Görgülü, Roxana M. Gorojod, Sharon M. Gorski,
Sandro Goruppi, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim
Gozuacik, Martin Graef, Markus H. Gräler, Veronica Granatiero, Daniel
Grasso, Joshua P. Gray, Douglas R. Green, Alexander Greenhough, Stephen L.
Gregory, Edward F. Griffin, Mark W. Grinstaff, Frederic Gros, Charles Grose,
Angelina S. Gross, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Xueyan
Gu, Jun-Lin Guan, Carlos M. Guardia, Kishore Guda, Flora Guerra, Consuelo
Guerri, Prasun Guha, Carlos Guillén, Shashi Gujar, Anna Gukovskaya, Ilya
Gukovsky, Jan Gunst, Andreas Günther, Anyonya R. Guntur, Chuanyong
Guo, Chun Guo, Hongqing Guo, Lian-Wang Guo, Ming Guo, Pawan Gupta,
Shashi Kumar Gupta, Swapnil Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Gupta, Asa
B. Gustafsson, David D. Gutterman, Ranjitha H.B., Annakaisa Haapasalo,
James E. Haber, Aleksandra Hać, Shinji Hadano, Anders J. Hafrén, Mansour
Haidar, Belinda S. Hall, Gunnel Halldén, Anne Hamacher-Brady, Andrea
Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Weidong Han, Malene Hansen, Phyllis I. Hanson,
Zijian Hao, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic, Nirmala Hariharan,
Nigil Haroon, James Harris, Takafumi Hasegawa, Noor Hasima Nagoor,
Jeffrey A. Haspel, Volker Haucke, Wayne D. Hawkins, Bruce A. Hay, Cole M.
Haynes, Soren B. Hayrabedyan, Thomas S. Hays, Congcong He, Qin He, RongRong He, You-Wen He, Yu-Ying He, Yasser Heakal, Alexander M. Heberle, J.
Fielding Hejtmancik, Gudmundur Vignir Helgason, Vanessa Henkel, Marc
Herb, Alexander Hergovich, Anna Herman-Antosiewicz, Agustín Hernández,
Carlos Hernandez, Sergio Hernandez-Diaz, Virginia Hernandez-Gea, Amaury
Herpin, Judit Herreros, Javier H. Hervás, Daniel Hesselson, Claudio Hetz,
Volker T. Heussler, Yujiro Higuchi, Sabine Hilfiker, Joseph A. Hill, William
S. Hlavacek, Emmanuel A. Ho, Idy H.T. Ho, Philip Wing-Lok Ho, Shu-Leong
Ho, Wan Yun Ho, G. Aaron Hobbs, Mark Hochstrasser, Peter H.M. Hoet,
Daniel Hofius, Paul Hofman, Annika Höhn, Carina I. Holmberg, Jose R.
Hombrebueno, Chang-Won Hong, Yi-Ren Hong, Lora V. Hooper, Thorsten
Hoppe, Rastislav Horos, Yujin Hoshida, I-Lun Hsin, Hsin-Yun Hsu, Bing Hu,
Dong Hu, Li-Fang Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Ronggui Hu, Wei Hu, Yu-Chen Hu,
Zhuo-Wei Hu, Fang Hua, Jinlian Hua, Yingqi Hua, Chongmin Huan, Canhua
Huang, Chuanshu Huang, Chuanxin Huang, Chunling Huang, Haishan
Huang, Kun Huang, Michael L.H. Huang, Rui Huang, Shan Huang, Tianzhi
Huang, Xing Huang, Yuxiang Jack Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Virginie Hubert,
Christian A. Hubner, Stephanie M. Hughes, William E. Hughes, Magali
Humbert, Gerhard Hummer, James H. Hurley, Sabah Hussain, Salik Hussain,
Patrick J. Hussey, Martina Hutabarat, Hui-Yun Hwang, Seungmin Hwang,
Antonio Ieni, Fumiyo Ikeda, Yusuke Imagawa, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano,
Masaya Imoto, Denise M. Inman, Ken Inoki, Juan Iovanna, Renato V. Iozzo,
Giuseppe Ippolito, Javier E. Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Mohd Ishaq, Makoto
Ishikawa, Nestor Ishimwe, Ciro Isidoro, Nahed Ismail, Shohreh IssazadehNavikas, Eisuke Itakura, Daisuke Ito, Davor Ivankovic, Saška Ivanova, Anand
Krishnan V. Iyer, José M. Izquierdo, Masanori Izumi, Marja Jäättelä, Majid
Sakhi Jabir, William T. Jackson, Nadia Jacobo-Herrera, Anne-Claire Jacomin,
Elise Jacquin, Pooja Jadiya, Hartmut Jaeschke, Chinnaswamy Jagannath,
Arjen J. Jakobi, Johan Jakobsson, Bassam Janji, Pidder Jansen-Dürr, Patric J.
Jansson, Jonathan Jantsch, Sławomir Januszewski, Alagie Jassey, Steve Jean,
Hélène Jeltsch-David, Pavla Jendelova, Andreas Jenny, Thomas E. Jensen,
Niels Jessen, Jenna L. Jewell, Jing Ji, Lijun Jia, Rui Jia, Liwen Jiang, Qing Jiang,
Richeng Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Yu Jiang, Maria Jimenez-Sanchez,
Eun-Jung Jin, Fengyan Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Li Jin, Luqi Jin, Meiyan Jin, Si Jin,
Eun-Kyeong Jo, Carine Joffre, Terje Johansen, Gail V.W. Johnson, Simon A.
Johnston, Eija Jokitalo, Mohit Kumar Jolly, Leo A.B. Joosten, Joaquin Jordan,
Bertrand Joseph, Dianwen Ju, Jeong-Sun Ju, Jingfang Ju, Esmeralda Juárez,
Delphine Judith, Gábor Juhász, Youngsoo Jun, Chang Hwa Jung, Sung-Chul
Jung, Yong Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Johannes Jungverdorben, Steffen
Just, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Daniel Kaganovich,
Alon Kahana, Renate Kain, Shinjo Kajimura, Maria Kalamvoki, Manjula Kalia,
Danuta S. Kalinowski, Nina Kaludercic, Ioanna Kalvari, Joanna Kaminska,
Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Hiromitsu Kanamori, Keizo Kanasaki, Chanhee Kang,
Rui Kang, Sang S
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
No full textnone2929sìIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.openKlionsky, Daniel J; Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal; Abdelfatah, Sara; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Abdoli, Asghar; Abel, Steffen; Abeliovich, Hagai; Abildgaard, Marie H; Abudu, Yakubu Princely; Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham; Adamopoulos, Iannis E; Adeli, Khosrow; Adolph, Timon E; Adornetto, Annagrazia; Aflaki, Elma; Agam, Galila; Agarwal, Anupam; Aggarwal, Bharat B; Agnello, Maria; Agostinis, Patrizia; Agrewala, Javed N; Agrotis, Alexander; Aguilar, Patricia V; Ahmad, S Tariq; Ahmed, Zubair M; Ahumada-Castro, Ulises; Aits, Sonja; Aizawa, Shu; Akkoc, Yunus; Akoumianaki, Tonia; Akpinar, Hafize Aysin; Al-Abd, Ahmed M; Al-Akra, Lina; Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer; Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A; Alberti, Simon; Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet; Alessandri, Cristiano; Ali, Muhammad; Alim Al-Bari, M Abdul; Aliwaini, Saeb; Alizadeh, Javad; Almacellas, Eugènia; Almasan, Alexandru; Alonso, Alicia; Alonso, Guillermo D; Altan-Bonnet, Nihal; Altieri, Dario C; Álvarez, Élida M C; Alves, Sara; Alves da Costa, Cristine; Alzaharna, Mazen M; Amadio, Marialaura; Amantini, Consuelo; Amaral, Cristina; Ambrosio, Susanna; Amer, Amal O; Ammanathan, Veena; An, Zhenyi; Andersen, Stig U; Andrabi, Shaida A; Andrade-Silva, Magaiver; Andres, Allen M; Angelini, Sabrina; Ann, David; Anozie, Uche C; Ansari, Mohammad Y; Antas, Pedro; Antebi, Adam; Antón, Zuriñe; Anwar, Tahira; Apetoh, Lionel; Apostolova, Nadezda; Araki, Toshiyuki; Araki, Yasuhiro; Arasaki, Kohei; Araújo, Wagner L; Araya, Jun; Arden, Catherine; Arévalo, Maria-Angeles; Arguelles, Sandro; Arias, Esperanza; Arikkath, Jyothi; Arimoto, Hirokazu; Ariosa, Aileen R; Armstrong-James, Darius; Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia; Aroca, Angeles; Arroyo, Daniela S; Arsov, Ivica; Artero, Rubén; Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia; Aschner, Michael; Ashrafizadeh, Milad; Ashur-Fabian, Osnat; Atanasov, Atanas G; Au, Alicia K; Auberger, Patrick; Auner, Holger W; Aurelian, Laure; Autelli, Riccardo; Avagliano, Laura; Ávalos, Yenniffer; Aveic, Sanja; Aveleira, Célia Alexandra; Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar; Aydin, Yucel; Ayton, Scott; Ayyadevara, Srinivas; Azzopardi, Maria; Baba, Misuzu; Backer, Jonathan M; Backues, Steven K; Bae, Dong-Hun; Bae, Ok-Nam; Bae, Soo Han; Baehrecke, Eric H; Baek, Ahruem; Baek, Seung-Hoon; Baek, Sung Hee; Bagetta, Giacinto; Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka; Bai, Hua; Bai, Jie; Bai, Xiyuan; Bai, Yidong; Bairagi, Nandadulal; Baksi, Shounak; Balbi, Teresa; Baldari, Cosima T; Balduini, Walter; Ballabio, Andrea; Ballester, Maria; Balazadeh, Salma; Balzan, Rena; Bandopadhyay, Rina; Banerjee, Sreeparna; Banerjee, Sulagna; Bánréti, Ágnes; Bao, Yan; Baptista, Mauricio S; Baracca, Alessandra; Barbati, Cristiana; Bargiela, Ariadna; Barilà, Daniela; Barlow, Peter G; Barmada, Sami J; Barreiro, Esther; Barreto, George E; Bartek, Jiri; Bartel, Bonnie; Bartolome, Alberto; Barve, Gaurav R; Basagoudanavar, Suresh H; Bassham, Diane C; Bast, Robert C; Basu, Alakananda; Batoko, Henri; Batten, Isabella; Baulieu, Etienne E; Baumgarner, Bradley L; Bayry, Jagadeesh; Beale, Rupert; Beau, Isabelle; Beaumatin, Florian; Bechara, Luiz R G; Beck, George R; Beers, Michael F; Begun, Jakob; Behrends, Christian; Behrens, Georg M N; Bei, Roberto; Bejarano, Eloy; Bel, Shai; Behl, Christian; Belaid, Amine; Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma; Bellarosa, Cristina; Belleudi, Francesca; Belló Pérez, Melissa; Bello-Morales, Raquel; Beltran, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira; Beltran, Sebastián; Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina; Bendorius, Mykolas; Benitez, Bruno A; Benito-Cuesta, Irene; Bensalem, Julien; Berchtold, Martin W; Berezowska, Sabina; Bergamaschi, Daniele; Bergami, Matteo; Bergmann, Andreas; Berliocchi, Laura; Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse; Bernard, Amélie; Berthoux, Lionel; Besirli, Cagri G; Besteiro, Sebastien; Betin, Virginie M; Beyaert, Rudi; Bezbradica, Jelena S; Bhaskar, Kiran; Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid; Bhattacharya, Resham; Bhattacharya, Sujoy; Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli; Bhuiyan, Md Shenuarin; Bhutia, Sujit Kumar; Bi, Lanrong; Bi, Xiaolin; Biden, Trevor J; Bijian, Krikor; Billes, Viktor A; Binart, Nadine; Bincoletto, Claudia; Birgisdottir, Asa B; Bjorkoy, Geir; Blanco, Gonzalo; Blas-Garcia, Ana; Blasiak, Janusz; Blomgran, Robert; Blomgren, Klas; Blum, Janice S; Boada-Romero, Emilio; Boban, Mirta; Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen; Boeuf, Philippe; Boland, Barry; Bomont, Pascale; Bonaldo, Paolo; Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy; Bonfili, Laura; Bonifacino, Juan S; Boone, Brian A; Bootman, Martin D; Bordi, Matteo; Borner, Christoph; Bornhauser, Beat C; Borthakur, Gautam; Bosch, Jürgen; Bose, Santanu; Botana, Luis M; Botas, Juan; Boulanger, Chantal M; Boulton, Michael E; Bourdenx, Mathieu; Bourgeois, Benjamin; Bourke, Nollaig M; Bousquet, Guilhem; Boya, Patricia; Bozhkov, Peter V; Bozi, Luiz H M; Bozkurt, Tolga O; Brackney, Doug E; Brandts, Christian H; Braun, Ralf J; Braus, Gerhard H; Bravo-Sagua, Roberto; Bravo-San Pedro, José M; Brest, Patrick; Bringer, Marie-Agnès; Briones-Herrera, Alfredo; Broaddus, V Courtney; Brodersen, Peter; Brodsky, Jeffrey L; Brody, Steven L; Bronson, Paola G; Bronstein, Jeff M; Brown, Carolyn N; Brown, Rhoderick E; Brum, Patricia C; Brumell, John H; Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola; Bruno, Daniele; Bryson-Richardson, Robert J; Bucci, Cecilia; Buchrieser, Carmen; Bueno, Marta; Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa; Buraschi, Simone; Buch, Shilpa; Buchan, J Ross; Buckingham, Erin M; Budak, Hikmet; Budini, Mauricio; Bultynck, Geert; Burada, Florin; Burgoyne, Joseph R; Burón, M Isabel; Bustos, Victor; Büttner, Sabrina; Butturini, Elena; Byrd, Aaron; Cabas, Isabel; Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra; Cadwell, Ken; Cai, Jingjing; Cai, Lu; Cai, Qian; Cairó, Montserrat; Calbet, Jose A; Caldwell, Guy A; Caldwell, Kim A; Call, Jarrod A; Calvani, Riccardo; Calvo, Ana C; Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel; Camara, Niels Os; Camonis, Jacques H; Camougrand, Nadine; Campanella, Michelangelo; Campbell, Edward M; Campbell-Valois, François-Xavier; Campello, Silvia; Campesi, Ilaria; Campos, Juliane C; Camuzard, Olivier; Cancino, Jorge; Candido de Almeida, Danilo; Canesi, Laura; Caniggia, Isabella; Canonico, Barbara; Cantí, Carles; Cao, Bin; Caraglia, Michele; Caramés, Beatriz; Carchman, Evie H; Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena; Cardenas, Cesar; Cardenas, Luis; Cardoso, Sandra M; Carew, Jennifer S; Carle, Georges F; Carleton, Gillian; Carloni, Silvia; Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac; Carneiro, Leticia A; Carnevali, Oliana; Carosi, Julian M; Carra, Serena; Carrier, Alice; Carrier, Lucie; Carroll, Bernadette; Carter, A Brent; Carvalho, Andreia Neves; Casanova, Magali; Casas, Caty; Casas, Josefina; Cassioli, Chiara; Castillo, Eliseo F; Castillo, Karen; Castillo-Lluva, Sonia; Castoldi, Francesca; Castori, Marco; Castro, Ariel F; Castro-Caldas, Margarida; Castro-Hernandez, Javier; Castro-Obregon, Susana; Catz, Sergio D; Cavadas, Claudia; Cavaliere, Federica; Cavallini, Gabriella; Cavinato, Maria; Cayuela, Maria L; Cebollada Rica, Paula; Cecarini, Valentina; Cecconi, Francesco; Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna; Cenci, Simone; Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria; Cerqueira, João J; Cerutti, Janete M; Cervia, Davide; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Cetrullo, Silvia; Chae, Han-Jung; Chagin, Andrei S; Chai, Chee-Yin; Chakrabarti, Gopal; Chakrabarti, Oishee; Chakraborty, Tapas; Chakraborty, Trinad; Chami, Mounia; Chamilos, Georgios; Chan, David W; Chan, Edmond Y W; Chan, Edward D; Chan, H Y Edwin; Chan, Helen H; Chan, Hung; Chan, Matthew T V; Chan, Yau Sang; Chandra, Partha K; Chang, Chih-Peng; Chang, Chunmei; Chang, Hao-Chun; Chang, Kai; Chao, Jie; Chapman, Tracey; Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas; Chatterjee, Samrat; Chaube, Shail K; Chaudhary, Anu; Chauhan, Santosh; Chaum, Edward; Checler, Frédéric; Cheetham, Michael E; Chen, Chang-Shi; Chen, Guang-Chao; Chen, Jian-Fu; Chen, Liam L; Chen, Leilei; Chen, Lin; Chen, Mingliang; Chen, Mu-Kuan; Chen, Ning; Chen, Quan; Chen, Ruey-Hwa; Chen, Shi; Chen, Wei; Chen, Weiqiang; Chen, Xin-Ming; Chen, Xiong-Wen; Chen, Xu; Chen, Yan; Chen, Ye-Guang; Chen, Yingyu; Chen, Yongqiang; Chen, Yu-Jen; Chen, Yue-Qin; Chen, Zhefan Stephen; Chen, Zhi; Chen, Zhi-Hua; Chen, Zhijian J; Chen, Zhixiang; Cheng, Hanhua; Cheng, Jun; Cheng, Shi-Yuan; Cheng, Wei; Cheng, Xiaodong; Cheng, Xiu-Tang; Cheng, Yiyun; Cheng, Zhiyong; Chen, Zhong; Cheong, Heesun; Cheong, Jit Kong; Chernyak, Boris V; Cherry, Sara; Cheung, Chi Fai Randy; Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio; Cheung, King-Ho; Chevet, Eric; Chi, Richard J; Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing; Chiaradonna, Ferdinando; Chiarelli, Roberto; Chiariello, Mario; Chica, Nathalia; Chiocca, Susanna; Chiong, Mario; Chiou, Shih-Hwa; Chiramel, Abhilash I; Chiurchiù, Valerio; Cho, Dong-Hyung; Choe, Seong-Kyu; Choi, Augustine M K; Choi, Mary E; Choudhury, Kamalika Roy; Chow, Norman S; Chu, Charleen T; Chua, Jason P; Chua, John Jia En; Chung, Hyewon; Chung, Kin Pan; Chung, Seockhoon; Chung, So-Hyang; Chung, Yuen-Li; Cianfanelli, Valentina; Ciechomska, Iwona A; Cifuentes, Mariana; Cinque, Laura; Cirak, Sebahattin; Cirone, Mara; Clague, Michael J; Clarke, Robert; Clementi, Emilio; Coccia, Eliana M; Codogno, Patrice; Cohen, Ehud; Cohen, Mickael M; Colasanti, Tania; Colasuonno, Fiorella; Colbert, Robert A; Colell, Anna; Čolić, Miodrag; Coll, Nuria S; Collins, Mark O; Colombo, María I; Colón-Ramos, Daniel A; Combaret, Lydie; Comincini, Sergio; Cominetti, Márcia R; Consiglio, Antonella; Conte, Andrea; Conti, Fabrizio; Contu, Viorica Raluca; Cookson, Mark R; Coombs, Kevin M; Coppens, Isabelle; Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana; Corkery, Dale P; Cordes, Nils; Cortese, Katia; Costa, Maria do Carmo; Costantino, Sarah; Costelli, Paola; Coto-Montes, Ana; Crack, Peter J; Crespo, Jose L; Criollo, Alfredo; Crippa, Valeria; Cristofani, Riccardo; Csizmadia, Tamas; Cuadrado, Antonio; Cui, Bing; Cui, Jun; Cui, Yixian; Cui, Yong; Culetto, Emmanuel; Cumino, Andrea C; Cybulsky, Andrey V; Czaja, Mark J; Czuczwar, Stanislaw J; D'Adamo, Stefania; D'Amelio, Marcello; D'Arcangelo, Daniela; D'Lugos, Andrew C; D'Orazi, Gabriella; da Silva, James A; Dafsari, Hormos Salimi; Dagda, Ruben K; Dagdas, Yasin; Daglia, Maria; Dai, Xiaoxia; Dai, Yun; Dai, Yuyuan; Dal Col, Jessica; Dalhaimer, Paul; Dalla Valle, Luisa; Dallenga, Tobias; Dalmasso, Guillaume; Damme, Markus; Dando, Ilaria; Dantuma, Nico P; Darling, April L; Das, Hiranmoy; Dasarathy, Srinivasan; Dasari, Santosh K; Dash, Srikanta; Daumke, Oliver; Dauphinee, Adrian N; Davies, Jeffrey S; Dávila, Valeria A; Davis, Roger J; Davis, Tanja; Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha; De Amicis, Francesca; De Bosscher, Karolien; De Felice, Francesca; De Franceschi, Lucia; De Leonibus, Chiara; de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G; De Meyer, Guido R Y; De Milito, Angelo; De Nunzio, Cosimo; De Palma, Clara; De Santi, Mauro; De Virgilio, Claudio; De Zio, Daniela; Debnath, Jayanta; DeBosch, Brian J; Decuypere, Jean-Paul; Deehan, Mark A; Deflorian, Gianluca; DeGregori, James; Dehay, Benjamin; Del Rio, Gabriel; Delaney, Joe R; Delbridge, Lea M D; Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth; Delpino, M Victoria; Demarchi, Francesca; Dembitz, Vilma; Demers, Nicholas D; Deng, Hongbin; Deng, Zhiqiang; Dengjel, Joern; Dent, Paul; Denton, Donna; DePamphilis, Melvin L; Der, Channing J; Deretic, Vojo; Descoteaux, Albert; Devis, Laura; Devkota, Sushil; Devuyst, Olivier; Dewson, Grant; Dharmasivam, Mahendiran; Dhiman, Rohan; di Bernardo, Diego; Di Cristina, Manlio; Di Domenico, Fabio; Di Fazio, Pietro; Di Fonzo, Alessio; Di Guardo, Giovanni; Di Guglielmo, Gianni M; Di Leo, Luca; Di Malta, Chiara; Di Nardo, Alessia; Di Rienzo, Martina; Di Sano, Federica; Diallinas, George; Diao, Jiajie; Diaz-Araya, Guillermo; Díaz-Laviada, Inés; Dickinson, Jared M; Diederich, Marc; Dieudé, Mélanie; Dikic, Ivan; Ding, Shiping; Ding, Wen-Xing; Dini, Luciana; Dinić, Jelena; Dinic, Miroslav; Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T; Dionne, Marc S; Distler, Jörg H W; Diwan, Abhinav; Dixon, Ian M C; Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan; Dobrinski, Ina; Dobrovinskaya, Oxana; Dobrowolski, Radek; Dobson, Renwick C J; Đokić, Jelena; Dokmeci Emre, Serap; Donadelli, Massimo; Dong, Bo; Dong, Xiaonan; Dong, Zhiwu; Dorn Ii, Gerald W; Dotsch, Volker; Dou, Huan; Dou, Juan; Dowaidar, Moataz; Dridi, Sami; Drucker, Liat; Du, Ailian; Du, Caigan; Du, Guangwei; Du, Hai-Ning; Du, Li-Lin; du Toit, André; Duan, Shao-Bin; Duan, Xiaoqiong; Duarte, Sónia P; Dubrovska, Anna; Dunlop, Elaine A; Dupont, Nicolas; Durán, Raúl V; Dwarakanath, Bilikere S; Dyshlovoy, Sergey A; Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius; Eckhart, Leopold; Edelstein, Charles L; Efferth, Thomas; Eftekharpour, Eftekhar; Eichinger, Ludwig; Eid, Nabil; Eisenberg, Tobias; Eissa, N Tony; Eissa, Sanaa; Ejarque, Miriam; El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar; El-Hage, Nazira; El-Naggar, Shahenda; Eleuteri, Anna Maria; El-Shafey, Eman S; Elgendy, Mohamed; Eliopoulos, Aristides G; Elizalde, María M; Elks, Philip M; Elsasser, Hans-Peter; Elsherbiny, Eslam S; Emerling, Brooke M; Emre, N C Tolga; Eng, Christina H; Engedal, Nikolai; Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart; Engelsen, Agnete S T; Enserink, Jorrit M; Escalante, Ricardo; Esclatine, Audrey; Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda; Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa; Espert, Lucile; Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola; Fabrias, Gemma; Fabrizi, Cinzia; Facchiano, Antonio; Facchiano, Francesco; Fadeel, Bengt; Fader, Claudio; Faesen, Alex C; Fairlie, W Douglas; Falcó, Alberto; Falkenburger, Bjorn H; Fan, Daping; Fan, Jie; Fan, Yanbo; Fang, Evandro F; Fang, Yanshan; Fang, Yognqi; Fanto, Manolis; Farfel-Becker, Tamar; Faure, Mathias; Fazeli, Gholamreza; Fedele, Anthony O; Feldman, Arthur M; Feng, Du; Feng, Jiachun; Feng, Lifeng; Feng, Yibin; Feng, Yuchen; Feng, Wei; Fenz Araujo, Thais; Ferguson, Thomas A; Fernández, Álvaro F; Fernandez-Checa, Jose C; Fernández-Veledo, Sonia; Fernie, Alisdair R; Ferrante, Anthony W; Ferraresi, Alessandra; Ferrari, Merari F; Ferreira, Julio C B; Ferro-Novick, Susan; Figueras, Antonio; Filadi, Riccardo; Filigheddu, Nicoletta; Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo; Filomeni, Giuseppe; Fimia, Gian Maria; Fineschi, Vittorio; Finetti, Francesca; Finkbeiner, Steven; Fisher, Edward A; Fisher, Paul B; Flamigni, Flavio; Fliesler, Steven J; Flo, Trude H; Florance, Ida; Florey, Oliver; Florio, Tullio; Fodor, Erika; Follo, Carlo; Fon, Edward A; Forlino, Antonella; Fornai, Francesco; Fortini, Paola; Fracassi, Anna; Fraldi, Alessandro; Franco, Brunella; Franco, Rodrigo; Franconi, Flavia; Frankel, Lisa B; Friedman, Scott L; Fröhlich, Leopold F; Frühbeck, Gema; Fuentes, Jose M; Fujiki, Yukio; Fujita, Naonobu; Fujiwara, Yuuki; Fukuda, Mitsunori; Fulda, Simone; Furic, Luc; Furuya, Norihiko; Fusco, Carmela; Gack, Michaela U; Gaffke, Lidia; Galadari, Sehamuddin; Galasso, Alessia; Galindo, Maria F; Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Galy, Vincent; Gammoh, Noor; Gan, Boyi; Ganley, Ian G; Gao, Feng; Gao, Hui; Gao, Minghui; Gao, Ping; Gao, Shou-Jiang; Gao, Wentao; Gao, Xiaobo; Garcera, Ana; Garcia, Maria Noé; Garcia, Verónica E; García-Del Portillo, Francisco; Garcia-Escudero, Vega; Garcia-Garcia, Aracely; Garcia-Macia, Marina; García-Moreno, Diana; Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen; García-Sanz, Patricia; Garg, Abhishek D; Gargini, Ricardo; Garofalo, Tina; Garry, Robert F; Gassen, Nils C; Gatica, Damian; Ge, Liang; Ge, Wanzhong; Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth; Gelfi, Cecilia; Genschik, Pascal; Gentle, Ian E; Gerbino, Valeria; Gerhardt, Christoph; Germain, Kyla; Germain, Marc; Gewirtz, David A; Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham; Ghavami, Saeid; Ghigo, Alessandra; Ghosh, Manosij; Giamas, Georgios; Giampietri, Claudia; Giatromanolaki, Alexandra; Gibson, Gary E; Gibson, Spencer B; Ginet, Vanessa; Giniger, Edward; Giorgi, Carlotta; Girao, Henrique; Girardin, Stephen E; Giridharan, Mridhula; Giuliano, Sandy; Giulivi, Cecilia; Giuriato, Sylvie; Giustiniani, Julien; Gluschko, Alexander; Goder, Veit; Goginashvili, Alexander; Golab, Jakub; Goldstone, David C; Golebiewska, Anna; Gomes, Luciana R; Gomez, Rodrigo; Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén; Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina; Gomez-Sintes, Raquel; Gong, Qingqiu; Goni, Felix M; González-Gallego, Javier; Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas; Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa A; Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A; González-Rodríguez, Patricia; Goping, Ing Swie; Gorbatyuk, Marina S; Gorbunov, Nikolai V; Görgülü, Kıvanç; Gorojod, Roxana M; Gorski, Sharon M; Goruppi, Sandro; Gotor, Cecilia; Gottlieb, Roberta A; Gozes, Illana; Gozuacik, Devrim; Graef, Martin; Gräler, Markus H; Granatiero, Veronica; Grasso, Daniel; Gray, Joshua P; Green, Douglas R; Greenhough, Alexander; Gregory, Stephen L; Griffin, Edward F; Grinstaff, Mark W; Gros, Frederic; Grose, Charles; Gross, Angelina S; Gruber, Florian; Grumati, Paolo; Grune, Tilman; Gu, Xueyan; Guan, Jun-Lin; Guardia, Carlos M; Guda, Kishore; Guerra, Flora; Guerri, Consuelo; Guha, Prasun; Guillén, Carlos; Gujar, Shashi; Gukovskaya, Anna; Gukovsky, Ilya; Gunst, Jan; Günther, Andreas; Guntur, Anyonya R; Guo, Chuanyong; Guo, Chun; Guo, Hongqing; Guo, Lian-Wang; Guo, Ming; Gupta, Pawan; Gupta, Shashi Kumar; Gupta, Swapnil; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek; Gustafsson, Asa B; Gutterman, David D; H B, Ranjitha; Haapasalo, Annakaisa; Haber, James E; Hać, Aleksandra; Hadano, Shinji; Hafrén, Anders J; Haidar, Mansour; Hall, Belinda S; Halldén, Gunnel; Hamacher-Brady, Anne; Hamann, Andrea; Hamasaki, Maho; Han, Weidong; Hansen, Malene; Hanson, Phyllis I; Hao, Zijian; Harada, Masaru; Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica; Hariharan, Nirmala; Haroon, Nigil; Harris, James; Hasegawa, Takafumi; Hasima Nagoor, Noor; Haspel, Jeffrey A; Haucke, Volker; Hawkins, Wayne D; Hay, Bruce A; Haynes, Cole M; Hayrabedyan, Soren B; Hays, Thomas S; He, Congcong; He, Qin; He, Rong-Rong; He, You-Wen; He, Yu-Ying; Heakal, Yasser; Heberle, Alexander M; Hejtmancik, J Fielding; Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir; Henkel, Vanessa; Herb, Marc; Hergovich, Alexander; Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna; Hernández, Agustín; Hernandez, Carlos; Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio; Hernandez-Gea, Virginia; Herpin, Amaury; Herreros, Judit; Hervás, Javier H; Hesselson, Daniel; Hetz, Claudio; Heussler, Volker T; Higuchi, Yujiro; Hilfiker, Sabine; Hill, Joseph A; Hlavacek, William S; Ho, Emmanuel A; Ho, Idy H T; Ho, Philip Wing-Lok; Ho, Shu-Leong; Ho, Wan Yun; Hobbs, G Aaron; Hochstrasser, Mark; Hoet, Peter H M; Hofius, Daniel; Hofman, Paul; Höhn, Annika; Holmberg, Carina I; Hombrebueno, Jose R; Yi-Ren Hong, Chang-Won Hong; Hooper, Lora V; Hoppe, Thorsten; Horos, Rastislav; Hoshida, Yujin; Hsin, I-Lun; Hsu, Hsin-Yun; Hu, Bing; Hu, Dong; Hu, Li-Fang; Hu, Ming Chang; Hu, Ronggui; Hu, Wei; Hu, Yu-Chen; Hu, Zhuo-Wei; Hua, Fang; Hua, Jinlian; Hua, Yingqi; Huan, Chongmin; Huang, Canhua; Huang, Chuanshu; Huang, Chuanxin; Huang, Chunling; Huang, Haishan; Huang, Kun; Huang, Michael L H; Huang, Rui; Huang, Shan; Huang, Tianzhi; Huang, Xing; Huang, Yuxiang Jack; Huber, Tobias B; Hubert, Virginie; Hubner, Christian A; Hughes, Stephanie M; Hughes, William E; Humbert, Magali; Hummer, Gerhard; Hurley, James H; Hussain, Sabah; Hussain, Salik; Hussey, Patrick J; Hutabarat, Martina; Hwang, Hui-Yun; Hwang, Seungmin; Ieni, Antonio; Ikeda, Fumiyo; Imagawa, Yusuke; Imai, Yuzuru; Imbriano, Carol; Imoto, Masaya; Inman, Denise M; Inoki, Ken; Iovanna, Juan; Iozzo, Renato V; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Irazoqui, Javier E; Iribarren, Pablo; Ishaq, Mohd; Ishikawa, Makoto; Ishimwe, Nestor; Isidoro, Ciro; Ismail, Nahed; Issazadeh-Navikas, Shohreh; Itakura, Eisuke; Ito, Daisuke; Ivankovic, Davor; Ivanova, Saška; Iyer, Anand Krishnan V; Izquierdo, José M; Izumi, Masanori; Jäättelä, Marja; Jabir, Majid Sakhi; Jackson, William T; Jacobo-Herrera, Nadia; Jacomin, Anne-Claire; Jacquin, Elise; Jadiya, Pooja; Jaeschke, Hartmut; Jagannath, Chinnaswamy; Jakobi, Arjen J; Jakobsson, Johan; Janji, Bassam; Jansen-Dürr, Pidder; Jansson, Patric J; Jantsch, Jonathan; Januszewski, Sławomir; Jassey, Alagie; Jean, Steve; Jeltsch-David, Hélène; Jendelova, Pavla; Jenny, Andreas; Jensen, Thomas E; Jessen, Niels; Jewell, Jenna L; Ji, Jing; Jia, Lijun; Jia, Rui; Jiang, Liwen; Jiang, Qing; Jiang, Richeng; Jiang, Teng; Jiang, Xuejun; Jiang, Yu; Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria; Jin, Eun-Jung; Jin, Fengyan; Jin, Hongchuan; Jin, Li; Jin, Luqi; Jin, Meiyan; Jin, Si; Jo, Eun-Kyeong; Joffre, Carine; Johansen, Terje; Johnson, Gail V W; Johnston, Simon A; Jokitalo, Eija; Jolly, Mohit Kumar; Joosten, Le
